Criminal Justice Test 3

) Which of the following is an exception to the hearsay rule?

A dying declaration

What is a hung jury?

A jury that is unable to agree on a verdict

Which of the following is considered to be the most secure prison ever built by the federal government?

ADMAX at Florence, Colorado

Why was the case of Griffin v. Wisconsin so significant?

Because it considers probation to be similar to incarceration and holds that the exclusionary rule does not apply

________ evidence requires interpretation or requires a judge or jury to reach a conclusion based on what the evidence indicates.

Circumstantial

Which of the following is a characteristic of restorative justice?

Crime has individual and social dimensions of responsibility.

Which of the following is a form of structured sentencing?

Determinate sentencing

________ involves suspending criminal proceedings before sentencing and referring the offender to a private agency.

Diversion

________ involves the construction, staffing, and operation of prisons by private companies for profit.

Evidence-based corrections

________ evidence is information having a tendency to clear a person of guilt or blame.

Exculpatory

) In which case did the Supreme Court approve a two-step procedure that separates the determination of guilt from the determination of the sentence?

Gregg v. Georgia

Under the federal home confinement program, an offender who is required to remain home at all times except for preapproved scheduled absences such as work or school has been placed under which level of restriction?

Home detention

Which goal of sentencing focuses on separating offenders from society to reduce opportunities for further criminality?

Incapacitation

What impact did the Ashurst-Sumners Act have on prisons?

It effectively ended prison industries.

What effect did the USA PATRIOT Act have on the death penalty in the U.S.?

It expanded the list of federal crimes punishable by death.

________ is a type of sentencing plan that allows no leeway in the imposition of a sentence for a person convicted of a crime.

Mandatory sentencing

Based on the Supreme Court's ruling in Woodson v. North Carolina, when is a mandatory death sentence for first degree murder constitutional?

Never—mandatory application of the death penalty is unconstitutional.

Which of the following is a prisoner reentry strategy?

Parole

The ________ system was an early American system of imprisonment that emphasized solitary confinement and saw penance as the main way to achieve rehabilitation.

Pennsylvania

What is the most common form of criminal sentencing in the United States?

Probation

________ hearings determine whether parolees have violated the conditions of their parole.

Revocation

Which Supreme Court case held that overcrowding in prisons is NOT by itself cruel and unusual punishment?

Rhodes v. Chapman

________ incapacitation seeks to identify the most dangerous criminals and incarcerate them to protect society.

Selective

Which intermediate sanction resembles a military-style boot camp?

Shock incarceration

Which sanction requires that offenders serve some time in a local jail before serving a period of supervised probation?

Split sentence

Which era of corrections was characterized by a lack of innovation and a focus on custody and institutional security?

The punitive era

What was the main purpose of the 2008 Second Chance Act?

To reduce the number of parolees being returned to prison for technical violations

________ are often considered the most forgotten people in the courtroom.

Victims

Community service and home detention are examples of ________ sentencing.

alternative

The standard of proof required for conviction in a criminal trial is ________.

beyond a reasonable doubt

A(n) ________ provides information about the defendant's personality, family life, business acumen, and so on, in an effort to show that the defendant is not the kind of person who would commit the crime with which he or she is charged.

character witness

The most important form of prosecutorial discretion lies in the power to ________.

charge, or not to charge, a person with an offense

The primary purpose of a criminal trial is to ________.

determine the guilt or innocence of a defendant

The jail strategy that eliminates traditional barriers between inmates and corrections staff is known as ________ supervision.

direct

General deterrence attempts to ________.

discourage potential offenders from committing crimes

The judge ________.

holds ultimate authority in ruling on matters of law

A sentence of 8 to 15 years in prison is an example of ________ sentencing.

indeterminate

A subpoena ________.

is a written order requiring an individual to appear in court

The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that ________ must decide the facts that lead to a death sentence.

juries, not judges

An eyewitness who saw a crime being committed is an example of a(n) ________ witness.

lay

Parole boards make decisions regarding ________ parole.

mandatory

The Missouri Plan is a ________.

plan for restructuring state courts systems to increase efficiency and reduce case backlog

Weapons, tire tracks, and fingerprints are examples of ________ evidence.

real

The ________ model of corrections emphasized indeterminate sentencing and rehabilitation.

reformatory

The just deserts model of sentencing emphasizes ________.

retribution

A ________ jury is isolated from the public and removed from all outside influences.

sequestered

American criminal trial courts operate under a structure known as ________.

the adversarial system

The Innocence Protection Act of 2004 provides federal funds to help eliminate ________.

the backlog of unanalyzed DNA samples in crime labs

The Supreme Court's decision in the case of Furman v. Georgia was a statement against ________.

the manner in which statutes permitted the death penalty to be imposed

Proportionality means that ________.

there should be a direct relationship between the severity of the sanction and the seriousness of the crime