Crim Final Exam
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following have been identified as norms of correctional work? -Always go to the aid of an officer in distress. -Express sympathy with inmates. -Never make another officer look bad in front of the inmates. -Always support an officer in dispute with inmates.
-Always go to the aid of an officer in distress. -Never make another officer look bad in front of the inmates. -Always support an officer in dispute with inmates.
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which scenario would be considered police brutality? -An officer shoots a suspect who is pointing a firearm at him or her. -An officer uses profanity and racial slurs when interviewing a citizen. -An officer uses a control hold while attempting to handcuff a suspect. -An officer uses a nightstick to beat a sleeping citizen unconscious
-An officer uses profanity and racial slurs when interviewing a citizen. -An officer uses a nightstick to beat a sleeping citizen unconscious
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which principles belong the classical school of criminology? -Human behavior is controlled by physical, mental, and social factors, not by free will. -Criminal behavior is rational, and most people have the potential to engage in such behavior. -The punishment should fit the crime rather than the offender. -Science can be used to discover the true causes of crime and to treat offenders.
-Criminal behavior is rational, and most people have the potential to engage in such behavior. -The punishment should fit the crime rather than the offender.
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which effects resulted from enacting the Sentencing Reform Act? -Appellate review of sentences was discontinued. -Rehabilitation was removed as one of the goals of punishment. -All federal sentences were made determinate. -The U.S. Sentencing Commission was disbanded.
-Rehabilitation was removed as one of the goals of punishment. -All federal sentences were made determinate.
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following would be considered a mitigating circumstance? -The offender used a weapon. -The offender had no prior criminal record. -The offender was acting under duress. - The offender has a mental illness
-The offender had no prior criminal record. -The offender was acting under duress. - The offender has a mental illness
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. In which ways have the nation's courts had an impact on prisons? -They extended recognition of the constitutional right of free speech for prisoners. -They revoked right of due process for prisoners. -They reinforced adoption of national standards for prisons. -They abolished the South's plantation model of prisons.
-They extended recognition of the constitutional right of free speech for prisoners. -They reinforced adoption of national standards for prisons. -They abolished the South's plantation model of prisons.
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following describe characteristics of college-educated police officers in comparison with non-college-educated officers? -They have fewer founded citizen complaints. -They have fewer injuries. -They have better attendance records. -They have worse peer relationships.
-They have fewer founded citizen complaints. -They have fewer injuries. -They have better attendance records.
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following describes a felony? -a serious criminal offense -a less serious criminal offense -typically punishable with a sentence of more than a year in prison or death -typically punishable with a sentence of less than a year in prison or a fine
-a serious criminal offense -typically punishable with a sentence of more than a year in prison or death
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. For which of the following areas might a special-purpose state agency be formed? -alcohol -agriculture -highway patrol -criminal investigation
-alcohol -agriculture
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are effects that supermax prisons have on inmates? -increased sleep disturbances -increased claustrophobia -decreased anger -increased anxiety
-increased sleep disturbances -increased claustrophobia -increased anxiety
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are effects of long-term solitary confinement? -paranoia -anxiety -calming effect -improved mood
-paranoia -anxiety
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are duties of probation officers? -performing searches, seizing evidence, and arranging for drug testing -attending hearings to update the court on offenders' efforts at rehabilitation and compliance with the terms of their sentences -helping offenders adjust back into society after release from prison -seeking the assistance of community organizations, such as religious institutions, neighborhood groups, and local residents, to monitor the behavior of many offenders
-performing searches, seizing evidence, and arranging for drug testing -attending hearings to update the court on offenders' efforts at rehabilitation and compliance with the terms of their sentences -seeking the assistance of community organizations, such as religious institutions, neighborhood groups, and local residents, to monitor the behavior of many offenders
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are among the four basic tasks of policing? -protecting the innocent -performing welfare tasks -enforcing the laws -issuing warrants
-protecting the innocent -performing welfare tasks -enforcing the laws
SELECT ALL THAT APPPLY. Which of the following are major social structure theories of criminology? -trait theory -learning theory -social disorganization theory -strain theory
-social disorganization theory -strain theory
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. A _____ is a group with shared symbols and a hierarchy which holds a geographic territory and engages in illegal activities. -militia -terrorist group -gang -targeted patrol
-terrorist group -gang
Which of the following is an example of a contract service? A. Ada, who works for Sleepy Security to provide security to an office complex B. Sal, who is an officer with the Happy Valley Police Department C. Mel, who works for Hilltop Mall and provides security services D. Dee, who is an agent with the Transportation Security Administration
A. Ada, who works for Sleepy Security to provide security to an office complex
What was the impact on prisoner's rights following the 1871 case of Ruffin v. Commonwealth, which ruled that prisoners were "slaves of the state"? A. Inmates lost all citizenship rights, including the right to complain about living conditions B. Inmates lost all citizenship rights but retained the right to complain about living conditions. C. Inmates regained all citizenship rights and were allowed to complain about living conditions. D. Inmates regained all citizenship rights but lost the ability to complain about living conditions.
A. Inmates lost all citizenship rights, including the right to complain about living conditions
Which Court decision expressed the view that the Constitution protects people, not places? A. Katz v. United States B. Miranda v. Arizona C. Salinas v. Texas D. Powell v. Alabama
A. Katz v. United States
Why might an individual's value system be easily challenged in criminal justice work? A. People in positions of power and authority may be tempted to use their position for special treatment or personal gain. B. People who enter this line of work typically lack ethical training. C. People who work in corrections are influenced by the criminal populations they serve. D. People typically have very little exposure to crime and as a result do not know how to act properly in situations involving law enforcement.
A. People in positions of power and authority may be tempted to use their position for special treatment or personal gain.
What was the major ruling in the U.S. Supreme Court case of J.D.B. v. North Carolina (2011)? A. Police must read juveniles their Miranda warnings. B. Juvenile courts must use the "beyond a reasonable doubt" standard of proof. C. Juveniles have a right to an attorney. D. Police may not question youths without their parents present.
A. Police must read juveniles their Miranda warnings.
The Luis v. United States (2016) case is important for established which guidelines regarding freezing of assets before trial? A. Pretrial restraint of legitimate and untainted assets was deemed unconstitutional. B. Pretrial restraint of assets was deemed constitutional for capital cases only. C. Pretrial restraint of assets was limited to a maximum of $500,000. D. Pretrial restraint of all assets was deemed constitutional regardless of the nature of the charges.
A. Pretrial restraint of legitimate and untainted assets was deemed unconstitutional.
What is the U.S. Supreme Court's rationale in prohibiting mandatory life sentences without possibility of parole for juvenile offenders? A. The sentence does not take into account that criminal tendencies may be outgrown. B. The sentence does not take into account age when determining whether a suspect is aware of his rights. C. The sentence is cruel and unusual in that it separates the child from his family forever. D. The sentence does not take into account biological harm already done to the juvenile.
A. The sentence does not take into account that criminal tendencies may be outgrown.
Which is an example of an ethical scenario corrections officers may face? A. They avoid colleagues who use derogatory language. B. They discuss their current court case with members of their team outside of the courtroom. C. They arrive late to court multiple mornings in a row due to road construction. D. The portable alcohol breath test fails to work during a traffic stop, but they arrest the motorist for a DUI anyway.
A. They avoid colleagues who use derogatory language.
A suspect who does not respond to questions is not automatically invoking his or her rights under Miranda by remaining silent; the suspect must specifically say he or she is choosing to remain silent. A. True B. False
A. True
According to the Model Code of Judicial Ethics, a judge who appears to be doing something wrong can be as bad as a judge who is doing something wrong. A. True B. False
A. True
Affirmative defenses involve a defendant arguing that the act occurred without mens rea. A. True B. False
A. True
Common law describes the collections of rules, customs, and traditions of medieval England created during the reign of Henry II. A. True B. False
A. True
Contract services is a term that describes outside firms or individuals hired by a company to provide security services for a fee. A. True B. False
A. True
Control theorists argue that people naturally pursue their self-interests and seek pleasure—including criminal behavior—unless they are kept in check by various social controls. A. True B. False
A. True
Detectives present their investigation findings in court, as well as investigate crimes by obtaining evidence and information relating to illegal activities. A. True B. False
A. True
Environmental criminology theory is also called crime science. A. True B. False
A. True
In the case Luis v. United States, the Supreme Court ruled that the defendant's right to hire an attorney using her own money was violated because the courts froze all of her assets prior to trial. A. True B. False
A. True
Research shows that parolees that complete both the prison-based and ensuing aftercare programs have fewer rearrests, compared with an untreated comparison group. A. True B. False
A. True
Since 2004, eight states have abolished the death penalty in response to exonerations of wrongly convicted prisoners on death row and other issues with capital punishment. A. True B. False
A. True
The U.S. Department of Justice assists communities in fighting sex trafficking with a Diagnostic Center that provides data-driven strategies for solutions and crackdowns. A. True B. False
A. True
The due process model of criminal justice presumes that criminal defendants are innocent and that the courts' first priority is protecting the constitutional rights of the accused. A. True B. False
A. True
The percentage of local police officers today who belong to racial or ethnic minority groups is more than double the percentage of local police offers today who are female. A. True B. False
A. True
Traffic investigations are considered secondary elements of policing. A. True B. False
A. True
The two types of electronic monitoring devices are ______. A. active and passive B. medium and high C. high and low frequency D. analog and cellular
A. active and passive
Latin for "guilty deed"—the criminal act that accompanies one's intent to commit a crime, such as pulling out a knife and then stabbing someone—is known as ______. A. actus reus B. mens rea C. lex talionis D. stare decisis
A. actus reus
Which clerical procedure involves having the accused fingerprinted, photographed, and questioned? A. booking B. initial appearance C. pretrial release D. preliminary hearing
A. booking
The three major components of the American criminal justice system include the police, the courts, and the ______. A. corrections B. parole C. rehabilitation D. security
A. corrections
The judge, prosecutor, and clerk are among courtroom actors who all work together to move cases through the court system as members of the ______. A. courtroom work group B. prosecution team C. defense team D. grand jury
A. courtroom work group
Which of the following refers to a pillar of procedural justice? A. fairness to all B. constitutional policing C. police legitimacy D. guardian mindset
A. fairness to all
Women commit ______ crimes compared with their male counterparts. A. far fewer B. slightly more C. slightly fewer D. far more
A. far fewer
According to the Task Force of the National Immigration Forum, what entity is primarily responsible for immigration enforcement? A. federal government B. state government C. local government D. immigrant's country of origin
A. federal government
What is the first stop for an appeal in the state courts? A. intermediate court of appeals B. district court C. state supreme court D. courts of limited jurisdiction
A. intermediate court of appeals
The consensus theory of justice suggests that ______. A. laws are based on the shared values and beliefs of a majority of the members of a society B. there will always be competing interests and viewpoints among members of society C. laws reflect the values and interests of the most powerful people in a society D. diverse populations have conflicting views of "right" and "wrong"
A. laws are based on the shared values and beliefs of a majority of the members of a society
Which method of execution is commonly believed to be the most humane, in spite A. lethal injection B. gas chamber C. electric chair D. firing squad
A. lethal injection
At which stage of the process does a judge determine if there is probable cause to believe that the accused committed a crime? A. preliminary hearing B. initial appearance C. arraignment D. sentencing
A. preliminary hearing
What is the process of socialization in which an inmate adjusts to the norms of prison life? A. prisonization B. incarceration C. assimilation D. institutionalization
A. prisonization
Which police strategy advocates that police identify the underlying causes of recurring incidents of crime and disorder? A. problem-oriented policing B. community policing C. forensic policing D. deterrent policing
A. problem-oriented policing
Who is the paid government employee whose sole function is to represent indigent defendants? A. public defender B. U.S. attorney C. prosecuting attorney D. assigned counsel
A. public defender
One outcome of new generation/direct supervision jails is that they _____. A. reduce the trauma of incarceration B. increase sexual assaults C. increase tension in the unit D. reduce control exerted by correctional staff
A. reduce the trauma of incarceration
Which type of court reviews the prisoner's plans and progress, oversees her or his reentry, and ensures that she or he participates in transitional programs? A. reentry B. transition C. drug D. aftercare
A. reentry
Locating nearby sex offenders, checking the arrest history of an address, and tracking the location of police units are tasks officers can do in the field due to ______. A. smartphones B. Instagram C. crime mapping D. Facebook
A. smartphones
The dual court system of the United States includes which two court systems? A. state and federal B. juvenile and adult C. civil and criminal D. federal and supreme
A. state and federal
How does the FBI categorize school shootings? A. terrorism B. guilt by insanity C. serial murder D. military action
A. terrorism
What is the unlawful use of force against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government or the populace in furtherance of political or social objectives? A. terrorism B. assault C. activism D. crime
A. terrorism
What was the overall purpose of Title 18 of the United States Code and the Ethics in Government Act of 1978? A. to promote public confidence in government B. to encourage loyalty among corrections staff C. to provide clear guidelines on police use of force D. to address the problem of racial profiling
A. to promote public confidence in government
Restorative justice shifts the focus of crime to ______. A. victims B. offenders C. legislators D. the criminal justice system
A. victims
When using the ethical decision-making tool "the bell, the book, and the candle," one considers "the candle" when determining ______. A. whether one's decision can withstand the light of day B. the long-term result of an action C. the response of one's parents or minister to a situation D. whether the action makes sense
A. whether one's decision can withstand the light of day
Our modern system of law is based upon which of the following? A. code of Hammurabi B. English common law C. lex talionis D. stare decisis
B. English common law
______ refers to a set of rules or values that spell out appropriate conduct. A. Character B. Ethics C. Law D. Arraignment
B. Ethics
"Ransomware" is a digital note sent to a victim telling him that something (like an object of value) has been taken from him and won't be returned until some form of A. True B. False
B. False
A judge is immune to sanction. A. True B. False
B. False
A small fraction of persons under corrections supervision in the United States are on probation or parole, while the majority are incarcerated in U.S. state or federal prisons. A. True B. False
B. False
According to Amnesty International, Mexico is the only country in the Americas that continues to regularly execute prisoners. A. True B. False
B. False
All 50 states follow the same standard judicial selection process for state courts. A. True B. False
B. False
Exposure to external danger significantly decreases group solidarity among correction officers. A. True B. False
B. False
Federal law limits the length of time an inmate can spend in solitary confinement to 3 consecutive weeks. A. True B. False
B. False
Jurisdiction is best defined as the geographic location of a court case. A. True B. False
B. False
Law enforcement needs a warrant to access a person's smartphone to see when it was used and when messages were sent. A. True B. False
B. False
Most federal law enforcement agencies in the United States are found within the Department of Defense. A. True B. False
B. False
Police are group workers who frequently work under close supervision from their superiors. A. True B. False
B. False
Program evaluations have shown that one type of rehabilitation process, collaboration, for juveniles is best to prevent recidivism. A. True B. False
B. False
State and local governments spend approximately $350 million on corrections institutions annually. A. True B. False
B. False
State police typically have a narrower set of responsibilities than state highway patrol. A. True B. False
B. False
The Task Force of the National Immigration Forum asserts that forcing local law enforcement to enforce federal immigration law would improve community policing efforts and strengthen relationships with immigrant communities. A. True B. False
B. False
The United States has an abundance of staff and resources to review and receive the applications of displaced persons seeking asylum. A. True B. False
B. False
The job of police officers is similar to that of soldiers in many ways that go beyond carrying weapons and wearing a uniform. A. True B. False
B. False
U.S. district court judges are nominated by the governors of their respective states. A. True B. False
B. False
What is the benefit of virtual visits to medical facilities for correctional inmates? A. It is a cost-effective way to deal with numerous inmate medical complaints. B. It alleviates public safety concerns with physically transporting inmates to medical facilities. C. It allows prisons to comply with requirements to provide medical services to inmates. D. It eliminates the need for medical staff at the prison.
B. It alleviates public safety concerns with physically transporting inmates to medical facilities.
The principles of the Declaration of Independence are similar to which of the following? A. the Castle Doctrine B. John Locke's Second Treatise on Civil Government C. Jean-Jacques Rousseau's conflict theory D. the Sovereign Citizen Movement
B. John Locke's Second Treatise on Civil Government
Which country accounts for the majority of the illegal immigrant population in the United States? A. Canada B. Mexico C. El Salvador D. Brazil
B. Mexico
What system was established to provide a consistent nationwide approach for cooperation among federal, state, and local governments to prepare for, prevent, respond to, and recover from domestic incidents? A. NIBRS B. NIMS C. SET D. UAV
B. NIMS
Defense attorneys ensure that "effective counsel" is provided for the accused, as guaranteed in the ______ Amendment. A. Fifth B. Sixth C. Seventh D. Eighth
B. Sixth
Which of the following is necessary to prove assault? A. The offender shows a weapon. B. The victim fears harm. C. The offender inflicts physical harm. D. The victim suffers severe bodily harm.
B. The victim fears harm.
Which of the following reflects the mission of correctional agencies? A. To securely house convicted offenders away from the community. B. To protect citizens from crime by managing offenders and providing rehabilitative opportunities. C. To treat offenders with dignity and respect. D. To empower offenders to reach their highest potential.
B. To protect citizens from crime by managing offenders and providing rehabilitative opportunities.
Which of the following provides protection to employees who report illegal or unethical practices at their place of employment? A. Enforcement Ethics Act B. Whistleblower Protection Act C. Moral Code of Conduct D. Code of Silence
B. Whistleblower Protection Act
Which case would be automatically appealed? A. a sexual assault case B. a death penalty case C. case in which the victim is a minor D. a case in which the offender is a minor
B. a death penalty case
The American legal system, in which there is a contest between two opposing sides, is known as the ______ system. A. federal B. adversarial C. dual court D. constitutional
B. adversarial
Lelia has been found guilty of driving while intoxicated. What will community corrections likely offer to Lelia? A. a reduction in overall sentence B. an alternative to incarceration C. the freedom to carry out other crimes in the community D. the opportunity to earn money while serving a sentence
B. an alternative to incarceration
What is the first step in determining how to break the cycle of recidivism? A. determine whether offender is antisocial B. assess offender's risk of reoffending C. analyze presence of substance abuse D. implement treatment interventions
B. assess offender's risk of reoffending
Which crime is most closely associated with contemporary urban violence in the United States? A. burglary B. carjacking C. armed robbery D. arson
B. carjacking
A defendant on trial for murder offers to plead guilty to the lesser offense of manslaughter, claiming he acted in the "heat of passion." This is an example of ______ bargaining. A. sentence B. charge C. count D. negotiated
B. charge
The ______ theories are also referred to as life-course criminology for their focus on the role that social environment plays in crime. A. social conflict B. developmental C. classical D. positivist
B. developmental
Which legal concept allows criminal justice professionals to enforce the law based on observation and judgment rather than strict adherence to the letter of the law? A. adjudication B. discretion C. due process D. ethics
B. discretion
Which type of prison features the highest staff-to-inmate ratios? A. low security B. high security C. medium security D. minimum security
B. high security
Eddie was charged with stealing a handkerchief in 1830. He was sent to a workhouse in which he worked 8 hr per day and attended school for 4 hr per day. Eddie was most likely sent to a ______. A. halfway house B. house of refuge C. reformatory D. boot camp
B. house of refuge
What are the two categories of affirmative defenses? A. acceptances and denials B. justifications and excuses C. acceptances and justifications D. excuses and denials
B. justifications and excuses
Which of the following is an example of substantive law? A. laws requiring police officers to obtain search warrants B. laws that define and prohibit murder C. laws outlining how jurors are chosen D. laws defining legal jurisdiction
B. laws that define and prohibit murder
Which application element is meant to screen potential officers for health conditions that may prohibit them from doing their job? A. drug testing B. medical exam C. basic training D. background investigation
B. medical exam
Municipal laws are examples of which of the following? A. statutes B. ordinances C. state law D. state common law
B. ordinances
Which term describes the unnecessary use of force by police against citizens? A. lethal force B. police brutality C. procedural justice D. warrior culture
B. police brutality
The standard for legal arrest, as well as search and seizure, is a(n) ______. A. warrant B. probable cause C. reasonable doubt D. intent
B. probable cause
What is the leading alternative to incarceration? A. house arrest B. probation C. electronic monitoring D. halfway house
B. probation
Incidents where police use force involving which demographic element often raise tension and lead to charges of unfair treatment against an entire police agency? A. gender B. race C. wealth D. age
B. race
What is the process that provides services to and supervision for paroled inmates who are about to reintegrate into the community? A. intensive probation B. reentry and aftercare C. community supervision D. rehabilitation and restoration
B. reentry and aftercare
The ______ theory argues an increase in criminal activity that can be linked to the weakening of core social institutions, such as schools, churches, and families, within a community that has high rates of poverty, diversity, and population turnover. A. labeling B. social disorganization C. strain D. development
B. social disorganization
Which of the following crimes would be known as a strict liability crime? A. voluntary manslaughter B. statutory rape C. aggravated assault D. second-degree murder
B. statutory rape
Which term refers to when a police officer briefly detains a person for questioning and then "pats down" the person if the officer reasonably believes he or she is carrying a weapon? A. detain and examine B. stop and frisk C. cursory searches D. knock and announce
B. stop and frisk
Unless there are exigent circumstances, an officer must ______ in order to obtain an arrest warrant. A. submit a request B. swear an affidavit C. file an arrest report D. prepare an indictment
B. swear an affidavit
The _____ organization type of correctional organization emphasizes the rehabilitation of inmates. A. custodial B. treatment C. enforcement D. prevention
B. treatment
The Supreme Court is usually made up of ______ justices. A. 5 B. 7 C. 9 D. 12
C. 9
Which of the following is a feature of a prison? A. It is a short-term holding facility for unsentenced offenders. B. The majority of convicted misdemeanants serve their sentences there. C. It is a long-term holding facility for sentenced offenders. D. Sentences are generally a duration of 1 year or less.
C. It is a long-term holding facility for sentenced offenders.
When an officer reads his or her rights related to remaining silent and his or her right to an attorney, these are known as ______. A. Terry stops B. stop and frisks C. Miranda warnings D. Ernesto warnings
C. Miranda warnings
Which of the following are characteristics of biological weapons? A. They are not painful; victims die without much suffering. B. They are exceptionally painful, causing the victims much suffering. C. They are slow acting, with some time before victims are symptomatic. D. They are fast acting, with immediate symptoms in victims.
C. They are slow acting, with some time before victims are symptomatic.
Which of the following describes the role of probation officers? A. They supervise individuals with only a limited criminal history. B. They supervise individuals prior to sentencing. C. They supervise individuals with a suspended prison sentence. D. They supervise individuals just released from prison.
C. They supervise individuals with a suspended prison sentence.
Police officers are permitted to use force—up to and including lethal force—with the expectation that they will use it only ______. A. against people they believe have committed crimes B. to maintain law and order C. as a last resort D. when a suspect will not cooperate
C. as a last resort
What is the burden of proof in a criminal case? A. preponderance of the evidence B. clear and convincing evidence D. without a shadow of a doubt C. beyond a reasonable doubt
C. beyond a reasonable doubt
Which position in early England determined a person's cause of death and the person responsible for that death? A. justice of the peace B. sheriff C. coroner D. constable
C. coroner
The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment found that the ______. A. average age of slain police officers was late 30s B. straightforward discussions of public attitudes help police-community relations C. deterrent effect of policing was not diminished by reduced patrols D. use of police discretion was lower among officers with higher ranks
C. deterrent effect of policing was not diminished by reduced patrols
Rules or values that spell out "right" or "correct" human conduct, especially in a professional capacity, are known as ______. A. morals B. mores C. ethics D. laws
C. ethics
Which development spurred the creation of federal sentencing guidelines? A. an increase in crime within prison systems B. the steady increase of death sentences C. growing discontent with indeterminate sentences D. the rise in white-collar crimes
C. growing discontent with indeterminate sentences
Which doctrine describes when the state acts in place of the parent in cases of neglect or abuse? A. person in need of supervision B. idealistic contrast C. in loco parentis D. parens patriae
C. in loco parentis
All of the following factors enter into whether an officer will be stern or lenient in his or her approach except the ______. A. citizen's attitude B. law C. location D. officer's attitude
C. location
Which of the following services is a primary operational element of policing? A. recruiting officers B. providing technical support C. patrolling D. maintaining jails
C. patrolling
Prosecutors and defense attorneys use which of the following to dismiss a potential juror during the jury selection process without explanation? A. disqualifiers B.random challenges C. peremptory challenges D. for cause challenges
C. peremptory challenges
At the point of arrest, who makes the decision on whether to send the matter to the juvenile justice system or to divert the case into an alternative program? A. prosecutor B. defense attorney C. police officer D. judge
C. police officer
Which action occurs when a judge removes himself or herself from trying a case? A. exclude B. delude C. recuse D. excuse
C. recuse
Which goal of punishment likely emerged first in human society? A. deterrence B. incapacitation C. retribution D. rehabilitation
C. retribution
If a judge believes that there is probable cause that a person possesses evidence of a crime at a particular location, they will issue a(n) ______. A. affidavit B. arrest warrant C. search warrant D. exigent circumstance
C. search warrant
A person who believes that the criminal justice system primarily serves the interests of the dominant groups is likely aligned with which criminology theory? A. social process B. positivist C. social conflict D. learning
C. social conflict
Which of the following is a due process right granted to prisoners as a result of the Wolff v. McDonnell Supreme Court decision? A. the right to freely practice their religion B. the right to have access to an adequate law library C. the right to call witnesses and to present documentary evidence in the inmate's defense D. the right to obtain adequate medical care
C. the right to call witnesses and to present documentary evidence in the inmate's defense
Which crime includes the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services through the use of force, fraud or coercion? A. terrorism B. kidnapping C. trafficking D. catch-and-release
C. trafficking
The ______ policing style, identified by James Q. Wilson, involves the officer acting as a "neighbor" and focusing on order maintenance rather than law enforcement. A. legalistic B. service C. watchman D. community
C. watchman
Which two legal concepts relating to federal sentencing guidelines did the U.S. Supreme Court clarify in Gall v. United States (2007) and Kimbrough v. United States (2007)? A. "mandatory" and "unreasonableness" B. "beyond a reasonable doubt" and "unreasonableness" C. "exceptional" and "mandatory" D. "advisory" and "reasonableness"
D. "advisory" and "reasonableness"
Approximately how many people are incarcerated currently in federal and state prisons? A. 125,000 B. 250,000 C. 1.25 million D. 1.5 million
D. 1.5 million
What percentage of cases heard in the United States do state judges handle? A. 37% B. 57% C. 77% D. 97%
D. 97%
Which of the following statements most closely aligns with labeling theory? A. Some individuals feel pressured by society to achieve certain goals; however, they turn to crime when society does not provide a way to succeed. B. Anyone can turn into a criminal at any time. C. Criminal behavior occurs when parents fail to instill self-control in their children. D. Calling a person a "deviant" may create a self-fulfilling prophecy that leads to deviant behavior.
D. Calling a person a "deviant" may create a self-fulfilling prophecy that leads to deviant behavior.
Which statement is true of DNA evidence? A. It is highly unstable and unreliable. B. Its patterns change over time based on environmental factors. C. It shows the same matching pattern for members of the same biological family. D. It is considered the most sophisticated and reliable type of physical evidence.
D. It is considered the most sophisticated and reliable type of physical evidence.
How did the early police force in New York City differ from that of Europe? A. The force was largely untrained and corrupt. B. It focused on crime and corruption rather than civil disobedience. C. It divided the districts along the lines of criminal activity. D. The system was controlled by the city government and politicians.
D. The system was controlled by the city government and politicians.
Which of the following describes the role of parole officers? A. They supervise individuals with extensive criminal histories. B. They supervise individuals after a sentence has been imposed. C. They supervise individuals with a suspended prison sentence. D. They supervise individuals who have been released from prison.
D. They supervise individuals who have been released from prison.
Searches incident to a lawful arrest are limited to the ______. A. body of the individual being arrested B. private space, such as a bedroom, where an individual was arrested C. house in which an individual is arrested D. area within the arrestee's reach or an area from which they may grab a weapon
D. area within the arrestee's reach or an area from which they may grab a weapon
The first formal step in the criminal justice process for most offenders is when police take a suspect into custody for the purpose of charging that person with a crime, which is known as an ______. A. accusation B. adjudication C. arraignment D. arrest
D. arrest
When convicted of multiple crimes, what kind of sentences must be served separately? A. determinate B. indeterminate C. concurrent D. consecutive
D. consecutive
Facilities established in the 1800s in which children worked an 8-hour day at various trades while attending at least 4 hours of school were known as ______. A. detention centers B. reformatories C. jails D. houses of refuge
D. houses of refuge
Who makes the determination if there is sufficient evidence to prove an allegation against a juvenile? A. parents B. judge C. law enforcement D. intake officer
D. intake officer
If a defendant argues that they should not be held criminally responsible because they had to commit the crime as a result of an emergency situation, which type of justification defense are they asserting? A. insanity B. self-defense C. duress D. necessity
D. necessity
What is the main reason that many agencies urge their police officers to use their police radio instead of their smartphones when possible? A. cost B. image C. ease of use D. privacy
D. privacy
Which of the following describes a correctional institution in which publicly owned prison facilities are operated by a private company? A. state prison B. managed prison C. supermax prison D. private prison
D. private prison
What has the state of Pennsylvania implemented to deal with inmate drug use, leading to an impressive reduction in drug use and associated problems? A. using solitary confinement for inmates caught in possession of drugs B. mandating substance abuse treatment for those who test positive for drugs C. prosecuting inmates who test positive for drugs D. prosecuting inmates caught in possession of drugs
D. prosecuting inmates caught in possession of drugs
The perception that crime affects the community as a whole and that the community must be healed and made whole again through an offender's remorse, service, and restitution is known as ______. A. reintegrative shaming B. community justice C. community participation D. restorative justice
D. restorative justice
Which crime is a combination of theft and assault? A. rape B. burglary C. involuntary manslaughter D. robbery
D. robbery
What is considered the most important goal of the juvenile justice system? A. restorative justice B. confidentiality C. informal outcomes D. separation from adult offenders
D. separation from adult offenders
Who has the burden of proof when a defendant asserts an affirmative defense for engaging in criminal conduct? A. the jury B. the guardian ad litem C. the prosecutor D. the defense
D. the defense
Which statement is provided prior to sentencing that helps the court focus on the human cost of the crime by noting the cost of the crime to the surviving family members or victims of a crime? A. victim compensation statement B. victim indictment C. victim effect statement D. victim impact statement
D. victim impact statement
Which position is the chief administrator of a federal penitentiary or state prison? A. lieutenant B. sergeant C. bailiff D. warden
D. warden
The 4-tiered ______model of criminal justice begins with the premise that not all cases are handled in the same manner. A. conflict B. crime control C. due process D. wedding cake
D. wedding cake