Criminology Final 4-5

The antisocial concept seems to mesh with what is known about chronic offending. Which percent of offenders exhibit psychopathic behavior patterns?

20

A number of biosocial believe that abnormal levels of the male sex hormone ___ produce aggressive behavior and may explain gender differences in the crime rate

Androgen

The notion that some individuals may engage in crime became of the attraction of "getting away with it" is known as:

Arousal theory

The belief that no serious consideration should be given to biological factor when attempting to understand human nature is known as:

Biophobia

Rational classical criminology is rooted in the classical school of criminology and is most closely identified with the theorist ___

Cesare Beccaria

According to ___ a sub population of men has evolved with genes that incline them toward extremely low parental involvement

Cheater theory

___ is the eighteenth-century school of thought that believed criminals chose to commit crime, and that crime could be controlled by judicious punishment

Classical criminology

Many children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) also suffer from ___ and continually engage in aggressive, antisocial behavior in early childhood

Conduct disorder

Some researchers feel that what appears to be a genetic effect evidenced in twin research is actually the effect of sibling influence on criminality. This is referred to as the ___ effect.

Contagion

Situational crime prevention is not without its problems. When crime reduction programs redirects offender to alternative targets the practice is termed

Crime displacement

Criminologists argue that three-strikes policies will not work because

Current sentences for violent crimes are already too severe

Some low violators describe the adrenaline rush that comes from successfully illegal activities in dangerous situations. This integration of danger, risk, and skill is, for some, a crime and is referred to as:

Edgework

According to Freud which part of the brain controls impulses and desires from immediate gratification?

Ego

Biophobia is the belief that serious consideration should be given to biological factors when attempting to understand human nature

False

Estrogen the most abundant androgen has been found in higher levels among prisoners who committed violent crimes than in other prisoners

False

Recent studies suggest that lead ingestion is linked to aggressive behaviors on a national/Marco level but not an individual/micro level

False

Specifice deterrence is aimed at deterring all potential offenders from committing crime

False

Studies of twins have not produced any evidence to suggest that genetics may be likened to crime

False

The core premise of rational choice theory is that people will choose crime if it is economically beneficial

False

There is limited depicting a correlation between aggressive parents and children learning to become aggressive through imitation

False

There is significant evidence of lead-aggression linkage: areas with the highest conventions of lead also report the highest levels of ___

Homicide

A person's ability to intentionally make choices based on free will is referred to as ___

Human agency

According to Sigmund Freud which is the primitive part of an individuals mental makeup present at birth?

ID

What do studies of monozygatic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins indicate?

If one member of a twin pair was delinquent, so was the other, and the effect was greater for MZ twin pairs

According to theorist ___ "utilitarian calculus" is the idea that people choose to act when after weighing costs and benefits they believe that their actions will bring them an increase in pleasure and a reduction of pain

James Bentham

A number of environmental contaminants have been associated with emotional and behavioral disorders. Which of the following has been linked to aggressive behaviors on both a macro or national level and on a micro or individual level?

Lead

Which criminologist believe that criminals could be identified by observing the physical traits of offenders?

Lombroso

According to William Sheldon who believed that that criminals manifest distinct physiques which somatotype was most likely to become criminal?

Mesosphere

Some researchers believe neurological and physical abnormalities are acquired as early as the fetal or prenatal stage and that they control behavior throughout the life span. The study of brain activity is termed ____

Neurophysiology

The view that criminals are not robots who engage in random act of antisocial behavior reflects ___ crime

Offender-specific

Most burglars prefer to commit crimes in neighborhoods that contain a greater than usual number of access streets. These neighborhoods are referred to as ___ neighborhoods

Permeable

The ones of the menstrual cycle triggers excessive amounts of females sex hormones which affect antisocial, aggressive behavior. This condition is commonly referred to as:

Premenstrual syndrome

___ violations involve encounters in which the grievant's essential character has been challenged

Status-based

The ___ develops as result of incorporating moral standards and values within the personality

Superego

Which statement pertaining to the link between lead and crime is inaccurate?

The average blood lead level has increased over the past decade.

According to rational choice theory why might a criminal decide not to commit crime?

The criminal perceives that crime is too risky.

The Kansas City, Missouri, police department's study of patrol effectiveness convinced criminologists that:

The mere presence of patrol officers on the street did not have a deterrent effect

While outwardly considered the most irrational of offenders, serial murders are considered rational killers because:

They pick their targets with care

Beccaria's beliefs and writings about the proportionality of crime and punishment have have been credited as the basis for the elimination of what nineteenth-century particle?

Torture

___ theory is the view that criminality is product of abnormal biological and/or psychological traits

Trait

The view that criminality is a product of abnormal and/or psychological traits is known as:

Trait theory

Some rational choice theorists believe that all criminal behavior, no matter how destructive or seemingly irresponsible, is actually a matter of thought and decision making.

Tre

British philosopher Jeremy Bentham help popularize the view of utilitarianism

True

Sometimes crime-reduction programs may produce a short-term positive effect but benefits dissipate as offenders adjust to new conditions

True

The choice of crime may be ducted by market conditions

True

The faster punishment is applied and the more closely it is linked to the crime the more likely it will serve as a deterrent

True

Trait theories can be dived into two major subdivision: one that stresses psychological functioning and one that stresses biological make-up

True

Biosocial theorists have evaluated the association between violent behavior episodes and hormone levels. Their findings suggests that abnormal levels of which male sex hormones influence the neocortex and have been linked to aggressive behavior?

androgens

John Bowlby is most closely associated with which theory?

attachment

A disorder in which a child shows a developmentally inappropriate lack of attention and excess impulsivity is known as:

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

ADHD is often accompanied by which of the following?

conduct disorder

Well-lit housing projects that maximize surveillance reflect Oscar Newman's concept of _______ that suggests that crime can be prevented via the use of residential architectural designs that reduce criminal opportunity.

defensible space

When an effort to prevent one crime has the unintended consequences of preventing other crimes this is referred to as

diffusion of benefits

Adding a security guard to reduce shoplifting in a department store is an example of a crime:

discourager

Beccaria believed that humans were naturally

egotistical, self-centered

Beccaria believed that criminals chose to commit crime and that criminal choices could be controlled by:

fear of punishment

According to __ punishment has the potential to discourage all individuals in the population from committing crime

general deterrence

The philosophy of justice that asserts that those who violate the rights of others deserve to be punished is known as:

just desserts

the view that intelligence is largely determined genetically and that low intelligence is linked to criminal behavior is referred to as ___

nature theory

Androgens affect the brain structure in the left hemisphere of the:

neocortex

The study of brain activity is called

neurophysiology

____ involves employing the scientific method to produce research findings that can validate a theory.

positivism

The theory of ____ holds that criminal sanctions should be so powerful that known criminals will never repeat their criminal acts

specific deterrence

___ argues that punishing an offender will prevent that offender from committing the same crime again

specific deterrence

It has been argued that declining levels of which hormone help to explain the aging -out process?

testosterone