CPR

The order to perform the steps of CPR.

C-A-B Compressions Airway Breathing

Chest compression fraction (CCF)

CCF is the amount of time spent doing high-quality chest compressions during a cardiac arrest resuscitation attempt.

How can you achieve a high chest compression fraction/CCF?

CCF: Minimize pauses in chest compressions

When AED arrived, what is the next action to do?

Check rhythm If Shakable: - Give one shock. - Resume CPR immediately for 2 minutes until AED prompt to allow rhythm check - Continue until ALS providers take over or the victim starts to move. If Unshockable: - Resume CPR immediately for 2 minutes until AED prompt to allow rhythm check - Continue until ALS providers take over or the victim starts to move.

Q3. When a choking infant becomes unresponsive, what is the one thing you need to do differently when performing CPR?

Check the airway for the obstructing object

When performing chest compressions for an infant in a 1 rescuer situation, you should put______ on the breastbone, just below the nipple line.

1 rescuer: 2 Fingers of one hand

After positioning yourself directly above the victim's head, what is the correct order of steps for using a bag-mask device?

1 rescuer: Place the mask on the victim's face using the bridge of the nose as a guide for the correct position. Use the E-C clamp technique to hold the mask in place while you lift the jaw to hold the airway open. 2 rescuer: Squeeze the bag to give breaths provide 1 breath over 1 second (while watching for chest rise)

If the victim is not responsive (adj), what should you do next?

1. Activate the emergency response system via mobile device. (Call 911) 2. Get the AED and emergency equipment (or send someone to do so) 3. Look for no breathing or only gasping and check pulse (simultaneously)

What are examples of effective team dynamics? 有效的团队协作

1. Debriefing 任务报告 2. clear roles and responsibilities 明确角色和责任 3. constructive intervention 建设性干预 4. knowledge sharing 知识共享

AED special considerations

1. Hairy Chest - If your AED has 1 set of pads and a razor, quickly shave the area and then apply the pads. - If your AED has 2 sets of pads, use the first set to remove the hair. Then apply second set of pads. 2. Water - If someone is lying in the water, quickly move the victim to a dry area. *If the victim is lying in snow or a small puddle, use the AED. - lf the chest is covered with water or sweat, wipe the chest before attaching the pads. 3. Transdermal Medicine Patch - Do not place the pad directly over a medicine patch. - Take the patch off and quickly wipe the chest before you put on the pad. 4. Implanted Defibrillator or Pacemaker If you see a lump indicating an implanted defibrillator or pacemaker, avoid placing the pad directly over it. 5. Defibrillation for Infants Less Than 1 Year of Age - A manual defibrillator is preferred rather than an AED. - If a manual defibrillator is not available, an AED with a pediatric dose attenuator is preferred. - If neither is available, you may use an AED without a pediatric dose attenuator. - You should use an AED for a pregnant woman in cardiac arrest as you would for any cardiac arrest victim. A shock from the AED will not harm the fetus.

Opioid-associated life-threatening emergency

1. Opioid-associated life-threatening emergency is a condition that can cause a person to stop breathing but still have a pulse. 2. Naloxone is a medication that can temporarily reverse the effects of opioid overdose. Common routes of administration for naloxone include intravenous, intramuscular, and intranasal. 3. For a person who is unresponsive and not breathing normally but has a pulse： - Give 1 rescue breath every 6 seconds in an adult. - Give 1 rescue breath every 2 - 3 seconds to a child or infant. - If your local protocol allows, give naloxone. Don't delay breaths to give naloxone. 4. If the patient does not have a pulse: - give naloxone after starting CPR.

How to use a pocket mask

1. Position yourself at the victim's side. Place the pocket mask on the victim's face, using the bridge of the nose as a guide for correct positioning. 2. Seal the mask against the face. Use the E-C clamp technique to hold the mask in place 3. Place the remaining fingers of your second hand along the bony margin of the jaw and lift the jaw. Perform a head tilt-chin lift to open the airway. 4. Seal the pocket mask against the face. Deliver each breath over 1 second (enough to make the victim's chest rise)

2. After checking for breathing and a pulse, you verify that the child is not breathing normally but has a pulse. His airway is not obstructed. How do you deliver rescue breaths?

Child younger than 8: 1 breath every 2 to 3 seconds, (20-30 breaths/min)

1. Roles and Responsibilities

Clear roles and Responsibilities should be immediately established by the Team Leader or the first rescuer on the scene. When all team members know their roles and responsibilities during a resuscitation attempt, the team functions smoothly.

You are the team leader of a BLS crew and are called to the home of an unresponsive 64-year-old male. Your crew consists of 2 other members, Leslie and Justin. Let's assess your understanding of effective team dynamics. 1. Assigning your team members to individual roles and outlining 概述 what each member needs to do during the resuscitation attempt is an example of what element of high-performance team dynamics?

Clear roles and responsibilities When all team members know their roles and responsibilities during a resuscitation attempt, the team functions smoothly.

Where should AED pads be placed in the Anterolateral placement for adults and children 8 years and older?

Place one pad directly below the right collarbone. Place the other pad to the side of the left nipple, with the top edge of the pad a few inches below the armpit.

Where should AED pads be placed in the Anteroposterior placement for adults and children 8 years and older?

Place one pad on the left side of the chest, halfway between the tip of the breastbone 胸骨尖端 and left nipple. Place the other pad on the left side, back beneath the shoulder blade 肩胛, next to the spine.

Pocket Mask

Pocket Mask is equipped with a filter-protected, replaceable, one-way valve. It is a hand-held device used for positive pressure ventilation to a patient who is not breathing or breathing inadequately. It is designed to prevent the spread of potential pathogens during mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.

3. You check the infant's pulse every 2 minutes and detect that the heart rate is less than 60/min with signs of poor perfusion. While your colleague begins CPR, what action do you need to take?

Power on the AED, follow the prompts use the child pads

If the victim has no normal breathing but a pulse felt:

Provide Rescue Breathing人工呼吸: - 1 breath every 6 seconds (10-12 breaths/min) - Check pulse every 2 minutes, If no pulse, start CPR - If possible opioid overdose, administer naloxone if an available per protocol opioid (鸦片类，吗啡) naloxone (吗啡抗拮药） per protocol 符合方案集, (临床试验的术语）

How do you check for breathing?

Scan chest up and down for no more than 10 seconds

C-A-B-D

compression-airway-breathing-defibrillation

What are the recommended compression-to-ventilation ratios for infants and children for 1 rescuer?

compression-to-ventilation ratios 1 rescuer: 30: 2

What are the recommended compression-to-ventilation ratios for infants and children with 2 or more rescuers?

compression-to-ventilation ratios 2 rescuers: 15: 2

5. You are still performing CPR as a single rescuer. The AED detects a shockable rhythm and advises a shock. After delivering 1 shock, you immediately resume CPR with what ratio of compressions to breaths?

compression-to-ventilation ratios single-rescuer: 30: 2

Q1. What is recommended to minimize interruptions in compressions when using an AED?

correct: BCD A. Continue CPR while the AED delivers a shock B. If no shock is advised and after any shock delivery, immediately resume high-quality CPR, starting with chest compressions C. Continue with high-quality CPR until an AED prompts to clear D. When 2 or more rescuers are present, one rescuer should continue chest compressions while the other prepares the AED E. Attach the AED pads before starting CPR

ECC

emergency cardiovascular care

EMS

emergency response system

To perform a pulse check in a child, palpate a carotid or femoral pulse. check for femoral artery pulse in a child

femoral artery pulse in a child: 1. Place 2 or 3 fingers in the inner thigh, midway between the hipbone 胯骨 and the pubic bone, and just below the crease where the leg meets the torso 躯干. 2. Feel for a pulse for at least 5 but no more than 10 seconds. 3. If you do not feel a pulse within 10 seconds, or the heart rate is 60/minor less. Start high-quality CPR.

1-handed chest compressions

for children

rescue breathing

give air to someone who is not breathing

If an adult, child, or infant has a pulse but is not breathing effectively, the rescuer should:

give breaths without chest compressions.

mouth to mouth breathing

artificial respiration 人工呼吸 (situation: without device)

AED

automated external defibrillator

Defibrillation for infants less than 1 year of age / infants

* A manual defibrillator is preferred rather than an AED * If a manual defibrillator is not available, an AED with a pediatric dose attenuator is preferred * If neither is available, you may use an AED without a pediatric dose attenuator /əˈtenjueɪtər/衰减器

As you are providing CPR, your colleague arrives, turns on the AED, and follows the prompts. The AED analyzes rhythm and does not advise a shock. After you immediately resume CPR, how do you continue treating the patient?

* If not advised a shock, continue CPR until prompted by the AED to allow a rhythm check * Continue CPR until the ALS team arrives, or the patient starts to move.

After 4 minutes of rescue breathing, no pulse is present during a pulse check. What immediate actions should be taken?

* Immediately start CPR * Turn on the AED as soon as available

What changes about using a bag-mask device if there are 2 rescuers?

* One is above the victim, opens the airway, and holds the mask in place. * The other is at the side of the victim and squeezes the bag.

Chest compressions in child /adult:

* Rate: 100 - 120/min. * Depth: Approximately 2 inches (5cm). * Hand Placement: 2 hands or 1 hand on the lower half of the breastbone. * Chest Recoil * Minimizing Interruptions (No more than 10 seconds.)

How do you do a head tilt chin lift?

* Tilt the patient's head back by pushing down on the forehead. * Place the tips of your index and middle fingers under the chin and pull up on the mandible (not on the soft tissues). This lifts the tongue away from the posterior pharynx 后咽 and improves airway patency. 通畅; 开放

Pauses typically occur during:

* pulse checks * intubation * rhythm analysis * defibrillation * compressor switches We will dress 介绍 some best practices for eliminating pauses 消除停顿的最佳实践 in some of these areas, but you'll also need to measure high-quality CPR metrics 测量高质量的CPR指标 at your own place of practice to identify other areas where pauses exist. 识别存在停顿的其他地方 You can not improve what you do not measure.

What are two life-threatening arrhythmias that can cause cardiac arrest?

* pulseless ventricular tachycardia 无脉室性心动过速 * ventricular fibrillation 心室纤性颤

Mouth-to-mouth breathing - adulta/children/infants

*Mouth-to-mouth breathing is a quick and effective way to provide oxygen to a victim when a barrier mask is not available. *Each breath you take contains 21% oxygen. When you provide a rescue breath, the air you breathe into a victim contains about 17% oxygen. -Hold the victim's airway open with a head tilt-chin lift. -Pinch the nose closed with your thumb and index finger. -Take a regular breath and seal your lips around the victim's mouth, creating an airtight seal. -Give 1 breath for 1 second, while watching for chest rise. -Give a second breath for 1 second, while watching for chest rise.

BVM/bag-mask device

*Provides positive-pressure ventilation. *Consists of a reservoir bag attached to a facemask. *May include a one-way valve. (It is used only when there are two rescuers available)

What are the components of a pulse check in an unresponsive victim?

*Use 2 or 3 fingers to locate the pulse *Feel the carotid pulse in the groove | to the side of the trachea *Assess for a pulse for at least 5 but no more than 10 seconds * If you do not definitely feel a pulse, begin CPR， starting with Chest Compressions.

Q4.What are the correct actions to take for scene safety and assessment?

*Verify scene safety *your check for responsiveness *Activate the emergency response system and get an AED *Your Look for no breathing and only gasping and check the pulse.

Q2. What is a sign of severe airway obstruction?

-Inability to speak or breathe -Silent cough -Cyanosis (turning blue)

Abdominal thrusts- adults and children

1. Stand or kneel behind the victim and place your arms around the victim's waist; with one hand, locate the navel 肚脐. 2. Make a fist with the other hand and place the thumb side of your fist against the victim's abdomen, just above the navel and well below the breastbone. 3. Grasp your fist with the other hand and press your fist into the victim's abdomen with a quick, forceful upward thrust. Repeat thrusts until the object is expelled from the airway or the victim becomes unresponsive.

If the victim is not breathing or only gasping, pulse not felt:

1. Start CPR; perform cycles of 30: 2 ratio of compression and breath 2. Use AED as soon as it is available (Gasping: is not normal breathing and is a sign of cardiac arrest)

Switching Compressors

1. Switch Compressors, with the second Compressor coming in from behind the first. This allows the second Compressor to have the same view of the team and, in particular of the AED or defibrillator. 2. Switch Compressors between cycles, or every 2 minutes. For seamless transitions, switching between cycles every 2 minutes is best. 3. In case of fatigue, switch Compressors as fluidly as possible. However, if a Compressor needs to switch because of fatigue, coordinate the switch to happen as fluidly as possible such as while delivering breaths. AED/Monitor/Defibrillator： Stop CPR. Switch Stay hovering. Shocking. Everybody clear. Shock, go.

1-2. 6 possible team roles

1. Team leader. 2. IV/IO medications provider. 3. Compressor. 4. Time recorder. 5. Airway manager. 6. Monitor/Defibrillator of AED Note that some roles are typically performed by advanced providers. If enough rescuers are present, each rescuer takes a role. If the team has fewer than 6 rescuers, some team members may be assigned more than one role. Some roles have a higher priority than others.

Opioids

Opioids are medications primarily used for pain relief. In high doses, this medication can cause a person to stop breathing or even cause death.

When performing high-quality CPR on an infant, what is the correct depth of compression?

1.5 inches (4 cm)

What is the correct chest compression rate for adults?

100 - 120/min

How to use AED

1: Power on the AED if needed. Follow the prompts 2: Choose adult pads for victims 8 years of age and older. Attach the adhesive AED pads to the victim's bare chest. 3: When the AED prompts you, clear the victim during analysis. 4: If the AED advises a shock it will charge and then tell you again to clear the victim before delivering the shock. 5. Press the shock button. 6. After any shock delivery, immediately resume CPR. starting with compressions.

When performing chest compressions for an infant in a 2 rescuer situation, you should put ______ in the center of the chest, on the lower half of the breastbone?

2 Thumbs encircling hands tequenic

Q2. You should deliver________back slaps and__________chest thrusts to a choking infant whois responsive.

5 ; 5

Q2. ●A rescuer arrives at the side of an adult victim and suspects an opioid-associated life-threatening emergency ●The victim is unresponsive and not breathing normally but has a pulse What is the next action the rescuer should take?

A ault unresponsive and not breathing normally but has a pulse * Give 1 rescue breath every 6 seconds

What is the indication for mouth-to-mouth rescue breaths?

A barrier device is not available

Advanced airway

A laryngeal mask airway, supraglottic airway device, and endotracheal tube are types of advanced airways. When an advanced airway is in place： *Perform continuous compression sat 100 to 120/min *Give 1 breath every 6 seconds for adults *Give 1 breath every 2 to 3 seconds for a child or infant *No pauses in compressions to give breaths

gasping for breath

Abnormal breathing. May happen in the first minutes after sudden cardiac arrest.

Which of the following are resuscitation triangle roles in a high-performance team?

Airway Compressor AED/Monitor/Defibrillator

AHA

American Heart Association

Advanced provider 先进技术提供者

As a BLS provider, you may notice that advanced providers check for a pulse, precharge the defibrillator, and prepare to deliver shock about 15 seconds before pausing compression at the end of each 2-minute cycle. When using an AED, the prompts will instruct you when to pause, for example, during rhythm analysis or shock delivery.

What is a correct approach for AED pad placement for infants and children less than 8 years of age?

As indicated on the pad packages

When using a pocket mask, where should the rescuer be positioned?

At the side of the victim

BLS

Basic Life Support

Q6. You respond to a collapsed pregnant female as the only rescuer You follow the BLS sequence and find that she is unresponsive, is not breathing, and has no pulse. She is visibly pregnant You activate the emergency response system. What is your next action?

Begin chest compressions

Q1. What is your next action? ●You respond to a collapsed pregnant female as the only rescuer ●You follow the BLS sequence and find that she is unresponsive, is not breathing, and has no pulse. ●She is visibly pregnant. ●You activate the emergency response system.

Begin chest compressions (Manual uterine displacement 人工子宫位移 should only be attempted if help is available. Otherwise, chest compressions, ventilation, and AED use are unchanged.)

What do you use as a guide for the correct positioning of the pocket mask?

Bridge of the nose

2. You and your team have initiated compressions and ventilation. The AED was attached, and "no shock" was advised. Your team has continued CPR for 1 minute. You tell your team in a respectful, clear, and calm voice, "Leslie, during the next analysis by the AED, I want you and Just into switch positions, and I want you to perform compressions for the next cycle. Leslie replies, "Got it. Next time the AED analyzes, I will switch with Justin and assume the role of Compressor." This is an example of which element of high-performance team dynamics?

Closed-loop communication the process of verifying that the message sent was received as intended. It also verifies that any assigned tasks have been completed.

3. How to communicate.

Closed-loop communication is the process of verifying that the message sent was received as intended. It also verifies that any assigned tasks have been completed. Teammember2： This is our first round of CPR. We have 1 shock on board. Team Leader ： Go 1 shock on board. Use clear messaging to help prevent misunderstandings Teams that work together frequently can create terms or phrases that have specific meanings for them to ensure clarity among members. Team member 1： Thank you, So when I'm ready to intubate, what I want you to do is pull that mask off, but keep it handy in case I happen to miss.

4. What does a chest compression feedback device monitor?

Compression depth Compression rate Chest recoil

3. As Team Leader, you notice that your Compressor is pushing too fast. It is important to correct actions that are incorrect, but it is also important to be tactful when delivering this correction to a colleague. This is an example of what element of team dynamics?

Constructive intervention the Team Leader may need to correct actions that are incorrect or inappropriate. It's important to be tactful 灵活的, especially if you need to correct a colleague before they make a mistake.

4. What action can you take as a team during and after a resuscitation attempt that helps individual team members perform better and brings awareness to system strengths and deficiencies?

Debriefing 事后情况说明；任务报告

When should the rescuer operate the AED clear the victim?

During analysis and before shock delivery

1-10 Know your limitations

Every member of the team should know his or her limitations. Team members should ask for assistance and advice early, not when the situation deteriorates. Compressor: I'm getting pretty tired doing these compressions. I'm going to need some help after this.

1-6. Team Leader

Every resuscitation team must have a defined leader who assigns roles and makes treatment decisions. Often, the Team Leader will be at the foot of the victim. However, the Team Leader may move around to observe and evaluate the skills of the team and to provide feedback when needed.

How do you check the pulse of an adult victim?

Feel carotid pulse for no more than 10 seconds /kəˈrɑːtɪd/

4. Mutual respect 互相尊重

Finally, teams need to communicate with respect. Speak to each other in a professional manner, regardless of 无论 the scope of practice or expertise. Resuscitation events are stressful and emotions can run high. Understand that this is the nature of CPR and remain focused on the life you're trying to save.

How do you open the airway for breaths if a single rescuer is present?

Head tilt chin lift

Cardiac arrest in an pregnant patienta

High-quality CPR can increase the mother's and the infant's chances of survival. *Perform compressions and use an AED as you would for any cardiac arrest victim. A shock from the AED will not harm the infant. *If additional rescuers are present and rescuers are trained, perform continuous lateral uterine displacement 子宫外侧移位, in addition to high-quality BLS. *If the woman is revived 复活了, place her on her left side. This may help improve blood flow to her heart and therefore, to the infant.

relief of choking: unresponsive infant

If the infant becomes unresponsive： ●Shout for help and send someone to activate the emergency response system. ●Place the infant on a hard, flat surface. ●Begin CPR with 1 exception: each time you open the airway to give breaths, look for the obstructing object. ●If you see an object that can be easily removed， carefully remove it with your fingers. Do not do a blind finger sweep. ●If you are alone, after 2 minutes or 5 cycles of CPR， activate the emergency response system.

When should you use adult pads on an AED?

If the victim is 8 years of age or older

Choking in obese and pregnant victims

If the victim is too large for you to wrap your arms around the waist： *Wrap your arms around his or her chest *Perform chest thrusts instead of ab dominal thrusts

After an AED delivers a shock, what should the rescuers do next?

Immediately resume CPR, starting with compressions

If an AED says that no shock is needed what should you do?

Immediately resume CPR, starting with compressions

You and your colleague respond to an adult victim who is unresponsive. After assessing that the victim is not breathing and has no pulse, what do you instruct your colleague to do?

Instruct your colleague to: *Activate the emergency response system *get the AED You start CPR immediately

Q3. What are common administration routes for naloxone?

Intranasal Intravenous Intramuscular

Metronome/Feedback Devices 节拍器

It's a best practice to use real-time feedback devices during CPR. However, if a feedback device isn't available, a metronome can help establish the proper rate. If your AED or defibrillator doesn't have a metronome, you can download a metronome app to your mobile device before the conclusion of this course.

2. What to communicate

Knowledge sharing and summarizing information are critical components of effective team performance. Team Leaders should review what's happened and ask for ideas and observations from team members. Team Leader： That's our second shock. We have 1 mg of epi on board Team member 1： OK, starting in another 2 minutes. Team Leader： How about lidocaine? Team member 1： OK, 100 mg of lidocaine

You witnessed the collapse of a child. You are the only rescuer and do not have a mobile phone. After confirming no breathing and no pulse, what is your next step?

Leave the victim | to activate the emergency response system and get the AED

Where should AED pads be placed in the anteroposterior placement for adults and children 8 years and older?

Left side of the chest Left side of the back

What do you do first?

Make sure the scene is safe for you and the victim

If the victim has normal breathing, pulse felt:

Monitor until emergency responders arrive.

Q4. How is CPR performed differently when an advanced airway is in place?

No pauses for ventilation

What is the correct order of steps in the OHCA/ Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest - Chain of Survival for adults?

OHCA - Chain of Survival for Adults: 1. Activation of Emergency Response 2. High-Quality CPR 3. Defibrillation 4. Advanced Resuscitation 5. Post-Cardiac Arrest Care 6. Recovery

What is the OHCA / out-of-hospital cardiac arrest - the pediatric chain of survival?

OHCA - the pediatric chain of survival 1. prevention 2. activation of emergency response 3. high-quality CPR 4. advanced resuscitation 5. post-cardiac arrest care 6. recovery

1-11. Constructive intervention

Sometimes a team member or the Team Leader may need to correct actions that are incorrect or inappropriate. It's important to be tactful 灵活的, especially if you need to correct a colleague before they make a mistake.

Choking in Infants

Step 1: ●First sit or kneel with the infant in your lap. ●Hold the infant facedown and resting on your forearm, with the head slightly lower than the chest. ●Support the head and jaw with your hand. Step 2: ●Rest your forearm on your thigh to provide support. ●Deliver up to 5 backslaps forcefully between the infant's shoulder blades, using the heel of your hand. - Deliver each slap with sufficient force to attempt to remove the foreign body. Step 3: ●Place your free hand on the infant's back, supporting the head with the palm of your hand. This will cradle the infant as you turn the infant over face up. ●Keep the infant's head lower than the chest, and deliver up to 5 quick downward chest thrusts. -Do this at a rate of about 1 per second, each with the intention of creating enough force to dislodge the foreign body. ●Repeat the sequence until the object is removed or the infant becomes unresponsive.

1. To avoid fatigue, when should team roles alternate providing compressions?

Switch every two minutes (200-240/2min; 8 cycles of 30:2). Switch time: no more than 5 seconds

How do you check for responsiveness? n. 响应能力

Tap the victim's shoulder and shout "Are you OK?"

3. Which team role makes treatment decisions and assigns roles?

Team leader

1-3. Compressor

The Compressor assesses the victim and stays next to the victim's chest to perform chest compressions. When giving compressions, rescuers should switch. Compressors after every 5 cycles of CPR, about every 2 minutes, or sooner if tired.

10% increase in CCF is roughly equal to an 11% increase in survival

The Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium trials/ROC trials 复苏结果联合试验 showed that a 10% increase in CCF is roughly equal to an 11% increase in survival.

1-7. Timer/Recorder

The Timer /Recorder keeps a record of the events that occur, including the frequency and duration of interruptions in chest compressions, time of shock delivery, and medication administration.

Q5. How does CPR differ in an unresponsive adult choking victim?

The airway is checked for the obstructing object

5. Instruction： High-Performance Teams 高效的团队

The high-performing team achieves specific performance metrics 性能指标, including a high Chest Compression Fraction/CCF 胸部压缩比例

1-1. Team roles

The ideal situation is when multiple rescuers work as a team to perform all the needed roles in a resuscitation attempt. 尝试援救

1-4. Airway

The rescuer positioned by the victim's head maintains an open airway and delivers breaths while watching for chest rise and avoiding excessive ventilation.

1-5. Monitor/defibrillator (CPR coach)

The team member operating the AED, or the Monitor/ Defibrillator can also serve as the CPR Coach. The role of the CPR Coach is to focus on team members' performance of high-quality CPR and to provide feedback as needed during the resuscitation attempt.

1-9. If 3 rescuers are present:

They take positions around the victim in the 3 critical roles： Compressor, Airway, Monitor/De fibrilator

1-8. When only 2 rescuers are present:

They typically take the roles of Compressor, Airway, with one of them also covering Monitor/Defibrillator and Team Leader.

2. Which team role keeps track of interruptions in compressions?

Timer/recorder

Why is an AED needed?

analyze the heart rhythm provide a shock

Q3. When performing abdominal thrusts on adults and children, in which direction should your thrusts be directed?

Upward

3. You check the child's pulse after 2 minutes of providing rescue breaths and can not feel a pulse. You immediately begin CPR. After performing CPR for 2 more minutes, the child still does not have a pulse and you are still alone. What is your next step?

Use AED

4. After turning on the AED, you follow the prompts. You know to use child pads for infants and for children younger than 8 years, but pediatric pads are unavailable. What should you do?

Use the adult pads

Hover 悬停

Whenever compressions are paused, compressors should hover their hands over the chest and be prepared to resume compressions.

Achieve a high CCF by eliminating 通过消除实现高CCF

You can only achieve a high CCF by eliminating pauses during high-quality CPR.

Adult Basic Life Support Algorithm for Healthcare Providers

adult and child over 8 years old.

What is the preferred method for pulse check in an infant?

brachial artery pulse

respiratory arrest

breathing stops but heart action continues for several minutes

CPR

cardiopulmonary resuscitation A procedure designed to restore normal breathing after cardiac arrest.

Follow these steps to check the brachial artery pulse in an infant.

check brachial artery pulse 1. Place 2 or 3 fingers on the inside of the upper arm， between the elbow and shoulder. 2. Feel the pulse for at least 5 but no more than 10 seconds. 3. If you do not feel a pulse or the heart rate is 60/min or less, start high-quality CPR.

C-A-B

chest compressions, airway, breathing

Q4. If a choking victim is too large for you to wrap your arms around the waist, you should perform:

chest thrusts.

Pediatric Basic Life Support Algorithm for Healthcare Providers-Single Rescuer

less than 8 or infant

What is the correct approach for AED pad placement for infants and children less than 8 years of age?

less than 8 years of age, use children's pads If not, use the adult pads while making sure that they don't touch or overlap. * Do not use the child pads for an adult. (shock dose is too small for an adult) Pad Placement * Some AED pads recommend placing one pad on the chest and one pad on the back for infants and children. * Follow the pictures on the pad packages for proper placement.

A local daycare center calls your local emergency number about an unconscious infant. You and your partner are on a BLS unit and respond, equipped with an AED (monitor/defibrillator). When you arrive, you verify the scene is safe and find the infant on the floor in the playroom. 1. The infant is unresponsive when you tap her foot and shout, "Are you OK?" She could be in cardiac arrest. What is your next step?

look for no breathing or only gasping, simultaneously checking the brachial pulse of the infant (for 5 to 10 seconds )

Dispatch 调遣 calls you to respond to a family's home with a 7-year-old child. You are told that the child was found unresponsive in the backyard. The scene is safe upon arrival, and you enter with your AED (monitor/defibrillator). 1. The child is unresponsive after you tap his shoulders and shout， "Are you OK?" He could be in cardiac arrest. What is your next step?

look for no breathing or only gasping, simultaneously checking the carotid pulse (at least 5 but no more than 10 seconds)

Operates the AED and alternates with the Compressor after every 5 cycles or 2 minutes to avoid fatigue

monitor/defibrillator

4. The AED detects a shockable rhythm and advises a shock. After delivering 1 shock, you and your partner immediately resume CPR by using what ratio and which compressions technique?

one should perform compressions with 2 thumb-encircling hands technique on the chest, the other one giving breath. compression-to-ventilation ratios: 2 rescuer: 15:2

2. The infant is not breathing normally but has a pulse. What do you need to do?

provide rescue breathing/ventilation younger than8: 1 breath every 2 to 3 seconds

A bag-mask device is used to ______________to a victim who is not breathing or not breathing normally.

providepositive-pressure ventilation

When a child/infant has a heart rate greater than 60 per minute and a pulse but is not breathing effectively

the rescuer should give breaths without chest compressions.

Choking: unresponsive adults or children

●If a choking victim becomes unresponsive, send someone to activate the emergency response system. ●Lower the victim to the ground. ●Perform CPR with 1 exception: each time you open the airway to give breaths, look for the obstructing object. ●If you see an object that can be easily removed， carefully remove it with your fingers. Do not do a blind finger sweep.

Witnessed collapse: Children and Infants

●If you are alone with no mobile phone, leave the victim to activate the emergency response system and get the AED before beginning CPR. Use the AED as soon as it is available. ●lf you are not alone send someone to get the AED and begin CPR immediately. Use the AED as soon as it is available.

Unwitnessed collapse: Children and Infants

●If you are alone, start CPR with cycles of 30：2. ●If you are not alone, send someone to get the AED and begin CPR immediately. Use the AED as soon as it is available. ●After about 2 minutes, if you are still alone activate the emergency response system and get an AED if not already done. ●Use the AED as soon as it is available.

Critical components of the chest compression: Infants

●Rate：100-120/min. ●Depth：Approximately 1.5 inches (4cm). ●Hand placement： - 1 rescuer places 2 fingers in the center of the chest， just below the nipple line. - 1 rescuer may also use the 2 thumb-encircling hands technique or the hee lof 1 hand. - 2 rescuers use the 2 thumb-encircling hands technique in the center of the chest, just below the nipple line. ●Chest recoil: Allow complete recoil; do not lean on the chest. ●Minimizing interruptions: Limit interruptions to less than 10 seconds.

Q1. Minimizing interruptions while using an AED

●When 2 or more rescuers are present: One rescuer should continue chest compressions while the other operates the AED. ●Rescuers should continue high-quality CPR Until the AED delivers a prompt to clear the victim for analysis. ●If no shock is advised Immediately resume CPR, starting with chest compressions.

Signs of choking: adults and children

●With a severe airway obstruction, the victim will show signs of poor air exchange and difficulty breathing such as: -Silent cough -Inability to speak or breathe -Cyanosis (turning blue) ●An adult or older child may clutch the neck with both hands, making the universal choking sign. If the victim nods that they are choking, you must act.