CRES095 Final Exam

language death

"________ _____ is symptomatic of cultural death: a way of life disappears...The fortunes of languages are bound up with those of its speakers."

English, Spanish

- Chicano English is considered to have more similarities with _______ than it does with _______

codeswitching reasons

- interlocutor proficiency or response - topic shifts - quotations - taboo language - clarification / emphasis - need for word/expression in other language potential marker of identity

Chicano English aspects

- less frequent vowel reduction - frequent lack of glides - tense realization of /ɪ/ - stops for interdental fricatives (θ and ð) - loss of final consonants - stress on specific lexical items - stress pattern of sentences - several phonological features associated with Mexican Spanish (/z/ as /s, /v/ as /b/) - features of AAVE (habitual be, existential it) - features of other non-standard dialects (3rd person singular -s absence, use of ain't, multiple negation)

Spanish in public US space

- most spoken language in US besides english language and identity in Latinx communities - access to heritage culture - potential division between US born and recent immigrants - multiple cultural groups for identification race and Latinx communities - variety of phenotypes - varying perspectives on race - racializing discourses surrounding Spanish

Mock Spanish

- phenomenon by which Spanish words and phrases are appropriated by non-Spanish speakers for humorous effect

"Hollywood Indian English" / Mock Indian

- range of nonstandard grammar features similar to "foreigner talk" and "baby talk" as well a formalized, ornate variety of English - lack of expressions, eye contact, and verbal response - slow speech rate, flattened intonation, - long/more frequent pauses - figurative phrases/nature metaphors - no contraction - formal phrases

social/contextual influences (on language use)

- religious engagement, - density of Jewish networks - ancestry - age/generation - connection to Israel

conversational style

- shape the communicative behavior of individual speakers - high-involvement style and opposing high-considerateness style - using language in order to express group membership, solidarity and close relationships between the participants to a conversation

"women's language"

- talk a lot - have a smaller vocabulary - use half-finished sentences because they speak before they think - use too many adverbs and tend towards hyperbole - link sentences with 'and' because they are emotional - hedges (maybe, kind of) - tag questions (It's raining, isn't it? - "empty" adjectives (divine, lovely) - color terms (magenta, lavender) - intensifiers (so, very)

ASL myths

- there is one universal sign language used by all deaf people - ASL is not a language but simply a series of gestures - sign language is simply fingerspelling - ASL is a signed version of English - ASL signs mimic the shape or action of the noun or verb

language shift

- transition from familial language to majority language - in US, usually swift and total assimilation to English, regularly occurs w/i 2-3 generations

uptalk

- upwards in intonation towards the end of words, like a question - negatively assoc w/ women's speech, though also used just as freq by men

loanwords and crossover

- words borrowed from Yiddish or Hebrew - more involved in culture/religion = more restricted usage/domains, less use among Jews and non-Jews

Which feature does AAVE share with NYC English?

/r/ deletion

What led to a sharp decrease in Native American populations? Select all that apply. 1. Warfare with white settlers 2. Disease brought over by white settlers 3. Trail of tears 4. Suicide 5. Voluntary immigration to other countries

1. Warfare with white settlers 2. Disease brought over by white settlers 3. Trail of tears 4. Suicide

AAVE exhibits little change over time because there is not a great deal of social class differentiation within the African American population. True False

False

ASL is considered a series of gestures, as well as a signed version of written English. True False

False

African American English has very little regional variation. True False

False

Native American languages are all closely related. True False

False

Native American languages are all closely related. True False

False

One disadvantage of ASL is that there is no way to indicate tense. True False

False

When words from Jewish English are used in more mainstream American English, they always retain their original connotations. True False

False

What language served as a model for ASL? British Sign Language Spoken English French Sign Language Hawaii Sign Language

French Sign Language

Yiddish is most closely related to what language? Polish German English Hebrew

German

What other kinds of losses are associated with language loss? Select all that apply. Identity loss Cultural loss Loss of insight regarding human cognition Loss of insight regarding the natural world

Identity loss Cultural loss Loss of insight regarding human cognition Loss of insight regarding the natural world

The term ______________ refers to listeners perceiving a foreign accent that is not actually present.

accent hallucination

Which of the following are part of the phonology and morphology of ASL? 1. hand 2. shape 3. movement 4. location 5.facial expressions all of the above a & b only

all of the above

Like words in spoken languages, signs in signed languages do not have an inherent connection to the concept they represent. In other words, signs are __________, a distinctive feature of all human language.

arbitrary

Which of the following is a linguistic consequence of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?

areas that were once part of a majority Spanish-speaking country (Mexico) were suddenly contained within a majority English-speaking country (the US)

fingerspelling

as opposed to lexical signs, in which each sign represents a concept, provides individual signs for each letter of the English alphabet

The __________ controversy tries to understand whether African American English is getting closer to or further apart from White language varieties.

convergence-divergence

language revival

difficult, must involve children growing up learning language and culture of language

"A sense of being Jewish but having to hide it to win approval and a sense of being American, but not fully so" is an example of: double-negation multiple Identity solidarity double-consciousness

double-consciousness

Because Asian Americans tend to be seen as one homogeneous group, there are no differences in the stereotypes associated with females and males of this population. true false

false

Code-switching between Spanish and English is called Spanglish because it is a random mixing of the languages true false

false

In the US, groups from Spanish-speaking countries are referred to as 'Hispanic' because people choose not to learn English.

false

Many Native American languages have a relatively large number of vowels and small number of consonants compared to the English language. true false

false

The stereotype revolving around the term of "Asian" has more to do with an association with a specific nation or geographical reason, not with race. True False

false

ASL syntax

generally follow a subject + predicate word order; variable, allowing for topicalization (move highlighted information to the front of the sentence)

ASL phonology/morphology

handshape, movement, location, palm orientation, and facial expression

Which of the following discourse features is not associated with Jewish English? 1. loud and fast speech 2. sociable competition for turns 3. self-effacing humor 4. harsh swear words

harsh swear words

Which of the following is true about metathesis, in which some speakers of AAVE pronounce 'ask' as 'aks' ?

it is a historical form from Old English

Which of the following is not a factor contributing to the development of Black ASL? racial segregation contact with African American English cultural solidarity lack of native signers who are African American

lack of native signers who are African American

Official English/English Only Movements

movements to make English the official language out of the belief that English is the superior language

"reverse" racism

not real, belief that an oppressed race group can oppress their oppressors in return

wii-to-kuchum-punky-rugani-yugwi-va-ntu-m knife-black-buffalo-pet-cut-up-fit-future participle- animate plural 'they who are going to sit and cut up a black cow' This is an example of what kind of language?

polysynthetic

systemic/structural racism

racism which is perpetuated by a system or structure

Some variation in the Jewish English lexicon, such as shul/synagogue, or kippah/yarmulka is associated with identity differences related to: age proficiency in Hebrew religious affiliation proficiency in Yiddish

religious affiliation

ASL semantics

semantically related words can have similar constructions but position is different

cross-community prosodic features

similar features of prosody across Native American communities, show shared language features

reclaiming

taking terms or phrases which were previously negative towards your group and turning them into your own

In Lippi-Green's estimation, what is "the real trouble with Black English" ?

that it is African American people that are not truly accepted, not the language

White privilege

the benefits that white people reap from perpetuating a racist system

The term of linguistic push-pull is meant to describe:

the simultaneous desire for and resistance to linguistic assimilation to SAE norms within African American speech communities

American Indian English is systematic and is often used as an act of identity by Native Americans. true false

true

Under the No Child Left Behind Act, in Arizona, teachers who are teaching Spanish-speaking students can be fired or transferred if they are deemed - for any reason - to be not "fluent" in English true false

true

appropriation

usage of a culture or language of which you do not belong to, usually without permission and disrespectfully

ASL variation

various ASL dialects across the country, as well as dialects such as Black ASL

creaky voice / vocal fry

vocal effect, very slow vibration of only one end of the vocal cords

contextualization cues

ways that's speakers and listeners signal how they understand the context of the conversation (i.e. backchanneling, nodding)

participant structures

ways to facilitate students' involvement and to regulate structuring attention in class discussion or conversation

endangered language

when a language has relatively few speakers, children being raised as monolingual speakers of English

deficit model

when dialect or variety of language doesn't match up to "standard" or majority dialect, considered "deficit"

Increasing numbers of Asian immigrants combined with the xenophobia and racism of the mid to late 19th century, created a new construction of Asian Americans as the __________.

yellow peril

Phrases like Joe Schmoe and Cancer Schmancer are what Berstein refers to as ______________ (3 words)

yiddish rhyming slangs

history of language policies

- 1830: high mortality rates = loss of Native American languages - 19th century: Bureau of Indian Affairs, federal government prohibition of native language, focus on education of Native American children to try to stop use of Native languages w/i one or two generations - 1879: boarding schools = forced assimilation and separation of Native American children from families and communities; use of Native languages = physical and verbal abuse - many boarding schools stayed open well into 20th century, enrollment peak in 70s - lifted prohibitions on the use of Native American languages, little done to promote the use of these languages in schools until 60s - late 60s-70s: legislation for incorporating Native American languages in education and for tribes to make own decisions w.r.t. how their children should be educated - 1990: NALA passed to reverse Bureau of Indian Affairs and support preservation of Native American languages, recognize rights of Indian tribes and other Native American governing bodies to use Native languages in instruction in all schools funded by gov't - current: exposing children to language considered most important by individual tribes

Native American myths

- Native American languages are "primitive" - Native American languages have no value today - Native American languages are all closely related

ASL discourse

- due to the difference between oral/ auditory and manual/visual production and processing, the discourse structure of ASL can differ from that of spoken languages - e.g. ASL syntax allows the user to present two lexical items simultaneously by forming a separate sign with each hand, generally gives additional pragmatic meaning to the utterance - speed of forming sign and size of signing space are other ways to add pragmatic meaning or to show intensity

language maintenance

- either continued use of a minority language by an individual or group, or support of use - most commonly in US, languages other than English maintained through the efforts of parents and grandparents to pass language on to younger generations - particularly where language spoken by significant percentage of the pop., community-based policies/programs implemented to support use of specific language

Jewish linguistic influences

- Yiddish - textual Hebrew - Israeli Hebrew - New York regional speech

codeswitching

- alternation between two or more languages during a conversation - often looked down upon by speakers of both languages - embraced by others, especially in younger generations - ordered and motivated - not random moves between languages respects syntactic units

Chicano English

- dialect of American English, emerged in communities in American Southwest with large populations of Mexican immigrants - groups often segregated from larger community and maintain links to Mexico through continued immigration and cultural practices - created by the children of Mexican immigrants: influenced by Spanish and non-native English spoken by parents - not ESL but variety of English spoken by fluent English speakers

Which of the following are documented cases of linguistic discrimination? (select all that apply) 1. traffic tickets were issued to Spanish speakers with the stated offense of being "non-English speaking drivers" 2. a mother was told by judge that she would have her parental rights taken away if she was not able to speak English at a 4th grade level within 6 months 3. a mother was barred from taking her baby home from the hospital after birth, and denied custody of the baby for an entire year due to a charge of neglect, because her inability to speak English would endanger her child 4. a college student of Mexican descent was accused of not writing the paper she handed in because the professor didn't believe Mexicans could write well

1. traffic tickets were issued to Spanish speakers with the stated offense of being "non-English speaking drivers" 2. a mother was told by judge that she would have her parental rights taken away if she was not able to speak English at a 4th grade level within 6 months 3. a mother was barred from taking her baby home from the hospital after birth, and denied custody of the baby for an entire year due to a charge of neglect, because her inability to speak English would endanger her child 4. a college student of Mexican descent was accused of not writing the paper she handed in because the professor didn't believe Mexicans could write well

After decades of language discrimination, when did the U.S. finally recognize a need for preservation of Native American languages? 1887 1928 1970 1990

1990

Plains Indian Sign Language is used for communication for which speakers/purposes? 1. Long distance communication 2.Aid in storytelling 3. The deaf members of the community 4. The hearing members of the community 5. Lingua franca 6. All of the above

6. All of the above

According to Labov, the existence of AAVE can be causally linked to:

African American communities have been subject to extreme racial segregation

Geneva Smitherman uses the term ____ ____ ____ ____ to encompasses the wide style range used within African American communities, including particular speech acts, rhetorical strategies, intonation contours, in addition to phonological and grammatical features of AAVE.

African American verbal tradition

Pronunciation in Jewish English often shows influence from: New York City the Catskills region Israel Russia

New York City

The term 'Perpetual Foreigner' refers to the concept that

Regardless of how assimilated a person of Asian descent is, they will almost always remain seen as a foreigner.

Why are cochlear implants controversial? (Select all that apply) There are no benefits to cochlear implants. Deafness can be cured thus rendering cochlear implants irrelevant. They make people view deafness as something that one must overcome. Some believe that children should be able to choose to use cochlear implants for themselves.

They make people view deafness as something that one must overcome. Some believe that children should be able to choose to use cochlear implants for themselves.

"Mock Ebonics" websites often produce ungrammatical sentences within AAVE. True False

True

Lack of hearing does not automatically guarantee identification with or involvement in a larger Deaf culture. True False

True

Some Jewish English sentences are reflective of Yiddish syntactic constructions. True False

True