CPR

For rescue breathing given to infants and children,

give 1 breath every 3 to 5 seconds, or about 12 to 20 breaths per minute.

During 2-rescuer CPR for an adult when an advanced airway is in place, the rescuer does not stop compressions to give breaths.

the rescuer gives 1 breath every 6 seconds, which results in 10 breaths per minute.

For a suspected opioid-associated life-threatening emergency in a victim who is unresponsive and not breathing normally but does have a pulse, the rescuer should give

1 breath every 5 to 6 seconds in an adult, and every 3 to 5 seconds in a child or infant. Then, if local protocol allows, the rescuer may give naloxone. But the rescuer should not delay breaths to give naloxone.

Helping a Person Who Has Fainted and Is Responsive: Action Steps

1. Ask the person to continue to lie flat on the floor until he can sit up and feel normal. 2. If the person fell, look for injuries caused by the fall. 3. Phone or have someone phone 9-1-1.

1-Rescuer Child BLS Sequence

1. Check scene safety first. 2.Responsiveness: Once you've established that the victim is unresponsive, shout for nearby help and activate the emergency response system via mobile device. 3.Breathing and pulse check: Look for no breathing or only gasping, and check for a pulse. The pulse and breathing checks can be done simultaneously. Is a pulse definitely felt within 10 seconds? 4. Once the AED arrives, check the rhythm:

steps for 1-rescuer infant BLS.

1. Check scene safety first. 2. Responsiveness: If the infant is unresponsive, shout for nearby help and activate the emergency response system. 3. Breathing and pulse check: Look for no breathing or only gasping, and check for a pulse. The pulse and breathing checks can be done simultaneously. Is a pulse definitely felt within 10 seconds? 4.Once the AED arrives, check the rhythm:

Airway

1. Head tilt-chin lift ( Pertorms a head tilt-chin lift. This relieves airway obstruction caused by the tongue blocking the airway.

Helping a Person Who Is Dizzy and May Faint: Action Steps

1. Help the person lie flat on the floor. 2. Phone or have someone phone 9-1-1 if the person doesn't improve or becomes unresponsive. 3. If the person becomes unresponsive, provide CPR.

Helping Someone With Signs of a Heart Attack: Action Steps

1. Make sure the person stays calm and rests. Phone or have someone phone 9-1-1. 2. Ask someone to get the first aid kit and an AED if available. 3. If the person has no allergy to aspirin, no serious bleeding, and no signs of a stroke, have the person chew and swallow 1 adult or 2 low-dose aspirins. 4. If the person becomes unresponsive, be prepared to provide CPR.

Finding the Problem: Action steps If the person is responsive

1. Make sure the scene is safe. 2. Check to see if the person responds. Approach the person, tap him on the shoulders, and shout, "Are you OK? Are you OK?" 3. If the person only moves, moans, or groans, shout for help. Phone or have someone phone 9-1-1 and get the first aid kit and the automated external defibrillator or AED. 4. Check for breathing. If the person is breathing and doesn't need immediate first aid, look for any obvious signs of injury, such as bleeding, broken bones, burns, or bites. Look for any medical information jewelry. This tells you if the person has a serious medical condition.

Helping a Person Who Is Having a Seizure: Action Steps

1. Move furniture or other objects out of the way. 2. Place a small pad or towel under the person's head. 3. Phone or have someone phone 9-1-1 and get the first aid kit.

Helping a Person Who May Have Had a Stroke: Action Steps

1. Phone or have someone phone 9-1-1 and get the first aid kit and AED. 2. Note the time when the stroke signs first appeared. 3. Remain with the person until someone with more advanced training arrives and takes over. 4. If the person becomes unresponsive and is not breathing normally or only gasping, provide CPR.

How to Use a Pocket Mask

1. Place the mask on the victim's face, using the bridge of the nose as a guide for correct position. 2. Seal the mask against the face by placing the index finger and the thumb of your hand closest to the top of the victim's head along the edge of the mask. Now place the thumb of your other hand along the lower edge of the mask. 3. Then place the fingers of that hand under the bony part of the victim's lower jaw, near the chin, taking care to avoid the soft tissue under the chin. After that, open the airway by using the head tilt-chin lift. 4. Then press the mask down while lifting the jaw to hold the mask tightly against the face. 5. Give 2 breaths while watching for chest rise.

Assessments

1. Tap and shout 2. Check breathing and brachial pulse 3. check breathing and carotid pulse

Breathing

1. administer 2 initial breaths (Administers 2 ventilations with the available equipment. If a bag-mask device is available, the rescuer will use it. Otherwise, the rescuer will perform mouth-to-mask ventilation with a pocket mask.)

Two life-threatening arrhythmias that can cause cardiac arrest are and

1. pulseless ventricular tachycardia (pVT) 2. ventricular fibrillation (VF), (where the heart's electrical impulses suddenly become chaotic and ineffective.)

AED

An AED is a lightweight, portable device that analyzes the heart rhythm to identify the presence of an arrhythmia that responds to shock therapy

BLS

Basic life support

fourth BLS step for adults

Breaking and pulse check: Look for no breathing or only gasping, and check for a pulse. You can check breathing and pulse simultaneously. Is a pulse definitely felt within 10 seconds?

Help

Call for back up/ Activate ALS Provider Manual

Cardiac Arrest

Cardiac Arrest occurs when the heart malfunctions and stops beating unexpectedly.

Switch HCPs

Causes the rescuers to switch positions when CPR is stopped, to prevent rescuer fatigue and maintain an adequate compression rate and depth.

second BLS step for adults

Check for responsiveness: Establish that the victim is unresponsive.

Pulse Check

Check the brachial artery pulse in infants.

A Heart attack is a

Clot problem

third link / in- hospital chain of surivival

Early CPR with an emphasis on chest compressions

epinephrine pen

Epinephrine is a drug that can stop a severe allergic reaction. It is available by prescription in a self-injectable pen device called an epinephrine pen.

Use FAST method to recognize warning signs of a stroke

F- face droop A- arm weak S- speech slurred T- time to phone 911

The first Aid kit

Gausze pads (at least 4 x 4 inches) 2 large gauze pads (at least 8 × 10 inches) Box of adhesive bandages 1 package of gauze roller bandage, at least 2 inches wide 2 triangular bandages Wound cleaning agent, such as sealed, moistened towelettes Scissors At least 1 blanket Tweezers Adhesive tape Latex gloves Resuscitation equipment, such as a pocket mask Two elastic wraps Splint Directions for requesting emergency assistance (including list of important local emergency telephone numbers, such as police, fire department, EMS, and poison control center) Heartsaver First Aid Quick Reference Guide Next ButtonBack Button Media player PlayRestartRewindForward

Witnessed or Not Witnessed Sudden Collapse

If witnessed, activate the emergency response system and get an AED; then begin CPR. Use the AED as soon as it is available. If not witnessed begin CPR immediately. After about 2 minutes, if you're still alone, activate the emergency response system and get an AED

How to Perform Mouth-to-Mouth Breathing: Infant

If your victim is an infant, the steps for giving mouth-to-mouth breaths are the same as for an adult or child. (Mouth to Nose is preferred)

second link/ in- hospital chain of surivival

Immediate recognition of cardiac arrest and activation of the emergency response system.

Heart attack symptoms in women

Pain in the jaw, arms, back, or neck Light headedness Nausea/vomiting

Relief of Choking in a Responsive Adult or Child

Let's learn about choking. Use abdominal thrusts to relieve choking in a responsive adult or child.

Fifth link / in- hospital chain of surivival

Multidisciplinary post-cardiac arrest care

When to Give Naloxone

Naloxone is a medication that can reverse the effects of opioids and may restore normal breathing.

Sudden cardiac arrest is often a leading cause of death

Nearly 360,000 out of hospital cardiac arrests occur annually in the united states.

CPR - 15 compressions 2 ventilations

Performs CPR with cycles of 15 chest compressions and 2 ventilations. Press the button again to stop compressions

CPR-30 compressions 2 ventilations

Performs CPR with cycles of 30 chest compressions and 2 ventilations. Press the button again to stop compressions.

PPE

Personal Protective Equipment

Chest Compression Technique

Placement For 1 rescuer, place 2 fingers in the center of the infant's chest, just below the nipple line, at the lower half of the sternum. Do not press the tip of the sternum. Depth Compress at least one third the depth of the chest, or about 1 1/2 inches (4 cm). Compression-to- Ventilation Ratio Without an Advanced Airway Use a 30:2 ratio for 1 rescuer.

fourth link/ in- hospital chain of surivival

Rapid defibrillation

Compression Rate, Depth, and Compression-to-Ventilation Ratio

Rate: Compress at a rate of 100 to 120/min. Depth: Compress at a depth of at least 2 inches (5 cm). Ratio: The compression-to-ventilation ratio for adults is 30:2.

BLS Basic life support consists of

Scene safety, CPR (Chest compressions, airway, breaths), and defibrillation.

first BLS step for adults

Scene safety: Verify scene safety first.

Signs of a heart attack may appear immediately or last weeks or longer, and may include

Severe discomfort in the chest or other areas of the upper body, Shortness of breath, Cold sweats, Nausea/vomiting

third BLS step for adults

Shout for nearby help and activate the emergency response system via mobile device, if appropriate. Then get the AED and emergency equipment or send someone to do so.

How to Perform Back Slaps and Chest Thrusts

Step 1. If you find an infant choking, and he or she is responsive, first sit or kneel with the infant in your lap. Hold the infant facedown and resting on your forearm, with the head slightly lower than the chest. Note: If it is easy to do, remove clothing from the infant's chest. Step 2. Support the head and jaw with your hand. Avoid compressing the soft tissues of the infant's throat. Step 3. Rest your forearm on your thigh to provide support. Deliver up to 5 back slaps forcefully between the infant's shoulder blades, using the heel of your hand. Deliver each slap with sufficient force to attempt to remove the foreign body. Step 4. Place your free hand on the infant's back, supporting the head with the palm of your hand. This will cradle the infant between your 2 forearms as you turn the infant over while carefully supporting the head and neck. Step 5. Keep the infant's head lower than the chest, and deliver up to 5 quick downward chest thrusts in the same location that you perform compressions—just below the nipple line, over the lower half of the breastbone. Do this at the rate of about 1 per second. Step 6. Repeat the sequence of 5 back slaps and 5 chest thrusts until the object is removed or until the infant becomes unresponsive.

How to Open the Airway for Breaths head tilt-chin lift to open the airway.

Step 1: Place one hand on the victim's forehead, and push with your palm to tilt the head back. Step 2: Place the fingers of the other hand under the bony part of the lower jaw, near the chin. Step 3: Lift the jaw to bring the chin forward. This lifts the victim's tongue away from the back of the throat, relieving a possible airway obstruction.

How to Perform Mouth-to-Mouth Breathing: Adult and Child

Step1. Start by holding the victim's airway open with a head tilt-chin lift. Pinch the nose closed with your thumb and index finger (using the hand that's on the victim's forehead). Step 2. Then take a regular breath and seal your lips around the victim's mouth, creating an airtight seal. Give 1 breath and blow for about 1 second. Watch for the chest to rise as you give the breath. If the chest does not rise, repeat the head tilt-chin lift. Step 3. Give a second breath, blowing for about 1 second, while watching for the chest to rise. If you're unable to ventilate the victim after 2 attempts, promptly return to chest compressions.

Strokes

Strokes usually happen if a blood vessel in the brain is blocked or leaks and there is no blood flow to a part of the brain.

First link / in- hospital chain of surivival

Surveillance, Prevention, and treatment of prearrest conditions

respiratory arrest.

This is when the victim is found unresponsive, gasping or not breathing, but still has a strong pulse.

How to Provide Breaths With an Advanced Airway

When an advanced airway is in place during 2-rescuer CPR, the technique for CPR changes. For all ages, perform continual compressions at a rate of 100 to 120/min without pauses for breaths, and give 1 breath every 6 seconds (10 breaths per minute).

Moving an Ill or Injured Person

When giving first aid, you might wonder, "Should I move an ill or injured person?" Generally, you should not. This is especially important if you suspect that the person may have a pelvic or spinal injury. However, you should move an ill or injured person in these situations: If the area is unsafe for you or the ill or injured person, move to a safe location. If a person is unresponsive and breathing normally, you may roll him onto his side. By doing so, you may help keep his airway open in case he vomits.

arrhythmias.

abnormal heart rhythms

During a resuscitation attempt,

an advanced airway may be used.

Most sudden cardiac arrests are triggered by abnormal heart rhythms called

arrhythmias.

AED. Step 4

automated external defibrillator or

Clearing an object from a responsive infant's airway requires a combination of

back slaps and chest thrusts. Abdominal thrusts are not appropriate.

A heart attack occurs when

blood flow to part of the heart muscle is blocked. (A heart attack occurs when a clot forms in a blood vessel carrying oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. If the blocked vessel is not reopened quickly, the muscle normally nourished by that vessel begins to die.

Causes of a Seizure

epilepsy. Head injury Low blood sugar Heat-related injury Poisoning Sudden cardiac arrest

CPR

cardiopulmonary resuscitation or

Opioid-Associated Life-Threatening Emergency

cause a person to stop breathing or die. ( can be caused by medication)

By starting compressions, you are initiating the C-A-B sequence

chest compressions-airway-breathing sequence

Signs of a severe airway obstruction include

clutching the throat with the thumb and fingers to make the universal choking sign; inability to speak or cry; poor or no air exchange; weak, ineffective cough or no cough at all; high-pitched noise while inhaling or no noise at all; increased respiratory difficulty; and possible cyanosis (turning blue).

Give Naloxone

common ways to give Naloxone is intranuscluar, intranasal, and intravenous. don't delay breaths to give naloxone. If the patient doesn't have a pulse you can give naloxone after starting CPR

If the victim is too large for you to wrap your arms around the waist,

do chest thrusts instead of abdominal thrusts.

For a suspected opioid-associated life-threatening emergency in a victim who is unresponsive, is not breathing normally, and has no pulse, the rescuer should provide

high-quality CPR and use the AED as soon as it is available. Then, if local protocol allows, the rescuer may give naloxone after starting CPR.

recue breathing

if the victim had a pulse but is not breathing effectively. give breaths without chest compressions.

Sudden cardiac arrest

occurs when the heart develops an abnormal rhythm and cant pump blood. ( Sudden cardiac arrest results from an abnormal heart rhythm. This abnormal rhythm causes the heart to quiver so it can no longer pump blood to the brain, lungs, and other organs. Sudden cardiac arrest is often a "rhythm" problem

How to Perform Abdominal Thrusts

step 1. Stand or kneel behind the victim and place your arms around the victim's waist; with one hand, locate the navel. Step 2. Then, make a fist with the other hand and place the thumb side of your fist against the victim's abdomen, just above the navel and below the breastbone. Step 3. Grasp your fist with the other hand and press your fist into the victim's abdomen with a quick, forceful upward thrust. Step 4. Repeat thrusts until the object is expelled from the airway or the victim becomes unresponsive.

Start continuous ventilations

ventilates the victim with the available equipment. If a bag-mask device is available, the rescuer will use it. Otherwise, the rescuer will perform mouth-to-mask ventilation with a pocket mask. Press the button again to stop ventilations.

What happens during sudden cardiac arrest

within seconds, the person becomes unresponsive and is not breathing or is only gasping. Death occurs within minutes if the victim does not receive immediate lifesaving treatment.