CPB 240 - EXAM 1
types of WAG scavenging
-ACTIVE SCAVENGING -PASSIVE EXHAUST -ADSORPTION
five points to determine the type of eyewear required
-WAVELENGTH -PULSE vs CONTINUOUS LASER -LASER TYPE (carbon dioxide, ruby) -WATTAGE -COMFORT & DURAION OF USE
Which of the following is NOT an ingredient of a veterinary safety program?
Prevent people from doing any job which may be hazardous
common form results in profuse diarrhea, fever .... diarrhea results in dehydration • Animals often become chronic shedders after recovery from acute disease (carrier state) • Animals most likely to transmit it: horses (+++), reptiles, iguanas, backyard flocks • Type of agent: bacteria Salmonella enteritidis
SALMONELLA
"creeping eruptions" or cutaneous larval migrans are caused by which parasite?
HOOKWORMS
waste should be considered BIOMEDICAL WASTE when items contain
HUMAN PATHOGENS otherwise, waste can be considered general waste
Leptospirosis is spread through _____of infected animals.
urine
VECTOR-BORNE TRANSMISSION
vectors such as mosquitoes fleas, and ticks transmit pathogens
what color is a chemo sharps container?
yellow
ACTIVE SCAVENGING
a fan enclosed in a box that creates a vacuum through a series of tubes that are connected to the patient or machine best for: -hospital with many anesthesia procedures or many locations within the hospital where those procedures are performed -locations with nitrous oxide in use cons: -cost -maintenance -manual activation (must be turned on)
implantation plan
a list of changes or procedures that need attention
nematode
a worm that is round in crossection
when is the greatest chance for WAG exposure?
during the recovery portion patients give off measurable amounts of anesthetic gases in respiration during recovery
PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA
most common pathogen of the mouth
VISCERAL LARVAL MIGRANS
roundworm infection in humans
drugs and chemicals must be removed with
soap and water
2 federal agencies that regular sharps and medical waste
OSHA -sharps, blood borne pathogens EPA -environment + general public -storage, transportation, disposal
Which of the following best describes the role of the public health agency?
Public health officials, including veterinarians, combine expertise to oversee community health
chemo gloves/goggles
THICKNESS more important than material -double gloves is okay, as long as does not interfear ONLY USE: -POWDER-FREE gloves *do not wear contact lenses* MUST WEAR GOGGLES
THIRD: PPE
does not eliminate hazard, provides a barrier from chemicals or infectious pathogens through contact, inhalation, or absorption
AEROSOL: AIRBORNE AND DROPLET TRANSMISSION
droplet transmission occurs when droplets created by coughing, sneezing, vocalization are deposited on the mucous membranes travel approximately 3 to 6 feet and do not remain suspended in the air
Hierarchy of Controls
most effectively protect veterinary medicine and animal care workers from workplace hazards 1. Engineering controls: prevent exposure to a hazard or place a barrier between the hazard and the worker -e.g., install an effective waste anesthetic gas scavenging system 2. Procedural/Administrative controls: implement changes in work practices and management policies -e.g., require rabies pre-exposure vaccination for workers at risk WARNING SIGNS 3. PPE: use gloves, safety eyewear, masks, hearing protection, respirators, or other protective equipment -e.g., require the use of hearing protection in an animal shelter with barking dogs . . . (ON WEBSTIE): 1. Elimination: remove the hazard from the workplace -e.g., do not admit animals for which the facility is not properly equipped 2. Substitution: switch to the use of a less risky hazard -e.g., switch to the use of safer chemicals
goggles for laser
must be "tuned" to the frequency of the laser in use must have minimum OD 5.0 unacceptable goggles: -prescription eyeglasses -clear safety glasses -sunglasses (even polarized)
IIPP
Injury and Illness Prevention Plan
Brucellosis
"Contagious abortion", "Bang's disease" Brucellais a BACTERIA bacterium Where is it found in animals? -Cattle and goats shed into milk and uterine discharges How transmitted to you? Zoonotic transmission is via unpasteurized milk and cheese -Infection in US most commonly from contact with infected placental tissues and vaginal secretions (Brucellacauses abortions in livestock and humans) What does it do to you? "Undulant fever" in humans (flu, arthritis) - chills, weakness, lethargy, muscle and joint aches and pains, headache - long term can produce debilitating arthritis Human treatment: very long term use of antibiotics -Brucellosis rare in US today because of vigilance of monitoring and eradication of Brucella-positive livestock -However, is still wide spread in central America and in the Middle East -Most of the human cases reported in the US today are from individuals emigrating to the US
"OSHA approved" "complies with OSHA standards"
"OSHA approved" false security - nothing is "OSHA approved" OSHA on makes guidelines, does not approve "complies with OSHA standards" does not guarantee OSHA has evaluated, but promises that the item will perform as it should
CREEPING ERUPTION
Cutaneous larva migrans HOOKWORMS
If you examine an animal while wearing gloves, you do not need to wash your hands afterwards.
FALSE
Response to a crisis should always rely on the highest level of government.
FALSE
documentation for exposure incidents
FORM 301 within 7 calendar days, you must complete this injury and illness incident report form that is specific to an individual event kept on file for 5 years FORM 300 each incident with a 301, needs a 300 as well this helps employees identify trends and complete form 300A FORM 300A summary of injuries and illnesses publicly posted
creeping erruption
FROM HOOKWORMS
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emissions of Radiation
Following safety standards in selecting building materials is an example of this type of activity.
Mitigation
The radiation dosimeter badge is worn on the_____ of the____ for maximum measurement
Outside; collar of the lead-lined apron
4 KEYS TO EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
PREVENTION (MITIGATION) prevent hazard from becoming a disaster reduce the effects if disaster occurs PREPARATION plan to save lives & property facilitate response RESPONSE actions taken to provide emergency assistance, save lives, minimize property damage RECOVERY return to normalcy
Visceral larval migrans are caused by which parasite?
ROUNDWORMS
max noise level required for conservation program?
above 85 decibles
SECOND: procedural controls
administrative controls develop policies to modify behavior to eliminate hazards warning signs
staff members must be informed of their radiation exposure
annually or anytime there is exposure over 25 rems
PASSIVE EXHAUST
channeling of waste gasses through a tube to an acceptable location for evacuation can only go relatively short distances because the only means of propulsion of he gas is by the pressure from the patient's diaphragm and the flow rate of gas best for: when procedure is performed in a room adjacent to the exterior of the building cons: -short distance -extra caution for small, weak animals that cannot move the WAG through the system
ADSORPTION
charcoal adsorption acceptable for halogenated hydrocarbons: methoxyflurane isoflurane sevoflurane NOT EFFECTIVE: nitrous oxide best for: mobile purposes, when nitrous oxide is not used cons: -regular monitoring of saturation (must change when gained 50 grams of weight) -ineffective against nitrous oxide
what is the gold standard for rabies testing?
direct fluorescent antibody test
vectors (regarding zoonotic diseases)
invertebrates such as -fleas -ticks -mosquitoes
icterus
jaundice
public health
prevent disease promote health prolong life among the population as a whole
One Health
recognizes that the health of humans is connected to the health of animals and the environment, and the One Health concept integration in disaster preparedness and response requires interprofessional efforts at global, national, and local levels\ *promote, improve and defend health and well-being of all species
The risks of exposure to anesthetic gases can be best reduced by:
regularly checking the anesthetic machine for leaks and ensuring that the scavenging system is functioning properly
PEL
Permissible Exposure Level
chemo pin
hydrophilic air-eliminating filter Used for liquid chemo vials to prevent aerosolization\ okay to use sterile gauze or alcohol swab to cover isntead
E. Coli O157:H7
*natural component of GI tract - always found PATHOGENIC E. COLI BACTERIA -Fecal contaminant found in ground beef What does it do to you? -Causes watery diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic anemia (!), and subsequent renal failure in children -Cattle potential source of shedding (one study showing 38.5% dairy farms had at least one positive cow; but only 4% were actually shedding E. coli -Chipotle food poisoning was E.coli - sickened 60 people in 14 states -FECAL --> ORAL Food sources: undercooked, fast food hamburger highly publicized source Also: raw potatoes, raw milk, unpasteurized fruit juices, apple cider, lettuce/alfalfa sprouts/salads (11 in US since 1995), and sea eels (from Japan) 1000+ people were infected and 2 died after consuming water at a county fair in NY - ground water well was contaminated by manure run-off from the cattle barn Protecting yourself: more at risk for food borne illness, so cook your beef! (hamburger processed meat, rather than steak: contamination on superficial part, cooked - will kill) -Impossible from practical standpoint to eliminate from the farm environment -Be aware that dried feces aerosolize and can contaminate all surfaces in the barn (was recovered from rafters in a county fair building linked to infections in Ohio in 2001)
how many days after rabies vaccination is the animal considered immunized from rabies?
28 days
animal waste is considered hazardous if
-animal is undergoing chemotherapy -animal has a zoonotic disease
five types of waste
-animal waste -general waste -biologically hazardous waste -sharps -hazardous chemical waste
types of veterinary waste
-animal waste -general waste -sharps -chemical waste -hazardous waste
what is required for radiograph PPE
-protective gloves -aprons NOT required: -thyroid shields
ENVIRONMENTAL INFECTION CONTROL
1. CLEANING AND DISINFECTING OF SURFACES AND EQUIPMENT -cleaned with soap and water before disinfected -cleaned between uses or when noticeably soiled -places where animals are housed or examined, contained non-porous easily cleaned materials -vacuums with high-efficiency air filters 2. ISOLATION OF ANIMALS WITH INFECTIOUS DISEASES -disposable articles such as bowls, liter pans, gowns -disposable shoe covers 3. HANDLING OF LAUNDRY standard laundry, machine dried at highest setting 4. SPILL RESPONSE AND DECONTAMINATION -leak proof bags 5. MEDICAL WASTE -"any solid waste that is generated in the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals, in research pertaining thereto, or in the production or testing of biologicals" 6. RODENT AND VECTOR CONTROL 7. OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS -eating and drinking prohibited in lab, treatment rooms, other patient housing areas -separate refrigerator labeled
pathogens are transmitted via 3 different routes:
1. CONTACT 2. AEROSOL 3. VECTOR-BORNE
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS DURING VETERINARY PROCEDURES
1. PATIENT INTAKE -waiting rooms clean -behavioral cues and signs of illness noted -fearful, aggressive animals taken into isolation room 2. ANIMAL HANDLING AND INJURY PREVENTION -muzzles, bite restraint gloves, sedation -aggressive, fearful tendencies noted in file 3. EXAMINATION OF ANIMALS -potentially infections diseases, examined in isolation room 4. INJECTIONS, VENIPUNCTURE, ASPIRATION PROCEDURES needlestick prevention -restraining animals to minimize movement -do not bend or pass uncapped needles -needle caps never placed in mouth -needles not recapped unless using re-cap method -approved sharps container -uncapped needles never removed from syringe by hand barrier protection -PPE worn when performing procedures on animals suspected of infectious disease 5. DENTISTRY -splashes and large droplets that are potentially infectious 6. RESUSCITATION -never blow into mouth or nose, or into endotracheal tube: instead intubate the animal and use a manual resuscitator, anesthesia machine or ventilator 7. OBSTETRICS -birthing fluids 8. NECROPSY -high-risk procedure because of possible injury and potential contact with infectious agents in body tissue, body fluids and aerosols 9. DIAGNOSTIC SPECIMEN HANDLING -everything handled as it contains infectious organisms -detailed labeling in refrigerator -protective outerwear, disposable gloves 10. WOUND CARE AND ABSESS TREATMENT -wound infections + abscesses -left over bandages should be sterilized
6 steps to establishing an OSHA compliance program
1. learn the requirements 2. make an implantation plan 3. address one hazard at a time 4. create a hospital safety manual 5. train employees 6. reevaluate and adjust
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
1. setting and enforcing standards 2. providing training, outreach, education 3. encouraging a continual process of review and improvement
inspections can be triggered by
1. written complaint and OSHA believes a safety danger 2. employer failed to provide adequate response to a complaint 3. discrimination issues for employees filing complaints to OSHA
fomite
A physical object that serves to transmit an infectious agent from person to person. INANIMATE OBJECT
what is the main purpose of writing a safety plan?
ANTICIPATE the risks in a procedure and provide GUIDANCE to the staff on performing that procedure safely and effectively
isease transmitted from birds(especially parrots) • Clinical signs in you are "flu like" (fever, chills, aches, respiratory tract illness) • Caused by bacterium Chlamydia psittaci
Avian Chlamydiosis
Leptospirosis
BACERTIA Spirochete type of ("spira" = coil) Sources: dogs, rats, pigs, cattle -Rats #1 host in areas outside US Where is it found in animals? -Lives in renal tubules of these hosts without causing disease (are asymptomatic) excreted in the urine a very long time -Urine contaminates water and soil -Leptospira can survive in stagnant water for weeks How transmitted to you? -Infected water, mud, urine is swallowed (rare), gets into open wounds, or is splashed into eyes -Contact with infected ground or water can occur due to swimming, kayaking (e.g., triathlons, eco-challenge races, etc.) -Farmers and veterinarians are at risk working on farms where infected livestock are shedding leptospira - splashing contaminated mud in face, hit in face with cow tail, etc. Your most likely risk: doing urinalysis on urine from animal shedding leptospires -Any animal showing icterus should be considered a leptospirosis risk until proven otherwise - careful handling the urine or cleaning up the cage/stall How does it appear in you? -Targets kidneys and liver -Renal tubular damage from the leptospires can occur resulting in renal insufficiency -Fever, hepatitis (may get jaundice/icterus) -Non-icteric form is more common; icteric form is far less common but more likely fatal -Recovery can take months (penicillins kill leptospira) -More of a problem in undeveloped countries, but cases occur in US due to infected
Q-Fever
BACTERIA Coxiella burnetii - bacterium Where is it found in animals? -Sheep are the most common source of infection for humans; cattle and goats also -replicates to high degree in sheep placenta and shed in vaginal secretions, aborted fetus, or new born -Organism can also be found in the feces, urine, and milk from infected animals How transmitted to you? -People get sick by breathing in dust from dirt contaminated by infected animal feces, urine, milk or birth products -People are also exposed when helping lamb More prevalent in the westerns US states: Montana, Wyoming, North/South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas Transmission by ticks is possible but considered to be a rare route of transmission How it looks in you: Some people never get sick fever, chills, fatigue, and muscle pain treatment: Readily treated with antibiotics Note: this disease was developed as a biological weapon in the 1950's Control: •handle all placentas and stillborn fetuses as highly contaminated tissues - seal in tight containers •consider straw and feces from infected animals also highly contagious •10 people who adopted goats from humane society in California contracted Q fever
Listeriosis
BACTERIA Listeria monocytogenes bacterium - widely distributed in the environment Where is it found in animals? -Natural environment is the soil and the mammalian GI tract - feces contaminate soil How transmitted to you? Contact with humans is via ingestion of contaminated food Most at risk: pregnant women, elderly, immunosuppressed -Causes abortion and stillbirth if fetus infected 1600 people get it each year; 260 die annually from listeriosis in the US from meningoencephalitis (usually old or immunosuppressed) Source: foodborne pathogen in soft cheeses, coleslaw, fresh vegs, meats, and unpasteurized milk 50 people in 11 states affected after consuming contaminated hot dogs -Listeria detected in pre-prepared cheeseburgers sold in vending machines -400,000 pounds of luncheon meats were recalled for Listeria contamination -27 million pounds of ready-to-eat meats were recalled in 2002! -Cashews, burritos, white cheese all recalled 2017 Is both heat and cold tolerant! -Can survive pasteurization of milk - ultra pasteurization can kill them -Can replicate at refrigerator temperatures in contaminated products! Listeria and E. coli constitute the largest meat recalls of any pathogen Direct zoonotic risk is thought to be somewhat low -Affected livestock show encephalitis signs (CNS signs) However, aborted fetuses, necropsy specimens in any suspected cases should be handled with extreme care Milk from affected animals can also carry the Listeria - the organism may survive some forms of pasteurization
what zoonotic diseases are found in birthing fluids / aborted feteses?
BRUCELLA C BURNETII (Q-FEVER) LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES
Type of agent: bacteria Bartonella species • Transmitted to you by inoculation of flea feces into open wound • It appears in you as mild signs; may go unnoticed; local reaction at site of inoculation; get a papule; if Bartonella gets past local area, it will cause regional lymph nodes to enlarge and become painful • Associated with cats
CAT SCRATCH DISEASE
two zoonotic pathogens transmitted over long distances
COXIELLA BURNETII MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS
CAT SCRATCH DISEASE
Common name : Cat Scratch Disease SCRATCHING BACERIA INTO TISSUES Type of agent: BACTERIA Bartonella species Animal's clinical signs: Cats infected with Bartonella henselae do not usually show signs Transmission of the disease among cats may be spread by fleas; also B. henselae is shed in the feces of cat fleas Animals most likely to transmit it: -Cats Higher incidence in geographic areas that are warm and humid (conducive to flea growth?) How transmitted to you? Inoculation of flea feces containing B. henselae into open wound - bites, scratches, already open wounds How it would appear in you: Typically mild - may go unnoticed Local reaction at site of inoculation; get a papule If Bartonella gets past local area, it will cause regional lymph nodes to enlarge and become painful Typically resolves spontaneously BUT - immunocompromised patients are at risk Treatment or means to avoid it: -Antibiotics are NOT consistently effective so they are not used in normal immune people -Analgesics, rest, heat pack on lymph nodes -HIV patients require aggressive therapy to prevent spread of infection throughout body (This is part of the reason HIV positive patients were told to get rid of cats - no longer recommended due to psychological benefit of pet and conservative measures to control infection) -Decrease incidence by keeping cat claws reasonably short -Discourage play that is aggressive -Clean any scratches or wounds with soap and water -Keep cats free of flea infestations
RINGWORM (not actually a worm) Dermatophytosis (skin plant: fungus)
Common name : Ringworm, superficial mycosis, tinea Type of agent: FUNGUS Microsporum canis (two other agents in the Trichophyton species) mold/fungus on skin Animal's clinical signs: 90% of cats show no signs Small (1-2 cm) scaly, hairless patches Dogs signs similar to cats Diagnosis: culture, Woods lamp (green glow) Animals most likely to transmit it: Dogs and cats How transmitted to you? -Direct contact with infected animals or their hair -Can also transmit from human to human -Common in catteries How it would appear in you: -Microsporum canis infects the hair shaft so hair becomes brittle and breaks (stubble of hair, not bald) -Areas of scaly patches and hair loss -Hairless areas get a moist, raised lesion called a kerion Treatment or means to avoid it: -Oral or topically applied antifungal agents -Keriolytic cream for kerion lesions -Shampooing and bathing -Avoid animals from a population known to have had this Vaccine for animals (questionable) Lufenuron (Program®) may be somewhat effective - not clinically prove
SALMONELLA
Common name : Salmonella, salmonellosis Type of agent: BACTERIA Salmonella enteritidis Animal's clinical signs: severe form: septicemia high fever, death in 24-48 hrs may not develop diarrhea enteritis form: profuse diarrhea fever, dehydration Animal's clinical signs chronic form: mild signs, but shedding bacteria into the environment chronic weight loss may have started with diarrhea that resolved on its own or with conservative treatment may shed bacteria in the stool for months! carrier state is often asymptomatic Animals most likely to transmit it: horses!!! reptiles!!! Iguanas!!! pet shop turtles (no longer sold) cattle dogs and cats hedgehogs How is it transmitted? FECAL --> ORAL Not washing hands (NWH) after handling animals NWH after cleaning cage, water dishes, food bowls Contamination of clothing from mucking out contaminated stall; NWH after handling own clothes Salmonella Food Poisoning Eating raw chicken or vegetables contaminated with infected animal feces OR - contaminating a cutting board or cooking surface with contaminated meat or vegetables then preparing a second food item on the same surface OR - using contaminated utensils to cut and prepare other foods OR - not washing hands after handling raw chicken or contaminated food stuffs How would it appear in you? • Sudden onset diarrhea 12-36 hrs after ingestion • Accompanied by headache, abdominal pain, sometimes fever • Usually self-limiting, resolves in few days with symptomatic treatment • Rarely fatal (except very young, very old, immunocompromised) Treatment of Salmonella or means to avoid contacting the zoonotic disease Symptomatic treatment with: -OTC drugs -Antidiarrheal drugs -Analgesics like acetaminophen, ibuprofen -Fluids, fluids, and more fluids -IV fluids if vomiting and unable to keep fluids down when given by mouth - or amount of fluids lost in diarrhea exceeds what can be replaced by mouth
ROUNDWORMS Toxocariasis intestinal parasites
Common name : Toxocariasis (not to be confused with toxoplasmosis), ascarids Type of agent: a type of nematode PARASITE (worm that is "round" in cross section) the roundworm Toxocara species of dogs and cats Animal's clinical signs: Young dogs - diarrhea, presence of visible worms in stool (spaghetti), "pot bellied" appearance Diagnosis: is on fecal exam or observing adult parasites How transmitted to you? -Fecal to oral - ingestion of eggs -Eggs hatch in human GI tract, larvae penetrate GI tract wall and begin to migrate inside the body -Human infection from migrating larvae is called visceral larval migrans (VLM) Granulomas on retina from ascarid larvae migration can damage eye - called ocular larval migrans How it would appear in you: Most people are asymptomatic note: people show symptoms, animals show signs If large number of eggs ingested or human is immunocompromised, get visceral larval migrans or ocular larval migrans - OLM can destroy the eye -High incidence in southern US or where kids eat contaminated dirt (pica) Treatment or means to avoid it: -Don't kiss your dog on the mouth -Don't lick your dog's butt -WASH HANDS after handling feces -Don't eat dirt (strong correlation between this behavior and incidence of VLM, OLM in humans-
Avian Chlamydiosis
Common name : psittacosis, ornithosis Type of agent: BACTERIA Chlamydia psittaci *INTRACELLULAR BACTERIA* must get into cells to work: slower to show signs Animal's clinical signs: yellowish or greenish diarrhea respiratory signs: swollen, crusty eyes nasal discharge dyspnea: difficulty / labored breathing Animals most likely to transmit: pet shop birds - parrots, psittacines also ducks, doves, pigeons How transmitted to you? Inhalation of respiratory secretions aerosolized dried secretions or feces -cleaning cages -wing flapping kicks up "dust" How it would appear in you: RESPIRATORY SIGNS Breathed in as aerosolized particles: -lands on respiratory mucous membranes (upper and lower) -incubation phase 1-4 weeks -proliferates producing respiratory signs (sneezing, coughing) -flu-like symptoms (fever, chills) -recovery 7-10 days Treatment or means to avoid it: tetracycline or doxycycline antibiotics -this disease must be reported to public health authorities PUBLIC HEALTH THREAT -30 day quarantine period for imported birds is the law; but doesn't catch all chlamydiosis infected birds - infected birds may appear healthy (can be asymptomatic during 30 day period) -isolate any sick birds Green bird diarrhea Avoidance: -wear protective clothing and face masks around suspect birds -wet cage paper with disinfectant before removing the paper -remove and wash lab coats or clothing exposed to sick birds -no effective vaccine for birds or people
RABIES
Common name : rabies Type of agent: VIRUAL Lyssavirus "hydrophobia" Animal's clinical signs: nervous system -dumb form: paralyzes muscles of head and neck can't swallow - so they drool paralysis spreads until death -furious form: aggressive behavior may progress to the dumb form photophobia, hyperesthesia (FEAR OF LIGHT, TOO SENSITIVE) laryngeal paralysis inability to swallow lasts 1-7 days - ends in death Animals most likely to transmit it: mammals bitten by a rabid animal Wildlife reservoirs - skunks, raccoons, foxes, bats Increased incidence in cats due to being outdoor animals Horses, cattle have been affected why aren't chipmunks and mice included in the "risk" group? How is it transmitted to you? -saliva introduced by the bite from an animal with lyssavirus in their salivary glands -virus is readily inactivated by disinfectants How it would appear in you? It won't - you're getting vaccinated onset of signs 3-8 weeks encephalitis (INFLAMATION OF THE BRAIN) paralysis of head and neck Treatment or means to avoid it: Vaccination Quarantine of animals that have bitten Necropsy and testing on wild animals that have bitten a human Avoiding wildlife that act "tame" or approach humans when they normally shouldn't
HOOKWORM Ancylostomiasis intestinal parasites
Common name: Ancylostomiasis caused by the common hookworm (Ancylostoma caninum) Type of agent: nematode ("round" type worm) PARASITE Animal's clinical signs: -Feeds on blood supply in GI tract wall -Causes hemorrhage in small intestine - but multiply that times 1000 for all worms and get significant bleeding Melena (dark stool), diarrhea, a large infestation can "bleed" a puppy to death (white mucous membranes indicate anemia) Animals most likely to transmit it: Dogs and cats How transmitted to you? -Eggs in the soil hatch out larvae (especially wet, sandy soil) -Larvae penetrate skin and start crawling around "Creeping eruption" or cutaneous larval migrans CUTANEOUS TRANSMISSION How it would appear in you: -Reddened "tracks" under your skin -Intensely pruritic (itching) -Usually self-limiting (larvae will die, body attacks) New syndrome: abdominal cramping, pain, weight loss due to presence of an adult worm feeding in the GI tract -Worm doesn't produce eggs (human is an aberrant host) -Signs resolve after removal of the adult worm from the GI tract Treatment or means to avoid it: -Keep your dog off the beach -Don't lay in wet sand that has had dogs defecating in it -Keeping hookworm egg laden feces cleaned up in the yard -Check pets for intestinal parasites and treat
Cryptosporidium
Common name: Cryptosporidium Small parasitic (protozoa) organisms (not bacteria, LARGE SINGLE CELL ORGANISM) Where is it found in animals? found in GI tract of reptiles, birds, and livestock -Shed in feces of livestock and run-off can contaminate water supplies (farm ponds) -Ingestion of fecal material (pond water, hand to oral, etc.) What does it do to you? results in symptoms 7 days later: -cramps, diarrhea -Self limiting (takes care of itself) disease in most people, but can produce chronic diarrhea for months in immunocompromised individuals -Largest outbreak in history was due to contamination of Milwaukee Wisconsin municipal water supply - 403,000+ cases in humans Source: probably young calves shedding into run- off that eventually contaminated water supply -One study showed 92% of calves 7-21 days old were shedding cryptosporidium organisms Prevention: hand washing, being aware of potential contamination -Aerosolized feces in barns can allow inhalation/ingestion and disease in humans - use masks -Remember that birds and reptiles can also harbor Cryptosporidium -Mice also have a gastric form of Cryptosporidium -Stay away from farm pond: C. parvum has been found in 65-97% of rivers, lakes, and other surface waters tested around US
CDs
Cytotoxic Drugs pharmaceutical agents used to treat cancer
CONTACT transmission can have what two types of transmission
DIRECT INDIRECT
AEROSOL transmission has what two types of transmission
DROPLET coughing, sneezing limited to 3-6 feet AIRBORNE can be suspended in air for long periods of time
CUTANEOUS LARVA MIGRANS
Disease condition resulting from the infestation of hookworm larvae into the body (also called creeping eruption) *can see worms through skin, directly under skin* "tracks under skin"
Which of the following controls is the most effective for employee protection?
Engineering (first)
One Health refers to two related ideas:
First, it is the concept that humans, animals, and the world we live in are inextricably linked. Second, it refers to the collaborative effort of multiple disciplines working locally, nationally, and globally to attain optimal health for people, animals, and the environment.
what is the most important measure veterinary personnel can take to reduce the risk of zoonotic disease transmission?
HAND HYGIENE washing with soap and water alcohol-based hand rubs use of gloves
most common pathogens are transmitted by
HAND-TO-MOUTH CONTACT either directly from animal or indirectly through environment
ingredients of a veterinary safety program?
Increased awareness of potential hazards that workers may encounter Education of staff members on the hazards present in the workplace Enforced compliance with established protocols and procedures
Orf
Is a VIRUS- parapoxvirus How transmitted to you? Spread by contact - so small ruminants have it around mouth (stop eating), skin on the face, legs, vulva and udder How does it appear in you? Start out as a small, firm reddish blister - progresses to pustule, can get big and painful Prevention: avoid contact with sheep or goats showing any suspicious lesions - handle with gloves -Very common in sheep intensive countries or areas of US where sheep/goat farms are common treatment: -No treatment for humans - lasts 7-10 weeks then spontaneously resolves
Select correct answer (s). In a veterinary facility, the following is considered a fomite:
LEASH FLEA COMB FOOD BOWL LITTER BOX
Campylobacter jejuni
Most common cause of food poisoning in man!! BACTERIAL Where is it found in animals? •Feces of ruminants and chickens •Aborted fetuses •Fecal contamination of milk or food products Campylobacter jejuni Most common route is: fecal --> oral You get it from ingestion of bacteria from: -Unpasteurized Goat milk -Handling Raw chicken -Contaminated work preparation areas -Handling aborted fetes What does it do to you? -fever -diarrhea (may be bloody) -cramps What can you do to treat and prevent? -Prevent by washing hands and food prep areas Treatment is supportive -Fluids, GI protectants Prevent by wearing gloves when handling aborted fetuses
hand sanitizers are ineffective at cleansing the hands after contact with?
NON-ORGANIC MATERIALS: drugs or chemicals
written anesthetic safety program includes:
OFFICIAL POLICY STATEMENT PROPER SCAVENGING SPECIFIC WRITTEN PROCEDURES PROPER EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE EMERGENCY PROCEDURES MONITORING OF 'WAG' LEVELS waste anesthetic gas TRAINING OF STAFF
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
what is one of the most common pathogens in the mouth?
PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA
PPE
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT: GLOVES -reduce risk of pathogens -in contact with body fluid, non intact skin, infectious pathogens FACIAL PROTECTION -prevents mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, and mouth -respirators (N95) prevent inhalation of small air borne contaminants RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION N95 & N99 particulate respirators are the most commonly used equipment option when respiratory tract protection is needed respirators: designed to prevent inhalation of small airborne contaminants surgical masks: designed to protect the patient and do not provide the same level of protection fur the wearer as respirator PROTECTIVE OUTERWEAR (lab coats, non-sterile gowns) FOOTWEAR HEAD COVERS
What is OSHA's concern regarding sharps in veterinary facilities?
Personnel safety/reduction of needle sticks
disease transmitted from any mammal • Caused by Lyssavirus of family Rhabdoviridae • Animal's clinical signs: nervous system; -- dumb form paralyzes muscles of head and neck • Used to be called "hydrophobia"
RABIES
zoonotic diseases
RABIES MRSA, MRSI, MRSP staphylococcus intermedius MRSA more common human > animal CAT SCRATCH DISEASE (CSD) BRUCELLOSIS bang's disease LYME DISEASE PLAGUE CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS most common cause of diarrhea in human LEPTOSPIROSIS SALMONELLOSIS TOXOPLASMOSIS MANGE ALVEOLAR YDATID DISEASE (AHD) PARASITES RINGWORM BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
icrosporum canis (two other agents in the Trichophyton species) • 90% of cats show no signs; Small (1-2 cm) scaly, hairless patches • Transmitted to you by direct contact with infected animals or their hair; can also transmit from human to human • Hairless areas get a moist, raised lesion called a kerion
RINGWORM
Transmitted by fecal to oral • Primarily from dogs • Causes visceral larval migrans and ocular larval migrans • Agent: common dog roundworm Toxocara (occurs in dogs and cats)
ROUNDWORM
Animal- connected injuries are the most common accident of veterinary workers.
TRUE
Diseases that can be transmitted from animal to human are called _____.
Zoonotic
VECTOR-BORNE is what type of transmission?
indirect
FIRST: engineering controls
installing and use of mechanical devices to reduce, remove or isolate the hazard
disease transmission HOST
living organism that offers an environment for maintenance for the organism but that may not be required for he organism's survival
"on the job" injury
page 13 - review this
PPE
personal protective equipment
visceral
pertaining to the internal organs
disease transmission RESERVIOR
place where infectious organism survives and replicates
lyssavirus
rabies
CONTACT TRANSMISSION
when pathogens from animals or their environments enter a human host through ingestion or through cutaneous, percutaneous or mucous membrane exposure may zoonotic pathogens are transmitted from animal to people by hand-to-mouth contact either directly from animals or indirectly through environment DIRECT TRANSMISSION may occur during examination, treatment and handling of the animal INDIRECT TRANSMISSION contact with contaminated intermediate objects - cages, equipment, workplace surfaces, soiled laundry