CPDT-KA Study Guide
Neutering reduces roaming less than it does urine marking or mounting or fighting with male dogs, T or F?
No, it reduces it more, 90 percent of neutered males roam less compared to 50-60 percent reduction in other behaviors
Salience
Noticeable
Capturing Behavior
Observing and reinforcing a spontaneous behavior
Emitted Behavior
Offered Spontaneously
Skinnerian conditioning - an animal learns that its behavior has consequences. Discriminative stimulus (your command) - Response - Consequence. 4 possibilities: Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement, Positive Punishment, Negative Punishment
Operant Conditioning
the behavior of turning the head and attention towards a new voice or visual stimulus.
Orienting Response
Stimuli that are not noticed by the animal because there are more salient stimuli around. A salient stimulus overshadows many other stimuli
Overshadowing
Punishment
P Decrease Behavior
What are gastrointestinal parasites?
Parasites which damage the gastrointestinal tract and steal nutrients; Often found in puppies; Include roundworms, tapeworms and hookworms
What are external parasites?
Parasites which feed on blood and potentially cause anemia; Include fleas and ticks; Ticks can cause Lyme Disease and Anaplasmosis while ingesting fleas can infect a dog with tapeworms
Continuing to engage in a behavior despite the fact that reward is being given anymore. Usually due to a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement.
Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect (PREE)
aka Intermittent Reinforcement Schedule. Responding is rewarded only after certain responses have been completed.
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (PRF)
The level of behavior that has occurred
Performance
the doing of a behavior - not necessarily means something was learned
Performance
Physical Modeling
Physically manipulate into position
Hackles
Piloerection. Indicates arousal.
Reactive, Excitable Behavior
Poor impulse control. Trigger hair response: fear, aggression, friendly.
Anything that is added into the interaction between the trainer and the learner
Positive
A dog, while chasing a deer is called. When he does not return to his handler, an electric shock is applied to his neck. The dog learns to come back when called.
Positive Punishment
At the groomer's , the dog barks while in the drying crate. The groomer uses a squirt bottle to spray water in his face to "correct" the barking. The dog learns to avoid going into any crate.
Positive Punishment
Dog is asked to sit. Upon sitting, dog is told to stay and handler leaves. Dog stands up, and handler returns and physically repositions dog into a sit. Dog learns not to move when left in the sit.
Positive Punishment
Dog is chasing a deer and runs into a fence. Dog learns not to chase deer.
Positive Punishment
Dog is fitted with a no jump harness. When jumping, pressure is applied against the back of the dog's hind legs. This pressure is alleviated when the dog drops down to having all four feet on the floor. Dog learns to keep four feet on the floor. What happens when the dog jumps?
Positive Punishment
Dog pulls ahead of handler and handler applies three prong corrections. Dog learns not to forge when heeling.
Positive Punishment
Dog touches hot wood stove and burns nose. Dog learns never to touch wood stove.
Positive Punishment
The owner hits the dog with a rolled up paper whenever the dog makes eye contact with the children. The dog learns never to look at children.
Positive Punishment
The puppy jumps on the garbage can and knocks it over, and a large pile of cans falls on the puppy causing extreme fear. The puppy stops jumping on the garbage can.
Positive Punishment
While tracking, the dog lifts his head to air scent. Handler throws car keys at dog, and directs him back to ground scenting. Dog learns not to lift head off track.
Positive Punishment
While walking on leash the dog lunges forward and feels pain associated with the tightening of a prong collar. The dog learns not to lunge against the collar.
Positive Punishment
A service dog is given a treat when he applies forward pressure on his harness. The dog learns to lead his partner.
Positive Reinforcement
A veterinary technician feeds the dog a treat when he is being examined by the vet. The dog learns to enjoy visiting the vet.
Positive Reinforcement
Dog is presented with a pile of wooden articles. One article is smeared with peanut butter. Dog learns to choose articles that smell like peanut butter.
Positive Reinforcement
Dog jumps on counter and grabs Sunday dinner while you are out of the kitchen. Dog learns to jump on counters when you are out of the room.
Positive Reinforcement
Dog pees in toilet area, handler take dog for a walk. Dog learns to pee in toilet area
Positive Reinforcement
In the protection phase of Schutzhund training a puppy is allowed to take the sleeve off the arm of the agitator. The puppy learns to bite when being formally agitated.
Positive Reinforcement
The dog sits and a treat is given. The dog learns to sit.
Positive Reinforcement
The owner feeds the dog whenever he lies down in the kitchen. The dog learns to lie down when in the kitchen.
Positive Reinforcement
The puppy jumps on the garbage can and knocks it over, and edible refuse is dumped out on the floor. The puppy learns to get into garbage cans.
Positive Reinforcement
Treats are dropped on the floor in the kitchen whenever the dog stares at the cook. The dog learns to stare at anyone who is cooking.
Positive Reinforcement
When training a dog to go over the A frame in agility, the trainer offers a treat to the dog when he has his back feet on the contact zone and his front feet on the ground. The dog learns to go all the way to the ground and touch the contact zone along the way.
Positive Reinforcement
Two kinds of reinforcers?
Positive and negative
developed by David Premack in the mid 1960's. The opportunity to engage in certain behaviors is reinforcement on its own. Another way to put is in order to get item "B" you must complete item "A" - if you want to eat desert, you must eat our veggies first. If you want to chase that Frisbee, you must sit first.
Premack Theory of Reinforcement
the predisposition of the animal to learn classical conditioning easier with certain unconditioned stimuli and conditioned stimuli, and not others. For example it is easier to learn a flavor with illness then a visual sign with illness. This is very adaptive.
Preparedness
Psychotropic Medications
Prescribed by veterinarians; Treat anxiety and aggression
Blocking
Previously learned cue conflicts with a newly learned one
anything the dog likes intrinsically - food, water, cuddling, etc.
Primary Reinforcer
unless there is evidence to the contrary, you must account for a phenomenon with the simplest explanation available.
Principle of parsimony
Phermones
Produced by lactating females are thought to create a sense of well-being in their puppies.
Manipulating the animal or the environment in a way that makes the dog do the behavior. There can be visual prompts as well known as lures. The problem is that the dog learns that the prompt means the behavior needs to be done and the prompt must be faded as soon as possible.
Prompting
Achieving great generalization by the dog. This means that the dog cal respond in the same manner to a discriminative stimulus every time, all the time.
Proofing
Reinforcement
R Increase Behavior
similar to variable duration
Random Duration (RD)
similar to variable ratio
Random ratio (RR
What do you do if you're shaping and behavior deteriorates?
"Go back to Kindergarten." That is, quickly go back and review with a series of easily earned reinforcers.
What is "Domestication"?
(v) Adapting an animal (or plant) to life in intimate association with and to the advantage of humans; (adj- "domestic") An animal that has undergone extensive behavioral and biological changes resulting from selective breeding over the course of many generations resulting in tameness
What does "Tame" mean?
(v) to domesticate; (adj) a domesticated animal which is not dangerous or frightened of people;
Positive
+ Add something
Negative
- Take something away
Puppies should start group classes ___ to ___ weeks after receiving their ____ dose of vaccine for parvo, distemper and adenovirus.
1 to 2
99 percent of bites are levels:
1-3
Rabies can't be given younger than _______ of age.
12 weeks of age
Two things if a contact-hang-on fight breaks out:
1: break it up 2: continue class
Four signs of Cognitive Disfunction Syndrom:
1: disorientation 2: changes in sleep/awake cycle 3: change in way dog interacts with social group 4: potty changes
Two class options for people with fearful dogs:
1: invite family with dog as a special guest to the orientation. See how the dog does, assign an assistant to assist. 2: invite family with dog to advanced class, have assistant on hand to assist. 3: if dog needs more work, have family without dog attend beginner class.
Six things to do with blind dogs:
1: leashes and fences 2: keep furniture in same place 3: mark the edges of furniture with a handy odor 4: mark edge of steps with odor 5: wear bells 6: teach check-in behavior
Failing to use a conditional negative reinforcer in training does two things. Name them.
1: slows up learning 2: increases the number of aversives used in corrections-based training
Rabid dogs can display two versions of the virus.
1: they act aggressively 2: they act "dumb" In either case, may drool due to paralysis of the muscles used for swollowing
Two traits that make wolves good candidates for domestication:
1: they are sociable animals 2: they are adaptable
Bleach solution effective in killing parvo:
1:30
List 5 of KP's 10 rules of shaping:
1:raise criteria in small enough increments that the subject always has realistic chance for R+. 2: Train only one aspect of particular behavior at a time. 3: When introducing a new criteria, temporarily relax the old ones. 4: Stay ahead of your subject in case your subject gets out way ahead. 5: If one shaping exercise is not yielding progress, find another.
Human and dog DNA is identical for ___ percent of their length.
25
When is the socialization window?
3 to 14 -16 weeks; Pups' brains can make long-term changes in response to social input
Critical Periods
3-16 weeks. Socialization window begins to diminish by 16 weeks.
Dogs should be vaccinated against rabies ___ months, with a booster at age ___ and then again every ___ years.
3-6; 1 year, 1-3 years
Acquisition, fluency, generalization, maintenance
4 stages of learning
When are puppies weaned?
4 to 8 weeks; Puppies should not be removed from mother earlier than 8 weeks; Ideal time with mom is 12 weeks
When should puppies start their vaccination schedule?
6 to 8 weeks of age
Puppies should begin their vaccination program between ___ and ___ weeks.
6-8
When should puppies receive their first heartworm test?
7 to 9 months of age
Puppies should receive their distemper vaccination by __ weeks?
8
When should a puppy begin puppy classes?
8 weeks Puppies can start class one to two weeks after their first vaccine for distemper, parvo and adenovirus
# of people who require medical attention every year in the US because of dog bites?
800,000
What is a dog's normal body temperature range?
99.5 to 102.5 F
What should you give overly nervous dogs in class?
A "safe home base" where dog will never be surprised. No traffic behind it.
Premack Principle
A high-probability behavior, something the dog loves to do, can be sued to reward a low-probability behavior
What is "Ontogenetic Behavior"?
A response to environmental influences. It is learned, has be rewarded, and can be modified. ie. dog running to name after being fed previously when name was called
What are the four stages of learning? A. Acquisition, fluency, generalization, maintenance B. Bonding, trusting, loving, working C. Knowing, understanding, learning, playing D. Watching, mimicking, experimenting, using E. Attention, application, usefulness, working
A. Acquisition, fluency, generalization, maintenance
The basic training sequence comprises: A. Both classical and operant conditioning in the form of cue eliciting behavior resulting in a contingent response. B. Only classical conditioning in the form of cue eliciting response. C. Only operant conditioning in the form of behavior eliciting reward. D. Latent learning applied to specific environmental cues E. Innate behavior harnessed by rewards
A. Both classical and operant conditioning in the form of cue eliciting behaviour resulting in a contingent response.
Negative Punishment is likely to: A. Decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated B. Increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated C. Have no effect on the likelihood of a behavior being repeated D. Strengthen a behavioral response E. Improve the accuracy of a behavior
A. Decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated
A conditioned stimulus: A. Will elicit the same response as an unconditioned stimulus after training. B. Will elicit the same response as an unconditioned stimulus before training C. Will elicit salivation D. Will elicit excitory behavior E. Will elicit a different response from an unconditioned stimulus after training.
A. Will elicit the same response as an unconditioned stimulus after training.
Food rewards
Activates the dog's parasympathic nervous system
An agriculture inspection dog is sent to stay with his handler each weekend. It is noticed that over time, the dog ceases to indicate common produce such as potatoes, apples and oranges.
Adaptation
The agility dog is taught to walk though the rungs of a ladder. Over time, the dog learns to place his feet very precisely.
Adaptation
The dog is asked to jump over a series of jumps that are placed very closely together. Over time, the dog learns to shorten his stride when approaching all jumps so as to jump in a controlled manner.
Adaptation
sometimes confused with habituation. Adaptation, however, has nothing to do with learning. It is simply the tiring of the sensory neurons of the nervous system to perceive the stimulus.
Adaptation
Distemper
Airborne viral disease of the lungs, intestines and brain; Vaccinations at 6-8wks, 11-12wks, and 15-16wks with yearly boosters
Bow
All in good fun.
ABC
Antecedent Behavior Consequence
Anything that the animal desires greatly
Appetitive/Positive
Target Training
Applying an object the dog is already taught to interact with
Reticular Activating System (RAS)
Attention center of the brain. Where things are perceived, processed, and acted upon. Tuning out things that are unimportant.
a very strong animal learning process in which the animal starts to touch or manipulate a conditioned reinforcer (clicker) in order to get the primary reinforcer. Can be a strong training tool. For example teaching retrieve to a non retriever. Make the ball, dumbbell a conditioned reinforcer for food and the dog will start trying to manipulate it.
Autoshaping
Anything that the animal considers a bad thing
Aversive/Negative
A contingency is: A. A relationship between events B. A statement of a dependent relationship between events C. A sequence of training events D. A consequence that is controlled by the dog E. A plan for what you will do if your training plan fails
B. A statement of a dependent relationship between events
The process of pairing a conditioned stimulus to an unconditioned stimulus could be considered: A. Instrumental conditioning B. Classical conditioning C. Operant conditioning D. Latent learning E. Innate behaviour
B. Classical conditioning
In operant conditioning the animal: A. Has no input into the sequence of events during training B. Has an effect on what happens next in the sequence of events during training C. Is set up to succeed D. Is rewarded on a continuous schedule of reinforcement E. Is never punished
B. Has an effect on what happens next in the sequence of events during training
Another term for operant conditioning would be: A. Affinitive conditioning B. Instrumental conditioning C. Learning D. Premack's principle E. Classical conditioning
B. Instrumental conditioning
Every morning you take your puppy to the dog play park. You approach from the south end of the park and meet your other dog walking friends. One morning you are in a rush and need to drive to the dog park in order to get your walk done. You park at the North end of the park and your puppy runs straight to the South end of the park to meet his playmates. What type of learning is happening? A. Applied Learning B. Latent Learning C. Motivated Learning D. Cognitive Learning E. All of the above
B. Latent Learning
Sensitization tends to occur most often with: A. Intense stimuli B. Stimuli that elicit intense emotional response C. Weak stimuli D. Stimuli that elicit weak emotional response E. Randomly
B. Stimuli that elicit intense emotional response
Indicate which statement is false: A. The trainer will know that learning has occurred when behavior changes. B. The trainer will know that learning has occurred when the dog begins to defer to the owner. C. The trainer will know that learning has occurred when the dog responds to the owner's cues. D. None of the above. E. All of the above.
B. The trainer will know that learning has occurred when the dog begins to defer to the owner.
In learning theory, when we say that we are using a positive, we mean that: A. We are using something that the dog likes. B. We are adding something to the interaction. C. We approach training in an upbeat manner. D. We subscribe to a philosophy of acting in the best interest of the dog at all times. E. We are increasing the likelihood of the behavior being repeated.
B. We are adding something to the interaction
Leptospirosis
Bacterial disease of the urinary tract; Vaccinations at 6-8wks, 11-12wks, and 15-16wks with yearly boosters
Bordatella
Bacterial infection of the upper respiratory system (kennel cough); Yearly vaccinations after 1 year of age
With salmonella, antibiotics are used only for seriously ill dogs. Why?
Because many salmonella species are resistant to common antibiotics; antibiotics can favor the growth of resistant bacteria.
Extinction Burst
Behavior temporarily gets worse, not better
Any action performed that can be observed and measured
Behavior/Response
The study of behavior
Behaviorism
What is "Phylogenetic Behavior" (in dogs)?
Behaviors common to the dog as a species: *Food acquisition *Hazard avoidance, safety/comfort seeking *Reproductive behaviors
Agonistic Behaviors
Behaviors used in response to social conflict or competitive encounters. Avoidance, Appeasement, Submission
Ambivalence
Being in conflict. Unsure, undecided. Body shows both offensive and defensive postures at same time.
When will a female dog have her first heat cycle?
Between 6 months to 1.5 years of age depending on breed
When do maternal antibodies fade from a puppy's system?
Between 6 to 16 weeks of age
The phenomenon in which a stimulus is being disregarded by an animal if presented together with an already salient and established stimulus. This is why you need to introduce the new cue before the lure and not with it.
Blocking
Hypoglycemia
Brain doesn't get sugar; Cause weakness, disoriented, irritable, failure to process information
Instinctive drift coined by ______. Principle that whenever an animal has strong instinctive behavior, organism will ____ to toward the ____ behavior to the detriment of the conditioned behavior.
Brelands; drift
Salivation when entering a kitchen where you can smell food being cooked is an example of: A. A conditioned response B. A secondary reinforcer C. An unconditioned response D. Excitement E. Associative conditioning
C. An unconditioned response
A discriminative stimulus will: A. Elicit play B. Elicit self care behavior C. Elicit a trained response D. Elicit a specific response E. Elicit sleep
C. Elicit a trained response
Reinforcers can be best described to: A. Decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated B. Be something that the dog wants C. Increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated D. Be something that the dog does not want E. None of the above
C. Increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated
Behavior that is not learned is called: A. Interesting B. Incredible C. Innate D. Internal E. Impossible
C. Innate
Every trainer has a story of the unusual feats of intellect that their dog has achieved. Often these feats of behavior cannot be matched nor trained. Although interesting and evidence of the bond between dogs and people behaviorists do not accept these stories as evidence because: A. these stories are not quantified B. These stories are not true C. These stories while interesting are considered anecdotal D. The behaviors involved cannot be replicated E. All of the above
C. These stories while interesting are considered anecdotal
Choose the statement that is false. A. When a subject is exposed to a stimulus and the reaction to that stimulus becomes stronger over time, sensitization has occurred. B. When a subject is exposed to a stimulus and the reaction to that stimulus becomes weaker over time, habituation has occurred. C. When a subject is exposed to a stimulus repeatedly, and the body physically tires and thus the response increases, adaptation has occurred. D. When a subject is exposed to a stimulus and a primary reinforcer is presented, classical conditioning occurs. E. When a subject exhibits a behavior and is rewarded the behavior will likely be repeated.
C. When a subject is exposed to a stimulus repeatedly, and the body physically tires and thus the response increases, adaptation has occurred.
Species Designation
Canis Lupis Familiaris
What are the risks of obesity in dogs?
Cardiovascular disease and metabolic illnesses such as pancreatitis and diabetes along with stress on joints and limbs that contributes to lameness; Should be able to feel ribs (without seeing them) and the dog's body should have hourglass shape
A method of teaching a complex sequence of behaviors. Each behavior signals the other behavior that eventually signals a reward. Backward chaining is the most efficient way usually - in this method the last behavior is trained first followed by a reward. Then we go backwards and add behaviors.
Chaining
a.k.a Pavlovian conditioning - an association between things. Leaning that things go together. A predictable relationship that one thing is related to another. Conditioned stimulus predicts an unconditioned stimulus and causes a conditioned response.
Classical Conditioning
CDS
Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome; Older dog problem; Disorientation, disruption in sleep/wake cycle, house soiling
Cerebral Cortex
Cognitive Functions, such as learning and problem solving. When active, Limbic System is inactive.
Superstitious Behavior
Coincidental learning of some irrelevant behavior along with desired one; Usually the result of accidental reinforcement
Learning
Condition
establishing a classically conditioned emotional response (usually fear). This is the base for many fears and phobias in many dogs. This process is very resistant to extinction.
Conditioned Emotional Response (CER)
this is learning - very simple
Conditioning
A stimulus that occurs after a behavior has occurred
Consequence
Any action or event that occurs following a behavior.
Consequence
Fearful Behavior
Contextual. Release of adrenaline, cortisol, and other chemicals. Signs: tucked tail, avoids eyes, pulled back or flattened ears, may urinate or defecate, freezing, creeping, attempts to escape.
The statement of a dependent relationship between events
Contingency
every occurrence of the response is followed with a reward. The best for first teaching a behavior.
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule (CRF)
The methods use to try and eliminate CER's. Desensitization is the process in which we produce a very low level of the stimulus that produces fear and slowly work up to a full stimulus. Together with this we need to use counter conditioning which is the association if this stimulus with a positive consequence.
Counterconditioning and desensitization
The behavioral demand being made upon the learner
Criteria
Choose the statement that is true. A. A positive reinforcer is always controlled by the handler. B. A positive reinforcer is always something the dog can consume. C. A positive reinforcer will result in a better relationship with your dog. D. A positive reinforcer will increase the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated. E. A positive reinforcer is better than a positive punisher.
D. A positive reinforcer will increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
A consequence is: A. A stimulus that precedes a behavior B. A stimulus that coincides with a behavior C. A stimulus that is dependent upon a behavior D. A stimulus that follows a behavior E. A stimulus that predicts a behavior
D. A stimulus that follows a behaviour
Spontaneous recovery occurs when: A. A stimulus to which the subject has been habituated to is removed. B. A stimulus to which the subject has been sensitized to is removed. C. A stimulus to which the subject has adapted to is removed. D. A stimulus to which the subject has been habituated is removed and then returned later. E. A stimulus to which the subject has been sensitized to is removed and then returned later.
D. A stimulus to which the subject has been habituated is removed and then returned later.
Thorndike's First Law of Effect can be described as: A. Cue/Behavior/Food B. Prebehavior/Behavior/Reward C. Request/Response/Rapport D. Antecedent/Behavior/Consequence E. Any of the above
D. Antecedent/Behavior/Consequence
An unconditioned stimulus is: A. Something the dog learns to like B. Something the dog does reliablly in response to a conditioned stimulus C. Something the dog does not have D. Something that will always elicit an unconditioned response E. Something that will always elicit a conditioned response
D. Something that will always elicit an unconditioned response
Habituation tends to occur most often with: A. Intense stimuli B. Stimuli that elicit intense emotional response C. Weak stimuli D. Stimuli that elicit weak emotional response E. Randomly
D. Stimuli that elicit weak emotional response
The science of behaviorism is used to help us understand how learning happens. Originally, the work done by behaviorists such as BF Skinner indicated that only the observed behavior needed to be considered when training, but now it is known that other factors may be involved with the learning. Which of the following is not considered to be a factor in training a dog: A. The Diet of the dog B. The Emotional state of the dog C. The Age of the handler D. The Color of the dog E. The Age of the dog
D. The Color of the dog
C. Lloyd Morgan wrote: "In no case is an animal activity to be interpreted in terms of higher psychological processes, if it can be fairly interpreted in terms of processes which stand lower in the scale of psychological evolution and development." This statement, which could be restated as "unless there is evidence to the contrary, you must account for a phenomenon with the simplest explanation available", is referred to as: A. The principle of simplicity B. The Principle of obvious answers C. The principle of Anecdotal evidence D. The principle of Parsimony E. The principle of Patriotism
D. The principle of Parsimony
____ reinforcement is selecting for faster speed, longer duration, shorter latency etc.
Differential
only certain rates or certain types of responses are reinforced.
Differential Reinforcement Schedule (DRF)
very important for dog training - we reward those behaviors that are better than the ones already accomplished - we reward the best sit, the best down, etc.
Differential reinforcement of excellent behavior (DRE)
the response has to happen within a certain time after the last response
Differential reinforcement of high rates of behavior (DRH
only responses that are cannot happen while doing another (unwanted) behavior are being reinforced.
Differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors (DRI)
the response has to happen only after certain time has elapsed after the last response.
Differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior (DRL)
reward is given to behaviors that are different from one specific behavior.
Differential reinforcement of other behaviors (DRO)
The ability to choose between two or more different things. Can be hard to teach.
Discrimination
the ability to respond to a specific stimulus. For example, sit only when the word 'sit' is being said.
Discrimination
6 viruses in dogs?
Distemper Canine Herpesvirus Infection Infectious Canine Hapatitis Rabies Kennel Cough Parvo
What does DHLPP stand for?
Distemper, Hepatitis, Leptospirosis, Parainfluenza, & Parvovirus
Baseline Posture
Dog is relaxed. Muscles are fluid and move gracefully.Not too bold, not too worried.
Which of the following is a principle not a method: A. Click and treat B. Reinforce the behavior you wish to keep C. Jerk and praise D. Luring E. Mimicry
Reinforce the behavior you wish to keep
Anything that will increase the likelihood of the behavior being repeated.
Reinforcer
the response must be maintained for an entire interval for a reward to be given.
Duration Reinforcement Schedule
____ are often seen in distemper cases.
Relapses
Neuropsychology
Relationship between the brain and the body.
_____ _____ _____ is the attention center of the brain. It is part of the brain where activities in the world are _____, ____, and ____.
Reticular activating center (RAS); perceived, processed and acted upon
Variable Schedules of Reinforcement VSR
Reward is absolutely random; No set pattern; Differential Reinforcement - precision Limited Hold - duration Jackpots - unusually large reward
Shaping
Rewarding successive approximations fora desired behavior
The desire to do a behavior may be contingent upon what the dog gets from doing that behavior. If the dog is sufficiently motivated by the reward, he will be likely to do the requested behavior.. If a dog is hungry what is he most likely to be motivated by? A. A ball B. The chance to chase another dog C. Touch D. A belly rub E. Food
E. Food
Shaping is a method used in training where: A. The animal's body is manipulated by the trainer into the desired position. B. The animal is prevented from doing anything other than the desired behavior. C. The piece of food is used to show the animal which way to move his body in order to perform the behavior. D. The animal is given feedback about when he is doing the wrong behavior. E. The animal is reinforced for closer and closer approximations of a behavior.
E. The animal is reinforced for closer and closer approximations of a behavior
a discriminative stimulus that is very visible or noticeable. It tends to get the most attention of the dog.
Salience
Backward Chaining
Same as chaining but teaching the last behavior first
these are reinforcers that become associated with a primary reinforcer and hence become important to the dog (clicker).
Secondary Reinforcer
Epilepsy
Seizures; Can be as big as convulsions or as small as behaviors changes
The dog is initially startled when a gun is fired. After repeated visits to a firing range, the dog becomes very reactive to all sudden loud noises.
Sensitization
opposite if habituation. The reaction to a stimulus becomes even stronger when the stimulus is being shown repeatedly.
Sensitization
Stimulus Control
Several dimensions of how a dog responds to a cue; Dog is under stimulus control if it does not: Refuse to give behavior, Give a different behavior, Give behavior for different cue, Give behavior without cue
A closer and closer approximation towards the behavior.
Shape
aka shaping by successive approximations. A method of teaching a new behavior in which any behavior that begins to resemble the wanted behavior is reinforced. Gradually, the standard of the behavior that is reinforced is increased to resemble the wanted behavior.
Shaping
Displacement Behavior
Signs dog is trying to "hold it together". Dog is in conflict. Signs: yawning, lip licking, scratching,
learning that occurs when something happens that is not related to anything else. A stimulus causes a response.
Single event learning
Primary Reinforcer
Something the dog values Food, play, toys, etc
a behavior that happens after it was allegedly extinct. The behavior that was extinct suddenly reappears. Aka extinction burst.
Spontaneous Recovery
return of the pre-habituation response to the stimuli.
Spontaneous Recovery
Any event that can be perceived by the animal
Stimulus
the process in which animals learn to avoid a certain food. This happens very fast and is very adaptive.
Taste Aversion Learning
Chaining
Teaching smaller behaviors separately then combining them
What did the the first massive sequencing of maternal DNA in dogs establish in 1997?
That there was no evidence that dogs had ancestors in any species other than the grey wolf. But there is a relative lack of data on paternal DNA.
Instinctive Drift
The Breland Effect. The prepotency of strong instinctive behavior patterns over those which have been conditioned. Wherever an animal had strong instructive behavior, the organism will drift toward instinctive behavior to the detriment of the conditioned behavior.
What does "Phylogeny" mean?
The evolutionary history of an organism
Classical Conditioning
The learned association between two events; One event is neutral and one event elicits an unconditioned response. Forms a relationship between two stimuli
Overshadowing
The most important detail in the environment (from the dog's point of view) can cover up other details present
The response to a negative reinforcement of positive punishment method of training. The dog is engaging in a behavior in order to avoid or escape a certain aversive outcome. Can be signaled or un-signaled.
Escape/Avoidance Response
Female Hormones
Estrogen and progesterone. Estrus twice a year. 20 days duration. Spaying does not reduce aggression levels in females. Instead may increase.
Most canis developed in _____; four were _____. The canis we're most interested in is ______. It is also known as ______.
Eurasia; jackels, the grey wolf aka Canis lupus, ancestor of the domestic dog
Secondary Reinforcer
Event that marks the behavior; Verbal or clicker; aka Conditioned reinforcer, bridging stimulus, bridge, promise, predictor, marker
Hydrocephalus
Excessive cerebrospinal fluid accumulated in the brain; Learning delays or failures; Slow or absent to housebreak, irritability or aggression; More common in smaller breeds or brachycephalic breeds
An outcome of a dog forced to make a discrimination that is no longer possible. Dog may show great anxiety. #
Experimental Neurosis
Spontaneous Recovery
Extinct behavior can recur in the future if the trigger in presented again
Dog runs around and barks at handler whenever she puts her shoes on to go for a walk. Handler puts shoes on and takes shoes off randomly thirty to forty times a day over the course of a week, never pairing putting shoes on with taking dog out for walk.
Extinction
Dog scratches against the refrigerator door. Nothing happens following the dog's door scratching. Dog learns not to scratch the refrigerator door.
Extinction
The dog barks in his crate for 20 to 30 minutes after the owner leaves. Nothing happens as a result of the barking. The dog learns not to bark when the owner leaves.
Extinction
The puppy follows children home everyday in hope of attention. The children fail to pay attention to the pup ans he eventually stops following them.
Extinction
The puppy jumps against the owners legs and no attention is given to the puppy. The puppy learns not to jump against the owners legs.
Extinction
what happens when rewards are no longer being given. The behavior is degraded until it is no longer offered. This is not unlearning. The dog simply learns a new rule.
Extinction
Extinction
Extinguish. Only applies to behaviors that have been fueled with attention, food, physical contact, freedom or other rewards
Neutering will calm the dog down, T or F?
False
Spaying reduces the aggression level in females, T or F?
False, it may actually increase it.
Forms of Aggression
Fear, Dominance, Possessive, Protective, Territorial, Pain-related, Redirected, Socially-Facilitated
maintain a behavior for a fixed time to get a reward - stay exercise is good example
Fixed Duration (FD)
a reward is given only after a specific interval of time has elapsed from the previous reward. On FI-5 the reward comes only if a response occurs after 5 seconds from the last reward. Responses can be weak right after the reward - this is called the fixed interval scallop.
Fixed interval (FI)
a reward is given after every set number of responses - on FR-5 schedule - every 5 responses receive a reward. Very high and steady response rate except for the post-reinforcement pause after the reward.
Fixed ratio (FR)
Social Hierarchy
Flexible. Subordinate members show submissive behaviors to dominant members, than dominant individual displays of their super rank. Dominance is not the same as aggression. Relationships establish over time by numerous interactions.
the process in which the fear eliciting stimulus is shown in a full blown way without the subject being able to escape. This can sometimes work but is unethical and more often then not, only makes more harm.
Flooding / Response Prevention
Continuous Schedule of Reinforcement
For acquisition; Reinforced for every correct response
The response has to happen in every place or time. The dog needs to learn for example that the cue 'sit' means that it has to sit regardless or location, time or distractions.
Generalization
Mutual Curving Nose to Tail
Greeting behavior
The ability to get used to and stop reacting to meaningless stimuli.
Habituation
The dog is initially startled when a gun is fired. After repeated visits to a firing range, the dog stops being startled when a gun is fired.
Habituation
Stress Behavior
Happy or unhappy state. Abstract and subjective. Good stress and bad stress. Signs: panting, drooling, trembling, sweaty paws, tense body, shedding and dandruff, change in eyes.
For disruptive dogs in class:
Have assistant step in and work with dog at a distance. Maybe even a 30-minute private lesson. Then follow up with them about alternatives to class.
Elicited Behavior
Help performing the behavior
When should a dog be spayed/neutered?
The procedure can be done as early as 6 weeks of age (for shelter animals); More commonly done after 16 weeks to promote full immune system development; Physical growth rate/outcome affected if done before fully physically developed (1 to 2.5 years of age); Spaying/neutering may prevent sexually dimorphic behaviors and protects against uterine cancer, pyometra, prostate cancer, mammary cancer, testicular cancer, and unwanted pregnancy
What does "Neoteny" mean?
The retention of immature characteristics in adulthood *Many modern dog breeds retain neotenous characteristics.
Oppositional Reflex
If you pull one way, the dog will pull the other.
Parainfluenza
Infectious bronchitis; Vaccinations at 6-8wks, 11-12wks, and 15-16wks with yearly boosters
Testosterone
Influences behaviors such as mounting, mating, searching for females, scent marking, and aggression. If the dog has a history of being reinforced for such behaviors, that behavior now has a conditioned element and doesn't depend on testosterone.
What are "Fixed Action Patterns"?
Innate or phylogenetic behaviors which must be completed before the animal stops; Examples: urine marking even if the dog has no urine remaining in system or circling before laying on a blanket
Heartworm
Internal Parasite Mosquito born/transmitted; Attacks the heart; Active ingredient in medication- ivermectin
What are tapeworms?
Internal parasites contracted by ingesting contaminated hosts (fleas/small animals); Symptoms: Itchy bottom, scooting, white segments resembling grains of rice around anus or in feces
What are whipworms?
Internal parasites contracted from ingesting contaminated matter (food, water, feces, flesh, etc.); Symptoms: large bowel inflammation, bloody diarrhea, dehydration, anemia, and weight loss
What are roundworms?
Intestinal parasites contracted in utero, through nursing, or through contact with contaminated soil or feces. Symptoms: vomiting, diarrhea, poor coat, enlarged abdomen
What are hookworms?
Intestinal parasites which feed on blood in the lining of the small intestine; Contracted from contact with contaminated soil/feces or an infected mother; Symptoms: dark feces, lethargy, anemia, pale gums Capable of being contracted by humans but don't inhabit human intestines; Migrate under skin and cause itch red rash that often goes away by itself
An explanation of how things work
Theory/principles
Luring
Lead the dog into performing behavior while tempting with reinforcer
Learning Theory
Learn by association. An organism can experience three outcomes/consequences for its behavior: something good, something bad, or nothing at all
if the aversive does not follow a signal or the dog is not allowed to escape the aversive, the dog will eventually lay down and become immobile, after learning that there is nothing it can do to stop the aversive from happening.
Learned Helplessness
The dog hears the phone ring many times every day. The dog learns that phones ringing are not important to him.
Learned Irrelevance
The dog is called to come every time he runs away from the owner. In obedience class, the dog has difficulty relating the recall cue "come" to the behavior of going to the owner.
Learned Irrelevance
aka pre-exposure effect. This is very similar to habituation. It is the learning to ignore things that have no meaning to the animal's life. I learn to ignore the doorbell when I realize that it doesn't mean people are coming.
Learned Irrelevance
a change in behavior that lasts for a long period of time.
Learning
Operant Conditioning
Learning by association with what happens after the behavior. Forms an association between a behavior and a consequence
Name three zoonotic diseases:
Leptospirosis; salmonella, campylobacteriosis
What happens if you wait to start puppy class until after all vaccines are complete (16 weeks)?
Limits socialization and risks development of unwanted and even dangerous behaviors
Engrams
Muscle Memory. Development and storage of familiar motor action. The neural pathways.
Tempermant
Nature v. Nurture; Learned v. Innate.
Anything that is removed from the interaction between the trainer and the learner.
Negative
A puppy is tethered to a training wall. The handler walks away from the puppy whenever he is jumping. The do learns to keep four feet on the floor when standing by the handler.
Negative Punishment
Dog barks in yard during turn out. Handler brings dog in and puts him in crate. Dog learns not to bark in the yard.
Negative Punishment
On the agility course the dog running begins to bark. The handler removes the dog from the course and puts him in his crate. The dog learns to run quietly.
Negative Punishment
The dog barks at the owner for attention and the owner leaves the room. The dog learns not to bark at the owner.
Negative Punishment
The dog looks away from the handler during the heel free exercise and the handler abandons the dog in the training room. The dog learns to keep his eyes glued on the handler.
Negative Punishment
A fearful pup barks at approaching people who then back off. Barking increases.
Negative Reinforcement
Dog is fitted with a no jump harness. When jumping, pressure is applied against the back of the dog's hind legs. This pressure is alleviated when the dog drops down to having all four feet on the floor. Dog learns to keep four feet on the floor. What happens when the dog chooses to land?
Negative Reinforcement
Dog is restrained by trainer while handler runs away. Puppy struggles and trainer releases puppy. Puppy learns to follow handler when handler is running away.
Negative Reinforcement
Dog while on leash is pulled forward. When he steps forward, pressure on leash is released. Dog learns to follow the direction of pull of the leash.
Negative Reinforcement
In practice sessions, the handler uses a prong collar and a tight leash to keep the dog at her side. The dog learns to heel close to the handler to release the presser on the prong collar.
Negative Reinforcement
Puppy pulls ahead of handler while walking on leash. Handler stops moving forward. Puppy learns to walk beside owner to keep walk going.
Negative Reinforcement
The dog causes the leg bands on a no pull harness to loosen by walking closer to the owner. The dog learns to walk closer to the owner.
Negative Reinforcement
While learning to retrieve, a lab opens his mouth and an ear pinch stops when he opens his mouth to take the dummy. The dog learns to open his mouth to accept the dummy.
Negative Reinforcement
Limbic System
Network of cells in the brain that integrates instinct and learning. Also involved emotions such as fear. When active Cerebral Cortex is inactive.
Infectious diseases are caused by:
bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi and rickettsia; cause illness
A dog who is bitten by an animal who is not absolutely known to be free of rabies must _____.
be assumed to have been exposed to rabies
A conditioned reinforcer can come ___ or ___ the same time as delivery of the reinforcer.
before or at
Animal psychologists are interested in:
behavioral development
Class policy for two dogs from same household?
best not to have them in class together
Lyme disease develops from the ______.
bite of an infected tick
Distemper tends to attack ____ cells and cells that ____ the surfaces of the body.
brain; line
A click is both a ___ stimulus and a(n) _____ marker, it's also a ____ signal (Jean disputes this)
bridging; event; termination
7 bacterial diseases:
brucellosis leptospirosis bordatella bronchiseptica salmonella campylobacteriosis E coli (coliobacillosis lyme disease
Coppinger describes village dogs as the modern example of the ____, a protodog, the first ____ with the trait of the domestic dog.
canid "missing link"; canid
An adaptive foraging strategy for dogs is to display ____ motor patterns, causing humans to _______.
care-soliciting; feed them
If the limbic system is activated, the ___ __ is inhibited.
cerebral cortex
The ____ ___ is involved with cognitive functions such as learning and problem solving.
cerebral cortex
One way to reduce the chance of Lyme disease?
check dog daily for ticks. Ticks must attach for between 5 to 20 hours before they can transmit infection
Coppinger describes village dogs as having a _____ relationship with people.
commensal
Phylogenic behaviors are behaviors ________.
common to the dog as a species, they have developed over generations
According to Coppinger, any breed of dog behaves with much greater ____ than any wolf.
complexity
Displacement behavior indicates that a dog is in ______ or ____ and trying to _____..
conflict or frustrated; hold it together
Salmonella is commonly spread by ______; or contact with _____.
consuming raw or commercially-contaminated food; surfaces contaminated by diarrhea of infected dogs
Leptospirosis is spread often through ______.
contaminated water
Cushing's Disease, the body produces too much ___, which can lead to ______.
cortisone, reactivity
According to Terry Ryan, fear-motivated aggression is associated with ____ body postures.
defensive
Ontogenetic behaviors ____________.
develop over the lifetime of an individual dog
You need to establish an intermittent schedule of reinforcement before you go to _____ schedule of R+.
differential
It is easy/difficult to eradicate brucellosis.
difficult
Leading cause of infectious disease deaths in dogs worldwide?
distemper
Canis was the ancestor to today's ____, ____ and ___. Evolved from Canids, canis spread all the world by _____ years ago.
dogs, wolves and jackels; 1.5 million
When you allow kids and dog to interact, dog should be ______.
double-leashed
The fastest way to shape behavior is to raise criteria at whatever interval it takes to make it ___ for the subject to gain reinforcers.
easy
To survive, an animal must do three things:
eat, avoid disease and injury, and reproduce
Movement is learned through the development and storage of familiar motor actions called ________.
engrams
Dulosis defined by Coppinger as ____, a subcategory of _____.
enslavement; parasitism
Ontogenetic behavior is a response to ______ influences, in other words, it is _______.
environmental, learned
Phylogeny is the _____________.
evolutionary history of an organism.
White Hat style of thinking is based on _____; red hat style of thing is based on _____. Black hat style of thinking is ____. Yellow is ___; green is ____. Blue is ____.
fact, emotions; negative, optimistic, creative, oversees everything from beginning to end
A dog who is dominant is aggressive, T or F?
false, dog can be dom but not aggressive or aggressive but not dominant
The "keep going" signal should be linked to the primary reinforcer, T or F?
false, it can just be inserted before the "you're done" click and the learner will soon recognize it as a signal that reinforcement is soon coming.
Animal psychologists don't believe in species-typical behavior or behavioral genetics, T or F?
false, misconception in the 50s
Gestures of lower rank signal fear, T or F?
false, not necessarily
Herpes is often fatal in dogs, T or F?
false, outside of breeding, it usually results in a mild respiratory infection
Females in heat should never be allowed into class, T or F?
false, some instructors allow them
All dogs should be vaccinated against herpes?
false, there is no vaccine
Vaccinations against distemper are hit or miss, T or F?
false, they are almost 100 percent effective
Dogs often get colds, T or F?
false, they don't get colds so be aware of any dog that is coughing.
Behaviors labeled as submissive are shown toward novel people or dogs, T or F?
false, toward familiar
Overactivity of the thyroid gland is more common than underactivity, T or F?
false, underactivity is more common. This is called hypothyrodism.
Dogs have red cones in their eyes, T or F?
false.
The limbic system is involved with emotions such as ______.
fear
Examples of phylogenic behaviors in dogs
fear of fire, fear of loud noises
Signs of salmonella illness include:
fever, vomiting and diarrhea
Factory assembly lines are an example of ____ schedules.
fixed
Reinforcing every adequate behavior is a ____ schedule of R+.
fixed
The golden jackal could have been domesticated, they show considerable _____ in their ___ arrangements. For example, they can hunt _____ or in ____.
flexibility; social; alone or in groups
Social hierarchy is ____.
flexible
The canid genome has been described as being rather ____, akin to a _____.
flexible, social toolkit like a Swiss Army knife
The Flehmen response is a ____ of the _____. It is intended to give dog _______ information about it's environment
flick of the tongue; olfactory
Coppinger maintains that all dog behavior can be put into one of three different motivations:
food acquisition, hazard avoidance, reproductive behaviors
No matter how well tamed an adult wolf becomes, it will never give birth to ________.
genetically tame puppies
Of the Eurasian canis, only one made it to North America. It was the ____.
grey wolf
When dogs exhibit displacement behaviors, they typically do them at a ____ rate than for other motivations.
higher, like yawning, will yawn several times
The hydroid gland secretes ______.
hormones important for growth and metabolism
Dogs at ideal body should have an ____ figure; ribs should be ___ but not seen.
hourglass; felt
Behavioral ecologists study:
how a species makes a living in the world
A tiny change in DNA can lead to a ______ change in behavior.
huge
Best policy for late arrivals:
ignore them. They know they are late. Take attendance mid class.
2 most common means of infection of brucellosis:
infected vaginal discharge following a spontaneous abortion; in urine of infected males
Campylobacteriosis is a disease that produces acute ______ in puppies, kenneled dogs and strays.
infectious diarrhea
Salmonella can cause acute _________ in dogs.
infectious diarrhea
Primary source of distemper exposure is?
inhaling the virus
The biological reasons that belies the Pinocchio Hypothesis is that the offspring of tamed (and/or trained) wolves do not ____ this tameness.
inherent
Border collie working herd of sheep is engaging in the ____ stages of _____ behavior
initial; predatory
Wolves seem to learn by ____; dogs needed repetition in order to learn a task. Wild animals not only better at solving a problem, but they learned how to do it by ______. Dogs as a rule don't do this well.
insight; observation
Dogs are without peer in the animal world in responding well to _____ conditioning. The saying goes:
instrumental; dogs are smart enough to do a job and dumb enough to do it
Phylogenic behavior can or cannot be modified?
it can
According to Coppinger's Pinocchio Hypothesis, once the wolf is trained and tamed to human wishes, _________.
it turns into a dog
Neoteny is the retention of _________
juvenile traits in adults
Bordatella bronchiseptica is frequently found in dogs who have ______.
kennel cough complex and other respiratory diseases.
Two signs of Lyme disease?
lameness and kidney problems
Wolves may be smarter and able to ____ more, but they can't be taught much using ____.
learn; operant
Level 2 bite:
leaves no damage
According to Coppinger, proto-wolves genetically predisposed to show _______________.
less flight distance than regular wolves
Passive submission typically includes on back, eyes looking away, while active submission includes (three things)
licks at mouth of superior dog,
If the cerebral cortex is engaged, the ___ ___ is likely to be inhibited.
limbic system
The conflict between what the dog wants to do and what we teach her to do takes place in the dog's ________ ______.
limbic system
Common displacement behaviors are ____, ____ and ____.
lip licking, yawning and scratching
Leptospirosis primarily affects what organs?
liver and/or kidneys
Amensalism defined by Coppinger as:
living together in which one species hurts another, often unknowingly and with no benefit to itself (puppy mill puppies)
In learning new movement, dogs need to practice movement ____ until it becomes ____.
long period of time; automatic
The _____ the variable schedule, the more powerfully it maintains behavior. When does this work against you?
longer; with trying to get rid of behavior
First strategy to break up dog fight:
loud noise, like banging pots, but no yelling/screaming.
Heartworms can cause havoc in what 2 areas beside the heart?
lungs and circulation
Level 3 bite:
may be 3-4 puncture holes but puncture holes are less than half the length of dog's canines
Bacteria are single celled _______ that cause _____.
microorganisims; disease
Hepititis can be ____ or ____.
mild; fatal
Salmonella can remain alive for _______ in ____.
months or years; soil or manure
Conditioned aversive stimulus is _____ effective than threats.
more
Three things about a Level 4 bite:
more than half the length of canine teeth, severe bruising, and/or dog bit and shook
A FAP is a stereotypic ______ ________ that is relatively _______ ___ _____.
movement pattern, constant in form
Coppinger's theory is that dogs evolved by ________ ___________, not ________ _________
natural selection, artifical selection
Timing is just as important with R+ as with _____.
negative reinforcement
Limbic system is a ________ of ____ in the brain that integrates ____ and ____.
network of cells; instinct and learning
Bordetella vaccinations are routine/not routine?
not routine but recommended for show dogs, dogs who go to grooming salons and obedience classes etc.
Coppinger says dog is the result of nature/nurture plus experiences that ________.
occur between the onset and offset of critical periods
Theory of kin selection:
performing a favor for a close relative carries genetic advantage, the helper is still promoting the survival of some of his or her own genes, even if the favor is never returned
Hackles or _____ indicate ______. Can it ever be friendly?
piloerection; arousal. Yes!
An example of a meta-signal?
play bow
Bordatella accompanied by viral illness can lead to life threatening _____.
pneumonia
Axiom of speciation is that the frequency of some genetic character in a _______ of animals changes through generations.
population
You can make a conditioned reinforcer more ___ by pairing it with multiple primary reinforcements. Good example of this is ____.
powerful; money
Stalking, chasing and nipping at the legs are characteristic of _______ behavior.
predatory
BF Skinner also said that punishment, unlike reinforcement, doesn't result in ____ changes.
predictable (according to KP). For instance, dog may give up and seek reinforcers elsewhere.
One way to keep the students coming back to class is to ____.
preview the next class
It's the ____ of shaping, more than the ____ that are often overlooked and separate the great trainer from the average.
principles, or rules governing how, when and why behaviors are reinforced; methods such as what behaviors are to be reinforced
It's possible to mainstream a deaf dog into classes with a _____.
private lesson
Each instance of negative reinforcement contains a _______.
punisher
Meta signals ____ the behavior that follows.
qualify, the wink-wink
Canine hepatitis is ___ in the US; it mostly affects ____ under ___.
rare; puppies; 1 yr
Deaf or blind dogs may be more _____ than other dogs and ___ be suitable to attend classes.
reactive; may or may not
Core vaccines are those that are ________.
recommended for all dogs
Hypoglycemia when dog is unable to:
regulate blood sugar levels.
Wrong as a conditioned punisher is useful only when trainee has been ______.
reinforced for variable behaviors and actively searching for ways to get you to click.
Active listening is:
repeating in your own words what the client has told you.
Neuromuscular programming is established by _______.
repetition
Three things to do in training class to reduce possibility of disease:
require proof of immunization, clean clean clean, and refuse sick puppies
When showing teeth as an offensive threat, the dog's lips _____ _____; defensive threat, lips _____ _______.
retract vertically; retract horizontally
Dogs fed a raw diet can be at risk for ______.
salmonella
Deaf dogs ____ their environments more than non-deaf dogs.
scan
New niche wolves gained _________ ________ for living with humans over regular wolves
selective advantage
The dog is exposed to a stimulus that elicits great excitement. The dog learns to become excited whenever he is exposed to the stimulus.
sensitization
Canids first evolved around ____ years ago in _______.
six million; North America
Dogs become capable of breeding as early as ____ months but they may not be behaviorially mature until _______ years.
six, one or two years
Very long schedules can lead to ____ starts or ______ _____ _____.
slow; Monday Morning Blues, or delayed start of long-duration behavior
List at least 4 calming signals:
sniffing, yawning, lip licking, turning away, blinking, splitting (dog walking in between two dogs)
One way to manage brucellosis:
spay/neuter all infected animals to prevent infection to other animals
Dogs don't transmit Lyme disease to humans though they can _____.
spread the ticks carrying the spirochete.
Hypoglycemia can be triggered by:
strenuous exercise, high level of excitement, lack of food.
Shedding and dandruff can be a sign of _______.
stress
Ranking of individuals is more accurately described as a ____ hierarchy than a ____ hierarchy.
subordinate vs dominant
Coppinger argues against the idea that dogs are mere ____ of the wolf
subspecies
The process of shaping has to do with ________.
successive approximation
_____ paws can be a sign of stress.
sweaty
Commensalism is a ___ relationship that is _____.
symbiotic; good for one species but does nothing for another
The difference in food-gathering behavior between wolves and dogs has led to an animal that is both _____ and ____; these are _____ traits.
tamable and trainable; genetic
What is more dangerous: wild wolf or tame wolf?
tame wolf, which may not flee when approached.
For the Pinocchio Hypothesis to be true, Mesolithic people selected among ___ and trained wolves for dog like characters that no wolf had shown. These included:
tamed; floppy ears, spotted coat
Fleas may harbor _____ eggs.
tapeworm
Shaping consists of taking a very small _____ in the right direction and _____ it, ______ at a time, toward a(n) ____ goal.
tendency; shifting; one small step, ultimate
Canine hepatitis affects the _______, ____ and lining of the ____ _____.
the liver, kidneys; blood vessels
Fallout is defined as _________ of punishment through overuse of negative reinforcers and other aversives.
the negative effects
The best resource for devising how to help a person with a disability is _____.
the person with a disability
Wild animals can be tamed by patient handling and socialization but they can't be considered domesticated until _____________.
they undergo extensive biological and behavioral changes resulting from selective breeding over many generations.
"Bridging stimulus" bridges the period of ____ between the behavior and the reinforcement.
time
If the behavior does not increase with R+, then the reinforcer was presented _________ or _____ or the payoff ______. Also, ____ is important, the R+ must happen ______ the behavior happens.
too early or too late; wasn't reinforcing; the instant
A "keep going" conditioned stimulus should not be the same as the "you're done conditioned stimulus", T or F?
true
A trigger is needed to start an FAP, T or F?
true
Animals with similar DNA are often drastically different, especially in terms of behavior, T or F?
true
Conditioned reinforcers can be things like trophies, dishes, pictures, not things that are beautiful but things that remind us of happy times, T or F?
true
Coppinger believes that of the 400 million dogs in the world, only a tiny fraction of dogs in the world have a truly mutual relationship with people, T or F?
true
Gastrointestinal parasites can cause illness in people, T or F?
true
In order for wolves to go from "learned" tame to genetic tame, Mesolithic breeder would have had to sort through hundreds of wolves, find variations in natural tameness, isolate those tamer wolves from the rest of the population and breed only the most tame, T or F?
true
Maintaining healthy body weight especially important for dogs that are active, T or F?
true
Once a tick starts feeding on a dog, it will not generally seek a second host, T or F?
true
Spaying females can reduce uterine and mammary cancers, T or F?
true
Take any behavior, a breed of dog can outperform a wolf in any behavior, T or F?
true
The benzodiazepine medications can disinhibit aggression, T or F?
true
There is a vaccination for hepititis, T or F?
true
Vaccines are attenuated versions of the real thing, T or F?
true
The foxes "tamed" in the Russian experiment retained care soliciting behaviors, T or F?
true, barking increased, play increased.
In comparison to other large carnivorous predators, and in comparison to the ____ family, wolves can't run very fast, they have relatively weak jaws and they don't see well, T or F?
true, cat
Not all dogs become sick after exposure to distemper, T or F?
true, only about half do
Kinesthetic information is more effective than visual or audio, T or F?
true; include all 3 in your lessons
Heat cycles in female dogs occur ____; and are ____ in duration.
twice a year; 20 days
Dog sees different combinations of the same _____ colors. What are the colors?
two; yellow and blue
Body posture of an offensively aggressive dog is:
up and forward, looks larger, faces problem head on, ears up and forward
When people resist change, you should _____.
use new examples and demos. Don't take it personally. Also, let them take credit.
Agonistic behaviors are behaviors:
used in response to social conflict or competitive encounters
Non-core vaccines are defined as:
vaccines for dogs in certain geographic areas or for dogs engaged in certain activities.
Shaping is possible because the behavior of living beings is ______.
variable
During shaping, put the current level of response on a ____ schedule of reinforcement before you ______ criteria.
variable; raise
"Surfing the extinction bursts" means omitting R+ in an attempt to get more ____ responses.
vigorous
Primitive scenting organ located in the roof of the mouth where the teeth meet soft palate is known as ________ or organ.
vomeronasal or Jacobson
If human is bit by an animal of unknown rabies status, _____ greatly reduces chances of infection.
washing wound vigorously
BF Skinner's defined punishment as:
when a behavior results in the loss of something desirable or the delivery of something undesirable.
When dogs reproduce, they get _____ pups. When tamed wolves reproduce, they get ____ pups.
wild
The big difference in food gathering behavior between wolves and dogs?
wolves hunt their own food, often in cooperation with other wolves and they stay away from humans; dogs scavenge and look to humans to provide food.
Cushing's Disease
Too much cortisone production; Cause irritability and reactivity
The effectiveness of rabies vaccine on wolf hybrids is not clear, T or F?
True, this might be reason not to allow wolf-dog hybrid into your classes.
Hypothyroidism
Underactive thyroid gland; Can cause aggression, irritability, and anxiety
What are attenuated vaccines?
Vaccines altered in some way to prevent inducing serious disease
maintain a behavior for a changed period of time
Variable Duration (VD
the interval that is required to elapse in order to get the reward changes from one reward to another. On VI-5 the average is 5 seconds but it can be 10 seconds once and 1 second the 2nd time etc
Variable interval (VI)
the number of responses for a reward changes from one reward to another - on a VR-5 the average will be 5 responses. Response is high and steady with minimal post reinforcement pause. You need to worry about ratio strain that happens when the variable ratio average is increased too fast.
Variable ratio (VR)
Cueing
Verbal or signal; Does are visual and may respond better to signals; Environmental cues - everyday cues that illicit behavior
Rabies
Viral disease fatal to humans and other animals; First vaccination at 16 weeks with booster 1 year later and boosters every 3 years after
Corona
Viral disease of the intestines; Vaccinations at 6-8wks, 11-12wks, and 15-16wks
Parvovirus
Viral disease of the intestines; Vaccinations at 6-8wks, 11-12wks, and 15-16wks with yearly boosters
Hepatitis
Viral disease of the liver; Vaccinations at 6-8wks, 11-12wks, and 15-16wks with yearly boosters
Calming Signals
Yawning, tongue flick, ground sniffing, blinking, turning away, scratching, averting eyes
Zoonotic defined as:
a disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans
Herpes infection causes a variety of illnesses including _____ in puppies.
a fatal disease
Pyometra is _____
a life threatening uterine infection
Brucellosis is:
a major cause of sterility and spontaneous abortion in dogs
If humans don't profit from feeding dogs, and do so anyway, the behavioral ecologist classifies the dog as:
a parasite on humans. The behavioral ecologist doesn't care whether people feel good about feeding dogs or get some psychological benefit.
The one circumstance where one should not go to a variable schedule once the dog has learned the behavior is when it involves _______.
a puzzle or test. Needs information so it knows what to do the next time
Kennel cough is not one but ____ of highly _____ diseases.
a series; contagious respiratory
Hydrocephalus results when excessive fluids _____. It can cause learning ____ and aggression.
accumulates in the brain. delays and aggression
How fast you raise criteria is not a function of the animal's _____ but rather a function of how you are ____ with the animal.
actual ability; communicating
Dunbar's level I bite is a:
air snap, it is a "miss"
An obligatory parasite is:
an animal that has to be a parasite on one species of animal
A conscious action becomes ________ action.
an automatic
If flea bites result in enough blood loss, dog can become ____.
anemic
To say wolves are an indicator species means?
any little deterioration in their habitat causes an immediate drop in their numbers in that habitat
Calming signals also known as
appeasement
Dr. Suzanne Hetts divides "calming signals" into at least 3 groups of behaviors, including:
appeasement, displacement, submission
Examples of agonistic behaviors: there are 5
avoidance, appeasement, submission, threats of aggression, aggression
