Criminal Justice Chp 7,8 ,& 9
Juries in most states are composed of how many members?
12
McNabb v. U.S. formally established that a defendant has to appear at a first appearance within how many hours after arrest?
48
Approximately ________ of all state-level felony defendants are released before trial.
57%
"Truth in sentencing" guarantees that offenders will serve at least ________ of their sentence.
85%
Approximately what percentage of federal cases are the result of guilty pleas?
90%
There are ________ federal judicial districts.
94
________ is known as the suspension of criminal proceedings before sentencing and referral to a private agency.
Diversion
The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that ________ must decide the facts that lead to a death sentence.
Juries
In which U.S. Supreme Court case was the Court's authority as the final interpreter of the U.S. Constitution established?
Marbury v. Madison
Cooperating with the authorities, good character, and no prior record are examples of ________ circumstances.
Mitigating
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of restorative justice?
Pain is imposed to punish, deter, and prevent.
Who is the final arbiter of the actual sentence served in a state that relies on an indeterminate sentencing scheme?
Parole boards
________ deterrence seeks to reduce the likelihood of recidivism by convicted offenders.
Specific
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the U.S. Supreme Court?
Supreme court justices serve for 8 years.
Which of the following is NOT a reason for the defendant's first appearance before a judge?
The defendant is given the opportunity to cross-examine witnesses.
Which of the following statements is false regarding the role of the judge in the courtroom work group?
The judge is responsible for presenting the state's case against the defendant.
When a judge, before sentencing, reviews information on the background of a convicted defendant, it is called ________.
a presentence investigation
The ________ is a two-sided structure under which the American criminal trial court operates that pits the prosecution against the defense.
adversarial system
Criminal trials under the American system of justice are built around ________.
an adversarial system
Courts that have the authority to review a decision made by a lower court are said to have ________.
appellate jurisdiction
A formal written accusation submitted to a court by a prosecutor, alleging that a specified person has committed a specified offense, is known as a(n) ________.
arraignment
One purpose of ________ is to help ensure the reappearance of the accused at trial.
bail
A document guaranteeing the appearance of a defendant in court as required and recording the pledge of money or property to be paid to the court if he or she does not appear is known as a(n) ________.
bail bond
Which of the following is NOT a type of juror challenge?
challenges for knowledge
Which of the following witnesses provides information about the personality, family life, business acumen, and so on of the defendant in an effort to show that this is not the kind of person who would commit the crime with which he or she is charged?
character witnesses
The most important form of prosecutorial discretion lies in the power to ________
charge, or not to charge, a person with an offense
Evidence that requires interpretation or that requires a judge or jury to reach a conclusion based on what the evidence indicates is called ________.
circumstantial evidence
Who is responsible for summoning members of the public for jury duty and subpoenaing witnesses for the prosecution and the defense?
clerk of court
Who is responsible for swearing in witnesses?
clerk of court
Who creates a record of all that occurs during the trial?
court reporter
High-level appellate courts are also referred to as ________.
courts of last resort
Which of the following laws limits the right to bail for certain kinds of offenders?
danger law
What is the primary purpose of any criminal trial?
determination of the defendant's guilt or innocence
Bob's wallet was stolen while eating lunch at the university cafeteria. When the man who stole his wallet was caught, Bob opted to resolve the case informally at a ________.
dispute-resolution center
Which of the following terms refers to the issue of whether the defendant is actually responsible for the crime of which he or she stands accused?
factual guilt
At which stage of the hearing are defendants brought before a judge to possibly be afforded the opportunity for bail?
first appearance
Which of the following is the primary sentencing tool of the just deserts model?
imprisonment
What goal of sentencing is sometimes referred to as the "lock 'em up approach"?
incapacitation
Which of the following refers to the use of imprisonment or other means to reduce the likelihood that a particular offender will commit more crime?
incapacitation
A model of criminal punishment in which an offender is given a fixed term that may be reduced by good time or gain time is called ________ sentencing.
indeterminate
A sentence of 8 to 25 years under the supervision of the state department of correction is an example of ________ sentencing.
indeterminate
A formal written accusation submitted to the court by a grand jury, alleging that a specified person has committed a specified offense, usually a felony, is known as an ________.
indictment
Under the indeterminate sentencing model, what is the primary determinant of the amount of time served?
inmate's behavior while incarcerated
What type of plea is most similar to a guilty plea?
no contest plea
When a defendant "stands mute" at his arraignment, he is considered to have entered a ________.
not guilty
The lawful authority of a court to hear cases that arise within a specified geographic area or that involve particular kinds of law violations is known as _____
original jurisdiction
Which of the following refers to the lawful authority of a court to hear or to act on a case from its beginning and to pass judgment on the law and the facts?
original jurisdiction
The intentional making of a false statement as part of the testimony by a sworn witness in a judicial proceeding is called ______
perjury
Which sentencing principle holds that the severity of sanctions should bear a direct relationship to the seriousness of the crime committed?
proportionality
The most widely used system of indigent defense involves ________.
public defender programs
What is the single most important criterion for determining the level of proof necessary for conviction in criminal trials?
reasonable doubt standard
Which of the following refers to the goal of criminal sentencing that attempts to make the victim "whole again"?
restoration
Which of the following sentencing goals is closely associated with the phrase "an eye for an eye"?
retribution
A jury that is isolated from the public has been
sequestered jury
Which of the following sentencing principles objectively holds that an offender's criminal history should be taken into account in sentencing decisions?
social debt
A written order issued by a judicial officer requiring an individual to appear in court to give testimony is called a ________.
subpoena
Who keeps order in the courtroom and announces the judge's entry to the courtroom?
the bailiff
Which work group member has the responsibility of demonstrating to a jury that a defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt?
the prosecutor
Proportionality holds that ________.
the severity of sanctions should bear a direct relationship to the seriousness of the crime
Which of the following is NOT decided during the preliminary hearing?
whether the dependant would be allowed to enter a plea
