CPW 2022 - PPCT
Nerve Pressure Point: Jugular Notch
Located in the hollow at the base of the neck, just above the sternum.
Nerve Motor Point (for striking purposes): Femoral
Located in the middle of the inside of the thigh, halfway between the groin and the knee. Direction of pressure is into the thigh
Nerve Motor Point (for striking purposes): Brachial Plexus Tie-in
Located in the upper corner between pec and shoulder, where the Brachial Plexus runs through the shoulder into the arm at the junction of the pectoralis major, the bicep, and the deltoid muscles.
Nerve Motor Point (for striking purposes): Radial
Located on the inside of the forearm at the base of the wrist just above the heel of the hand. Direction of pressure is towards the center of the wrist
Nerve Motor Point (for striking purposes): Common Peroneal Nerve Motor Point
Located on the outside of the thigh, about six inches above the knee. Direction of pressure is into the thigh
These are the combat performance variables
Mindset Motor Skill selection Nutrition & Hydration Fitness Belief system
Two basic categories of pressure points
Nerve Pressure Points Nerve Motor Points
The subject exhibits 'Psychological Intimidation' - what are some examples the subject does to try and intimidate you psychologically.
Nonverbal cues indicating subject's attitude, appearance, physical readiness, blank stare, aggressive eye contact, clenching of fists, tightening of jaw muscles, etc.
Match 'The Subjects' actions with the appropriate use of force: Psychological Intimidation
Officer Presence
What is the ideal distance to maintain a reactionary gap
Officer's should maintain a minimum distance of 6 to 8 feet for an unarmed subject. The reactionary gap may vary depending upon the type of weapon a subject may possess.
Match 'The Subjects' actions with the appropriate use of force: Passive Resistance
Soft Empty Hand Techniques
Hard empty hand techniques are techniques that...
have high probability of injury - when compared to soft empty hand techniques. Ex. Knee strikes; brachial stuns; palm heel strikes; etc.
Soft empty hand techniques are techniques that...
have minimal probability of injury - when compared to hard empty hand techniques. Ex. joint locks, grips, controlled force defensive tactics.
Nerve pressure points are located...
in the head and neck.
An officer's use of force will be judged upon the...
totality of the circumstances - as known by the officer at the time the force is used.
What are the three tactical considerations for handcuffing a subjecy.
- Approach to Contact - Control Upon Touch - Speed of Application
What are the 5 keys of documenting force?
- Officer Arrival (time, number of officers available) - Approach (What did you observe and your initial verbal commands) - Subjects actions (What did the subject do? Physical actions and body language?) - Your actions (type of control methods used, duration of resistance, type of de-escalation methods used and info pertaining to restraint methods used) - Transport Procedures
These are the 6 steps of the 'Use of Force Continuum' (on the officer's side), from the least potential injury to Subject to the most potential injury to Subject.
- Officer Presence - Verbal Direction - Soft Empty Hand Techniques - Hard Empty Hand Techniques - Intermediate Weapons - Deadly Force
Use of Force Continuum: Psychological intimidation can be met with...
- Officer presence and/or - Verbal Direction (1 + 1 theory)
What are the two 'Reactionary Options' available to an officer (with regards to the reactionary gap)?
- Penetrate the Reactionary Gap to attempt control - Disengage to create distance.
These are the 6 steps of the use of the 'Use of Force Continuum' (on the subject's side), from the least potential injury to Officer to the most potential injury to Officer.
- Psychological Intimidation - Verbal NonCompliance - Passive Resistance - Defensive Resistance - Active Aggression - Deadly Force Assault
Use of Force Continuum: Passive Resistance can be met with...
- Soft empty hand techniques and/or - Hard empty hand techniques (1 + 1 theory)
Circumstantial considerations which affect an officer's use of force include, but are not limited to:
- The type of crime committed, or attempted. -Relative size/stature -Subject's access to weapons -Injury to, or exhaustion of the officer -Subject under the influence of alcohol or drugs -Environmental conditions -Subject's exceptional abilities/skills (i.e. martial arts) -Immediacy of danger -Distance from subject -Special knowledge of subject (history of violence) -Exigent conditions: number of officers, number of subjects involved, and availability of backup
There are 3 types of suspects an officer will handcuff...
- Totally Cooperative - Potentially uncooperative - Totally uncooperative
Use of Force Continuum: Verbal non-compliance can be met with...
- Verbal direction and/or - Soft empty hand techniques (1 + 1 theory)
Use of Force Continuum: Defensive Resistance can be met with...
-Hard empty hand techniques and/or -Intermediate weapons (1 + 1 theory)
Physiological changes that occur with SNS activation
1) Adrenal activity (adrenaline is released) 2) Vascular activity (increased blood pressure) 3) Perceptual Narrowing (auditory exclusion, tunnel vision, etc.)
These are the 4 steps of the reactionary process
1) Perception 2) Analyze / Evaluate 3) Formulate a strategy 4) Motor initiation
Identify situations that trigger SNS
1. Objective threat perceptions 2. Objective fear perceptions 3. physical exhaustion 4. startle response
Identify effects on vision due to SNS activation
1. Tunnel vision 2. Loss of near vision 3. Loss of ability to focus 4. Loss of monocular vision 5. Loss of depth perception 6. Loss of night vision
When can an officer escalate level of control when resistance does not increase?
1. When lower means of control are ineffective 2. When officer has reasonable belief that method of control will be ineffective due to variables
How long does ATP energy use last?
10-15 seconds, with 45% decrease to maximum output.
How long does Lactic Acid energy use last?
45 seconds. Decrease to 55% at 30 seconds, and drop to 35% at 60 seconds.
What is a Terry Frisk
A brief frisk of a person for a concealed weapon upon an officer's reasonable suspicion that a crime has been or is about to be committed. Generally consists of a police officer using a limited pat-down of an individual's outer clothing. Is not a 'search', but rather a 'pat down' and is permitted so a police officer can protect his or her own safety from hidden weapons
Complex Motor Skills
A combination of fine and gross motor skills using hand/eye coordination timed to a single event
What is critical incident amnesia
A form of temporary amnesia resulting from activation of the SNS
These are the three types of energy used by the body
ATP/PC (Adenosine Triphosphate) Lactic Acid Aerobic System
What triggers PNS backlash
Activation of SNS
When should the effects of critical incident amnesia subside?
After 48 hours, or two sleep cycles.
Nerve Pressure Point: Brachial Plexus Clavicle notch
Located directly behind the clavicle in a hollow that is approximately halfway between the sternum and the shoulder joint.
What are some reasons a LEO may use force on people?
An officer may use force to: -detain -arrest -self defense -defense of others -defense of property -prevent a person from injuring him/herself -prevent a person from destroying evidence -to quell a riot. -etc.
Speed in application What is the ideal time an officer should be able to successfully handcuff a suspect?
An officer should be able to handcuff a suspect using the speed-cuffing method of cuffing in three seconds or less.
Define an officer's use of Deadly Force.
Any force used by an officer that may result in great bodily harm or the loss of human life. Officers must have a working knowledge of department policy regarding the use of force, especially in the use of Deadly Force.
Nerve Pressure Point: Mandibular Angle
Back of jaw, below ear
Nerve Pressure Point: Hypoglossal
Between chin and back of jaw, underneath/middle of jaw
What are the mental states of combat?
Combat Anxiety (Before) Survival Stress (During, activates SNS) Combat Stress (Post event)
Define Verbal Direction
Commands of direction or arrest. These commands must be lawful and pertain to the mission at hand.
Methods for reducing Survival Stress
Confidence factor Motor Skill Selection Tactical Breathing Visualization Drills Faith Factor
How is force judged - after the fact?
Considerations that will come into play when judging the use of force: -What was the mission? -Was there a legitimate threat? -Was the amount of force needed and was there an effort to temper the force? -Was there injury? -Were the injuries sustained proportionate to the amount of force needed?
Match 'The Subjects' actions with the appropriate use of force: Deadly Force Assaults
Deadly Force
Nerve Pressure Point: Infra Orbital
Directly under nose
When in a physical confrontation, what two options does an officer have?
Engage or Disengage
These are Defensive Counterstrikes with Legs
Examples are Front Thrust Kick, Knee Strike, Angle Kick
These are Defensive Counterstrikes with Hands
Examples are Palm Heel Strike, Straight Punch, Brachial Stuns, Suprascapular Stun
These are symptoms of PNS backlash
Excessive bleeding Dizziness Symptoms of Shock Exhaustion Muscle Tremors
The subject attempts a 'Deadly Force' assault on the officer - what is this?
Force used against an officer and/or another person that may result in great bodily harm or the loss of human life. It is important to note that a subject's use of Deadly Force does not have to require the use of a weapon against the officer. Deadly force is any force which the officer believes could result in serious injury or death.
What US Supreme Court case justified use of force?
Graham v Connor (or Tennessee v Connor?)
Match 'The Subjects' actions with the appropriate use of force: Defensive Resistance
Hard Empty Hand Techniques
This is the balance between PNS and SNS
Homeostasis
What is the interview position?
In the 1 right, or 1 left position.
What position should an officer avoid?
Inside position (square, directly in front of subject)
Match 'The Subjects' actions with the appropriate use of force: Active Aggression
Intermediate Weapons
How can use of 'Force' be "acceptable" and "justified"? (there are three 'must' rules)
It must be within the boundaries of United States Constitutional and Statutory Law It must be within the boundaries of the applicable state constitutional and statutory law It must be within the acceptable limits of the applicable department policies, procedures, and training.
These are ways to help recover from PNS backlash
Lay horizontal to equalize blood pressure Ingest fast burning carbs ASAP Assess injuries
Nerve Pressure Point: Brachial Plexus Origin
Located along the side of the neck, approximately three inches above the base of the neck.
Nerve Motor Point (for striking purposes): Median
Located approximately two inches below the elbow joint on the top of the forearm. The strike should be toward the center of the arm
Nerve Motor Point (for striking purposes): Superficial Peroneal Nerve Motor Point
Located at the base of the shin just above the instep. Direction of the pressure is straight inward
Nerve Motor Point (for striking purposes): Suprascapular
Located at the junction where the Trapezius muscle connects to the side of the neck. The angle of strike should be directed towards the floor
Nerve Motor Point (for striking purposes): Tibial
Located at the top of the calf muscle, just below the knee joint. Direction of the pressure is into the calf muscle at a slight downward angle.
These are the principles of controlling resistive behavior.
Pain Compliance Stunning Techniques Distraction Techniques Balance Displacement Motor Dysfunction
A subject is exhibiting 'passive resistance' - Define this and provide an example.
Physical actions that do not prevent officer's attempt of control. Ex. The subject does not obey verbal commands, goes limp/becomes dead weight, but otherwise does not impede his/her own arrest.
A subject is exhibiting "Defensive Resistance" - Define this and provide an example.
Physical actions which attempt to prevent officer's control, but do not attempt to harm the officer. Ex. Subject pulls away, runs away, when handcuffs are being put on.
In the three types of subjects officer's encounters (for handcuffing), who is the most dangerous?
Potentially uncooperative.
What is 'Force'?
Power, violence, compulsion, or constraint exerted upon or against a person or thing. Strength directed to an end.
These are symptoms of survival stress
Rapid breathing Cotton Mouth Muscular Tremors Increased Heart Rate Sweaty Palms Visual Difficulty Loss of Concentration
What is Hick's law?
Reaction time increases as the number of choices increases
Control Upon Touch
Studies indicate that an arrested subject does not realize the totality of the situation until the first handcuff is applied, therefore it is imperative that the officer gains immediate control of the subject upon first touch.
What are the two parts of your autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)
What are the three components of acceptability of PPCT?
Tactical Medical Legal
What is the 'One plus One theory' with regards to the Use of Force Continuum?
The "One Plus One" theory of escalation advocates that the officer may use only one level of force greater than the level of resistance used by the subject. Officers may escalate to the level of force that is "reasonable" and "necessary" to control the situation, based on the level of resistance encountered.
The Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) controls this response
The Fight or Flight response is controlled by the Sympathetic Nervous System
The Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) controls this response...
The Rest and Digest response is controlled by PNS
Define Intermediate Weapons control - and when is it justified?
The application of any weapon to control resistance from an assault on the officer. Ex. Chemical agents - OC spray Impact weapons - baton, flashlight, etc. Use of this control is justified when lower forms of empty hand control have failed, or when the officer believes that his/her skill in empty hand control will be insufficient. They should always be used with the intent to temporarily disable a subject and never with the intent to cause permanent injury.
What is the basic purpose of a LEO to use force?
The basic purpose for an officer to use force is to gain control of a person and to stop any threatening action by that person.
Define 'Officer Presence'
The identification of the police officer's authority, by the uniformed presence or the verbal identification of being a police officer. An officer's identification of their authority brings with it the assumption the subject must obey a lawful order.
When should an officer double lock handcuffs?
The officer should always do this after handcuffs are applied, as soon as/and only when, it's tactically safe to do so.
The subject exhibits 'Active Aggression' - define this, and provide examples.
The physical action of assault. The subject intends to harm the officer. The bell has rung and the fight is on. Ex. Punching, kicking, fighting back.
Define the reactionary gap.
The reactionary gap is defined as the safety zone between the officer and the subject, which affords the officer more time to react to aggression.
What is the inverted-U law?
The relationship between pressure and stress; as the stress increases, the performance increases until it reaches its optimal performance level. Helps determine the relationship between performance and pressure
What are 3 situations that justify handcuffing...
The subject has committed a crime The subject is an escape risk The subject is a safety hazard.
How long does Aerobic energy use last?
This is dependent on officer's fitness level.
What is "Approach to Contact"
This is the position the officer will approach the contact to apply handcuffs in an ideal situation. Position/level two and a half.
The two philosophies for Force/Control
Total Control Theory One plus One Theory
Describe "Touch Pressure..."
Touching nerve pressure points with digital tips and applying pressure. Classified as soft empty hand technique
Match 'The Subjects' actions with the appropriate use of force: Verbal non-compliance
Verbal Direction
The subject is exhibiting 'Verbal Noncompliance' - define this, and provide an example.
Verbal noncompliance is any verbal response indicating the subject's unwillingness to obey commands of detainment, arrest, or to stop unlawful or dangerous behavior. Verbal noncompliance may come in the form of a statement: "No, I will not put my hands behind my back", or, a threatening verbal statement directed at the officer.
Nerve Motor Points impact...
control of large muscle groups, including legs, arms, and shoulders.
It is important to ________________ as many variables and factors that influenced an officer's decision to use a specific level of force.
document
Fine Motor Skills
motor skills that involve more finely tuned movements, such as finger dexterity
Gross Motor Skills
physical skills that involve large muscle or major muscle groups
