Criminal Justice 101
True or false? Plea bargaining was ruled unconstitutional by the US Supreme Court but is still practiced informally.
False
True or false? The FBI's National Computer Crime Squad investigates all types of crime.
False
True or false? The community policy philosophy does not include community residents in decision making.
False
True or false? The good faith exception can only be used in federal cases due to U.S. v. Leon (1984).
False
True or false? There have been no recorded deaths resulting from the use of rubber bullets by police
False
True or false? Trial courts of limited jurisdiction have jurisdiction over all offenses, including felonies and appeals.
False
Which of the following correctional models is based on the assumption that the goal of corrections should be to reintegrate the offender into the society? -congregate model -medical model -rehabilitation model -community corrections model
Community corrections model
What approach to crime fighting uses detailed crime statistics and forces police supervisors to meet to plan goals for crime prevention purposes? -CrimeStat -Policeone -Crime Fighter Stat -Compstat -Crime Data
Compstat
Community corrections is based on the goal of: -making the convicted "pay" for their crimes -fighting crime before it begins -finding the "lease restrictive alternative" -limiting options and alternatives -all of the above
Finding the "lease restrictive alternative"
What is the most likely punishment for a traffic violation? -incarceration -restitution -fines -forfeiture -probation
Fines
Which of the following statements about the use of fines is TRUE? -the collections of fines is a high priority of the court's staff -fines are used more frequently in Europe than in the US -Only the US uses fines as punishment -Fines in the US are always based upon the offender's income -if offenders do not pay their fines immediately after the sentencing hearing, they are sent to jail until they pay
Fines are used more frequently in Europe than in the US
The practice under which judges grant release if the defendant is employed and has roots in the community is known as: -citation -preventative evidence -release on recognizance -preventative assumption -probable cause
Release on recognizance
In 2012, former presidential candidate John Edwards was acquitted of charges that he violated campaign finance laws. According to the wedding cake model, this widely televised and reported trial had all the earmarks of a _______ case. -layer 1 -layer 2 -layer 3 -layer 4 -layer 5
layer 1
State courts of last resort are usually called: -trial courts -misdemeanor courts -trial courts of general jurisdiction -Supreme Courts -trial courts of limited jurisdiction
Supreme Courts
In United States v. Jones (2012) the Supreme Court decided: -to make it a requirement for the police to seek search warrants, if possible, before taking involuntary blood tests from suspected drunk drivers -police do not need a warrant to search a car -that placing a GPS tracking device on a drug suspect's car without a warrant is a search that falls under the rules of the 4th Amendment -that arrest, even on minor offenses, makes people subject to intrusive strip searches and body cavity inspections when they are placed in jail -that drug-sniffing dogs cannot be brought to the front door of a home to seek evidence that will be used to get a search warrant
That placing a GPS tracking device on a drug suspect's car without a warrant is a search that falls under the rules of the 4th Amendment
The first 10 amendments to the US Constitution are also known as: -the Bill of Rights -the preamble -the procedural compendium -the declaration of independence -the Dredd Scott decision
The Bill of Rights
True of false? Prior to Miranda, police officers would torture suspects until a confession was delivered.
True
True or False? Plea bargaining is an example of an exchange relationship in the criminal justice system.
True
True or false? "Good time" is a way of rewarding prisoners who follow the rules.
True
True or false? A presentence report is prepared by a probation officer for use by a judge.
True
True or false? After 9/11, the FBI shifted the focus of its personnel assignments from crime-control activities to intelligence-gathering
True
True or false? An arrest, even on minor offenses, makes people subject to intrusive strip searches and body cavity inspections when they are placed in jail.
True
True or false? Criminal offenders can sometimes be identified through the DNA of family members if their own DNA is not available for testing
True
True or false? Gangs based upon race and ethnicity have become a serious problem in the prison system.
True
True or false? Hot spots are locations where crimes occur frequently.
True
True or false? Over 200 people have been freed from prison after DNA testing proved they were actually innocent of the crimes for which they were convicted
True
True or false? The nature of police work can make officers very suspicious of citizens whom they encounter.
True
The majority of searches take place without a: -search -seizure -warrant -arrest -bail
Warrant
The practice of assigning individuals to night duty so as to warn the public of crime was called the: -duty system -slave system -watch system -routine patrol system -chain system
Watch system
Which of the following is a criminal activity that the federal government has the power to regulate? -terrorism -internet-based child pornography -interstate gang-related crimes -banking-related crimes -all of the above
all of the above
True or False? The provision of illicit goods includes human trafficking, such as transporting sex workers or undocumented immigrants illegally into a country.
false
True or false? In jury trials, the composition of the jury must match the characteristics of the offender with regard to race, age, and socioeconomic status.
false
The most common form of identity theft is: -credit card fraud -bank account fraud -tax refund fraud -mortgage fraud -loans fraud
Credit card fraud
Which of the following individuals would NOT be considered part of the local legal culture? -bailiff -judge -attorney -clerks -criminal defendant
Criminal defendant
The FBI's CAT initiative stands for: -Counsel at Transition -Crimes and Technology -Cyber Action Team -Crime and Terrorism -Creative Assessment of Targets
Cyber Action Team
True or false? Facial recognition software can quickly identify criminal suspects in crowded areas?
False
True or false? Most incidents of cyber attacks against businesses are reported to law enforcement authorities.
False
In which role does the judge work to manage his or her employment staff and balance a budget? -adjudicator -administrator -negotiator -electoral candidate -appellate advocate
Administrator
On a national basis, felony inmates serve an average of what time period before they are released? -2 1/2 years -3 1/2 years -4 1/2 years -5 1/2 years -6 1/2 years
2 1/2 years
The inclusion of this on police cars can increase the number of license plates by about 80 times the number that can be checked by a police officer. -a radar detector -a GPS tracking device -a camera-computer system -a dash camera -a laptop computer
A camera-computer system
A drug treatment program in which offenders must visit daily for drug testing would be classified as: -intensive supervision probation -a halfway house -home confinement -community service -a day reporting center
A day reporting center
Which of the following rewards would an inmate new to prison be expected to earn for good behavior? -furloughs -work release -a favorable job assignment -transfer to a halfway house -an educational release program
A favorable job assignment
True or false? Federal law enforcement agencies in the United States are part of the legislative branch of government.
False
True or false? More mentally ill persons are in state hospitals than in prisos and jails.
False
Which of the following is not one of the problems confronting the modern prison system in America? -Overcrowding -legal issues -racial conflicts -limited resources -abundant vocational programs
Abundant vocational programs
What is the process of events from the arrest of a suspect to the filing of formal charges with the court? -criminal justice -accusatory -dual court -due process
Accusatory
States have recently sought to decrease their prison populations because of: -lessened tax revenue coming into government due to economic recession -high costs of maintaining prisoners -burgeoning costs associated with the expansion of the prison population in the 1980s -all of the above
All of the above
The 2009 Pew Center report recommends which of the following to save money and reduce crime within community corrections? -Sort offenders by risk to public safety to determine appropriate levels of supervision -base intervention programs on sound research about what works to reduce recidivism -harness advances in supervision technology -impose swift and certain sanctions -all of the above
All of the above
What were the major recommendations of the Progressive reformers? -merit should be the basis for career advancement -the law should b enforced equally -police should be well trained -the police should be removed from politics -all of the above
All of the above
The pretrial process of the lower criminal courts creates an atmosphere which is often referred to as: -mainstream -assembly line -direct line -motion
Assembly line
True or false? An affirmative defense may be offered by the prosecution as evidence of a crime.
False
These individuals are private business people who are paid fees by defendants who lack the money to make bail: -bond agents -bond surety -bail bondsperson -court insurer -supplier
Bail bondsperson
Which of the following most accurately describes the discretion given to a prosecutor? -limited discretion -no discretion -broad discretion -relative discretion -supervised discretion
Broad discretion
How is procedural criminal law defined? -by prosecutors, through the filing of charges -by courts, through judicial rulings -by citizens, through ballot proposals -by lobbyists, through political polling -by police officers, through discretion
By courts, through judicial rulings
True or false? Correctional officers exercise unlimited power over prisoners.
False
In 2008, 19 Americans died as a result of taking counterfeit heparin that had been imported from: -North Korea -China -Iran -Thailand -Canada
China
Joint planning for emergencies, hiring private firms to guard government facilities, and hiring of police officers for off-duty private security work are examples of the: -officer contract model -conflict of interest model -union brokerage model -department contract model -public-private interface model
Department contract model
Which model permits the close control of off-duty work, because firms must apply to the department to have officers assigned to them? -department contract model -officer contract model -union brokerage model -public-private interface model
Department contract model
Grand juries are used to: -determine whether an offender should be prosecuted -determine whether an offender is guilty or innocent -determine whether an offender should be incarcerated -determine whether a judge's decision should be recalled -determine whether an offender should be arrested
Determine whether an offender should be prosecuted
Fines are preferred ways of dealing with criminality and are normally the sole sanction for a wide range of crimes on what continent? -Europe -North America -Africa -South America -Asia
Europe
According to this rule, a suspect who, during a frisk which is not justified by proper observation and reasonable suspicion, is found to be carrying drugs or weapons can seek to have the evidence excluded. -Exigent circumstances -Exclusionary rule -Due process -Totality of circumstances -Probable cause
Exclusionary rule
This organization is responsible for controlling counterfeit drugs/ -FCC -FBI -FIC -FDA -FFF
FDA
In which case did the Supreme Court decide that drug-sniffing dogs cannot be brought to the front door of a home to seek evidence that will be used to get a search warrant? -Flordia v. Jardines (2013) -Bailey v. United States (2013) -Missouri v. McNeely (2013) -Maryland v. King (20130 -Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders
Florida v. Jardines (2013)
The right of people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable search and seizure is found in the: -First Amendment -Second Amendment -Third Amendment -Fourth Amendment -Fifth Amendment
Fourth Amendment
The US Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty, as administered, constituted cruel and unusual punishment in which of the following cases? -Furman v. Georgia -Gregg v. Georgia -McKlesky v. Kemp -Payne v. Tennessee -Ford v. Wainwright
Furman v. Georgia
In which of the following situations is the use of force by a corrections officer against an inmate NOT allowed? -he is trying to prevent an inmate from punching him -she is trying to prevent an inmate from passing drugs to another inmate -he discovers a group of inmates trying to escape -she is trying to protect an inmate from being assuaulted by another -he has encountered an inmate who is disrespectful
He has encountered an inmate who is disrespectful
Programs designed to aid inmates in transitioning back into the community include all of the following EXCEPT: -work and educational release -furloughs -health centers -halfway houses
Health centers
Samantha has been out of work for the last two years. She could not afford to insure her car and one day the police stopped her during a routine traffic stop and arrested her for driving an uninsured vehicle, a felony in her state. It turns out that the police made a procedural error that a quality defense lawyer could get Samantha off on a technicality. The district attorney advises the police that the best course of action is to drop the case. The DA is fulfilling which function? -trial counsel for the police -representative of the court -house counsel for the police -elected official
House counsel for the police
Individuals who are too poor and do not have enough resources to pay for attornies are considered: -poverty bond -indigent -inadequate -emaciated
Indigent
Evidence that would have been discovered even without improper actions by the police can be admissible under the: -good faith exception -inevitable discovery rule -exclusionary rule -silver-platter rule -plain view doctrine
Inevitable discovery rule
Probation was first developed in the US by which boot maker? -Caesare Lombroso -Jeremy Bentham -James Q. Wilson -Travis Hirchi -John Augustus
John Augustus
Prisons can be governed, violence minimized, and services provided to the inmates if correctional executives and wardens exhibit: -experience -time management -concern -leadership -middle managers
Leadership
State correctional facilities are classified according to which of the following criteria? -size of prison population -level of security -race of the prisoners -educational level of prisoners -geographic characteristics
Level of security
The values and norms shared by members of a particular court community about how cases should be handled and the way court officials should behave are called the: -workgroup culture -brethren -grouping culture -local legal culture -docket culture
Local legal culture
What is the most commonly used method of release into the community? -discretionary release -other conditional release -mandatory release -expiration release -probation release
Mandatory release
Which person (or group) typically determines the discretionary release of state prisoners? -state prison release commissioner -parole board -state supreme court -prison warden -state trial judge
Parole board
This type of election occurs when a judicial candidate is openly endorsed by a political party -partisan election -nonpartisan election -appointment -selection committee
Partisan election
Seventeen percent of the estimated 30,000 individuals detained by Immigrations and Customs Enforcement and the US Department of Homeland Security are held in these facilities. -private prisons -public prisons -federal prisons -county jails -district jails
Private prisons
Which of the following statements about probation is TRUE? -probations is the unconditional release of the offender into the community -probation is limited because it cannot be combined with other sanctions such as fines, restitution, and community service -James Q. Wilson was the first to suggest it -Probation is used mainly for more serious offenses -Probation is significantly less expensive than imprisonment
Probation is significantly less expensive that imprisonment
Procedures criminal justice professionals must follow in enforcement, adjudication, and corrections are: -procedural criminal law -substantive criminal law -constitutional criminal law -civil law -tort law
Procedural criminal law
This type of evidence is tangible evidence such as weapons, records, fingerprints, and stolen property. -real evidence -testimony -direct evidence -circumstantial evidence -demonstrative evidence
Real evidence
This approach to punishment was widely accepted as a goal from the 1940s to the 1970s. -incapacitation -special deterrence -rehabilitation -retribution -general deterrence
Rehabilitation
Morrissey v. Brewer found that if a parole officer alleges a technical violation, a two-step revocation is: -not necessary -helpful, but not required -required -time consuming -up to the officer's discretion
Required
The taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of violence and/or by putting the victim in fear is the definition of: -assault -burglary -robbery -theft -larceny
Robbery
The process by which prosecutors select cases to prosecute is called: -screening -the accusatory process -collaboration -due process
Screening
A continuing issue for probation officers is the: -size of their caseloads -requirement to work with dangerous offenders -increase in the amount of paperwork which needs to be done -continued frustration over conducting drug testing -lack of career satisfaction and advancement
Size of their caseloads
The process in which members learn the symbols, beliefs, and values of a group is known as: -working personality -spiritualization -socialization -acquisition -internal affairs
Socialization
A brief interface with a person's freedom of movement with a duration that can be measured in minutes is called a(n): -search -stop -arrest -interrogation -affidavit
Stop
Which of the following statements best exemplifies the concept of "custody" in terms of parole? -the government could keep the inmate incarcerated but instead extends the privilege of release -even though the offender is released from prison, he or she is still in the custody of the state -the parolee agrees to abide by certain conditions in exchange for release -the offender is still the responsibility of the government even though he or she is released -the parole officer agrees to care for the parolee in exchange for a salary
The offender is still the responsibility of the government even though he or she is relased
Which historical era of policing involved close ties between police and local leaders of government? -the political era -the professional era -the community policing era -the reform era -the federalist era
The political era
Which of the following statements regarding privately run prisons is TRUE? -private prisons are regarded as less costly -private prisons are regarded as more flexible -the profit incentive does not interfere with the quality of service -private prisons must comply with the standards of federal agencies -all of the above
The profit incentive does not interfere with the quality of service
Which of the following is a frequent criticism of the sex offender registration laws? -the wrong people can sometimes end up on the registry -the list is difficult for the public to find -the laws are too lenient on the offenders -some offenders refuse to be listed -the laws discourage vigilantism
The wrong people can sometimes end up on the registry
In the early parole system in the United States, prisoners were released on parole when: -their sentence expired -the prisons became full -the victims consented to their release -they made financial restitution through labor -their conduct showed they were ready to return
Their conduct showed they were ready to return
Which of the following statements regarding the American prison population during the last 30 years is TRUE? -there has been a decrease in the number of African Americans -there has been a decrease in the number of Hispanics -there has been no change in the number of Hispanics -there has been an increase in the number of both African Americans ad Hispanics -none of the above
There has been an increase in the number of both African Americans and Hispanics
According to Cole and Smith, why have judges banned cell phones from jury members during trials? -excessive ringing was disturbing the trials -Jurors were not paying close enough attention to the trial -to keep jurors from doing their own research -jurors in some cases were taking pictures of defendants -the judge is not allowed to have a phone in court so no one else can have a phone
To keep jurors from doing their own research
Which of the following is NOT an impact of the discretionary release mechanisms? -worsened overcrowding in prisons -changing of sentences handed down by judges -mitigation of the penal code's harshness -individualized punishments to fit the offender -a decrease in the impact of legal procedure on criminal justice decisions
Worsened overcrowding in prisons
The casual relationship between an act and the harm suffered is referred to as: -actus rea -causation -harm -legality -concurrence
causation
Each offense that a prosecutor charges a person with in an indictment is a(n): -element -crime -count -charge
count
Which of the following is NOT a primary emphasis of Packer's crime control model of criminal justice? -efficiency -speed -finality -capacity to adjudicate a high proportion of offenders -ensure that offender rights are secured
ensure that offender rights are secured
Which of the following would NOT be considered a key relationship of the prosecutor? -judges -community -schools -victims and witnesses
schools
