Criminology

strict libaility

actions that are considered to be criminal regardless of the person's intentions. Examples - statutory rape - selling alcohol to minors - traffic offenses

Tautology (Taut)

'He committed the robbery because he is impulsive and we know he is impulsive because he committed the robbery' = circular logic

Routine Activities Theory

- Ready offender - Suitable target - Absence of guardian

The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) Index includes:

-Murder -Rape -Robbery (taking property through violence) -Assault -Burglary (breaking and entering) -Larceny (taking someone's property) -Auto theft -Arson

What do we measure crime with?

UCR index and NCVS

Causation

a certain result must occur as a result of the crime and not other causes

Peer States

- UK - Germany - Japan

Problems with contemporary rational choice theory

- assumes that all people are rational individuals all the time - But many people doing crimes are intoxicated or psychologically troubled

5 other features of crime

- causation - harm - legality - punishment - attendant circumstances

Personal Crimes

- crime against a person This category of crime includes: - Murder - Forcible rape - Robbery - Aggravated assault - Terrorism

Roper v. Simmons (2005)

-bans death penalty for juveniles

National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

Collected every six months by the US census bureau

PC 187

is the statute outlawing murder

Positivists

believed that the punishment should fit the criminal not the crime

Legality

conduct cannot be considered criminal if there is no law that defines it as criminal

Brady v. Maryland (1963)

requires prosecutors to turn over evidence

Moderately Dangerous Large and Diverse States

- Brazil - Mexico - Russia

Three-strikes laws

-Deterrence -Incapacitation

Exceptions for criminal law

'strict liability' behaviors -Ignorance of the law is no excuse -Statutory rape

Treason and Espionage

- Both of these crimes constitute felony crimes. - Treason occurs when a US citizen assists a foreign government to overthrow, institute a war, or cause injury to the US - espionage consists of collecting, transmitting, and providing information pertaining to the national defense to enemies of the US - Espionage can be committed by either U.S. or non-U.S. citizens.

Classical theory =

pure individual freedom

D. A and B

According to lecture, which of the following are objectives of restorative justice? A. To reinstate the victim to his or her state before the crime occurred B. The hold the offender accountable for his or her crime in a supportive manner C. To incapacitate the offender D. A and B

Attendant Circumstances

Attendant circumstances are external circumstances that surround an event. For example, there are certain states that make it a crime to knowingly perform a lewd act in the presence of a child under the age of 16 years. Thus, one could perform the lewd act, but if it cannot be proved that the act was committed in the presence of a child under the age of 16 years, there would be no crime. The presence of the 16-year old child constitutes the attendant circumstances.

A. Denial of responsibility

During Kawhi's sentencing phase, he decided to testify on his own behalf. In trying to explain why he shot Steph's daughter, Kawhi testified to the following: "Look, I was completely out of it when I did that. I was celebrating with my friends and we got wasted on alcohol and cocaine. I didn't even know what I was doing when I went into that store." According to lecture, which technique of neutralization is Kawhi employing? A. Denial of responsibility B. Appeal to higher loyalties C. Denial of negative intent D. Metaphor of hegemony

Problems with the National Crime Victimization Survey

It relies on subjective respondents, who might exaggerate or mis-remember events or not report because of their own implication in the crime

D. B and C

Katz likes sexual metaphors when talking about crime. Which of the following are ways in which Katz thinks that shoplifting can be understood through a sexual metaphor? A. Shoplifters test out different sexual identities while doing their crimes B. Shoplifters experience a compulsion to obtain and possess the object that has 'seduced' them C. The act of shoplifting always ends either with euphoric success or shameful failure D. B and C

Impulsiveness

Stealing may be taken as an indicator of impulsiveness and impulsiveness given as the reason for stealing

C. Eyehategod is responding to the strain of their inability to achieve conventional goals with conventional means by retreating.

The infamous sludge-metal band eyehategod is known for its members' serious drug addictions and arrests for possession of heroin, as well as a song entitled 'Peace Through Addiction.' In that song, eyehategod advocates using drugs extensively to 'drop out of life' to avoid all of the stresses of work, responsibility, competition, consumerism, pop culture, and essentially everything about mainstream American life—the idea is to abandon the conventional goals of normal Americans and substitute them with the simple, hedonistic and pleasurable necessity of taking heroin every day. If Robert Merton (the originator of strain theory) were to analyze eyehategod, what would he say? A. Eyehategod is responding to the strain of their inability to achieve conventional goals with conventional means by innovating. B. Eyehategod is comprised of evil, selfish, losers who should all be locked up for 20 years. C. Eyehategod is responding to the strain of their inability to achieve conventional goals with conventional means by retreating. D. Eyehategod's music is very noisy and unpleasant—Merton prefers George Gershwin.

Punishment

The law must specify the punishment for the crime. Therefore, if the law fails to specify the punishment, there can be no crime.

Criminalistics

The study of crime detection

B. Because crime creates a sense of solidarity among conformist members of society.

Why did Durkheim believe that crime is functional in societies? A. Because crime operates as a check on monopolies of power at the top of society B. Because crime creates a sense of solidarity among conformist members of society. C. Because a steady crime rate is essential to support the institutions that service crime, maintaining employment in institutions such as courts and prisons. D. All of the above.

B. Decide not to charge Vicky with any crime because there is no mens rea in this case.

You are a prosecutor in San Diego County Superior Court handling major felony trials. You are presented with the following information about a homicide: The deceased, named Julie, was a three-year girl who died of complications due to burns caused by hot water in a bathtub. The deceased's legal guardian is her aunt Vicky, who had taken over care of Julie because her sister Veronica (Julie's mother) was addicted to methamphetamine. Julie lived with Vicky in Vicky's cramped two-bedroom apartment with four other children. Vicky was at home at the time of Julie's death, and told the police that she turned on the bathtub water and left the room, after which Julie fell into the tub on her own. Vicky further reported that when she retrieved Julie from the tub, she did not notice that the child had been burned, and put her in her crib. Vicky reported that Julie did cry in her crib but that Julie cried all the time, so she ignore the baby and went about preparing dinner for the rest of the family. When she found Julie's dead body later, she waited two hours to call the authorities because she had ingested three beers earlier in the evening and was afraid that she would get in trouble. In light of the law, how do you proceed? A. Charge Vicky with first-degree capital murder with the special circumstance of 'child murder.' B. Decide not to charge Vicky with any crime because there is no mens rea in this case. C. Charge Vicky with public drunkenness because you have to charge her with something considering the tragedy of Julie's death. D. Charge Veronica with first-degree capital murder with the special circumstance of 'child murder' for abandoning her daughter to an unsafe home.

Rational choice theory applies well to

corporate crime - E.g., the Ford Motor Company deciding that it would be cheaper to pay for class action suits to Pinto drivers who burned to death than the costs of recalling the Pinto

Populist nationalism borders on

eugenics

Criminology

is the study of crime from four different perspectives. These include legal, political, sociological, and psychological.

Social-process criminology

is the theory that explores how certain individuals become criminals. This theory also takes a look at criminal behavior as a learned behavior; for example, a younger brother learning how to shoplift from an older sibling, or younger gang members learning criminal behavior from seasoned gang members.

Violations/ offenses/ infractions

less serious than misdemeanors and include traffic violations or violations of town or city ordinances Examples: public intoxication, disorderly conduct, traffic violations, littering, jaywalking

Biological theories =

mechanical determinism

Inchoate Offenses

offenses that have not been completed. Like if you wanted to commit burglary but the people came home and you ran away without stealing anything

Biological theorists have argued that

people with low emotional arousal take up risky behavior, including crime, to stimulate their emotional life

Psychological and psychiatric theories try to bridge the gap between

rational choice and biological determinism

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

requires the government to provide counsel to the indigent

Harm

someone must have suffered as a result of the crime

Social-structural criminology

studies how criminal behavior is affected by structures and/or social situations. The idea behind this theory is that crime is a product of the deficiencies in social structure.

Early advocates of biological theories

were Italian phrenologists who thought they could identify criminals by physical features like large jaws or giant ears - Lombroso - This is a form of determinism - Which is exactly the opposite of rational choice theory

Property crime

which are not directed specifically at individual people but aimed at property - Burglary - Larceny-theft - Motor vehicle theft - Arson

Misdemeanor

- less serious crimes - punishable by less than one year imprisonment Examples of misdemeanors include simple assault, simple battery, petty shoplifting, disturbing the peace or writing bad checks

The M'Naughten Rule

- due to a mental impairment (called 'insanity'), the person either: a) did not understand the 'nature and quality' of what he was doing (thought the gun was a banana) b) did not know that his actions were wrong (delusional thinking that shooting someone would save their soul) - Basic premise underlies most insanity doctrines

Positivist Criminology

- The study of criminal behavior based upon external factors - Criminals are born

Why do we need capital punishment?

- Victims deserve retribution -Society needs symbolic cleansing -Some people are so dangerous, the only form of incapacitation is death

Cesare Lombroso

- leader of the positivist theory - He believed that criminals were born, not made, and that crime was a matter of nature, not nurture

Feminist Criminology

- A developing intellectual approach that emphasizes gender issues in criminology. - the study of women and crime

3 Components of crime

- Actus reus - mens rea - concurrence (both the act and mental state to occur at the same time)

Psychoanalytical Theories

- Crime is an expression of buried internal conflicts that result from traumas and deprivations during childhood - Traumatic events that occur during childhood affect the unconscious component of the human mind

Capital punishment

- Empirical research suggests that the DP does not deter - Murderers are rarely rational

Note on profiling

- FBI profiling has a very mixed record - They were wrong about Kaczynski and wrong about the Maryland shooters (John Muhammad and Lee Malvo)

Dangerous States:

- Honduras - El Salvador - Venezuela

Trait Based Theories

- Impulsiveness

Contemporary Policies and Rational Choice

- Incapacitation - Three-strikes laws - Capital punishment

Classical/Rational Choice Theory

- Individuals choose to do crime to obtain benefits - Cost/benefit analysis - Proportionate punishment - Rooted in Enlightenment ideals - Beccaria

Contemporary Rational Choice Theory

- More nuanced than classical theory and argues that a variety of factors play into criminals' decisions to offend -Risk factors -Coping mechanisms

Felonies

- Most serious crimes - punishable by one year or more imprisonment or even death Felony crime includes personal crimes, such as murder, robbery, rape, arson, kidnapping, drug possession, burglary, and aggravated assault.

Data Problems with the UCR

- Only crimes reported to police (maybe 1/3) - Different definitions of crimes - Changing reported crimes to bolster clearance rates - UCR only counts the index crimes, not white collar, environmental, vice, etc.

Biological Theories

- Some human beings have inherent, biological characteristics that lead to criminal acts under certain conditions such as Stress and When reminded of previous trauma

Utilitarianism (Beccaria)

- theory that one is motivated by pleasure and the fear of pain so punishments can be used as a deterrent to crime. - Punishment should increase the overall amount of happiness in the world and create a better society - belief that the government should only legislate in ways that provide the greatest public good

Biological theory- twin study results

- twin and adoption studies are inconclusive as to the criminal influence of genetics - This may be partially due to confounding variables -The effect of adoption institutions - Prenatal problems in the mother that are not genetic but environmental

Criminal law requires that a criminal act have two aspects

-Actus reus (a 'bad act') -Mens rea (a 'guilty mind' or intent)

Problems with Three-strike laws

-Assumes criminals are rational -Over incarceration -Encourages worse behavior to avoid capture -Dubious effectiveness

Harsh punishment is a burden on the state because of

-Collateral effects: •Kids •Disenfranchisement •Work -The 'migratory pattern' between prison and the hood

Psychodynamic theory (Freud)

-Something traumatic took place developmentally that caused psychological disturbances leading to criminal behavior -Somewhat deterministic (although not so much as biological theories)

Incapacitation

-The state prevents an individual from doing crime while he is locked up or dead

Slavery was legal until

1863

Coca-cola was made with cocaine until

1904

Crime decline since

1992

Rape-of-wife was not a crime in the

19th century

Sodomy laws valid until

2003

Approximate number of people under correctional supervision

7 million - 2% of the population is under the control of the state

Crime rates exploded in ____ and continued to rise through the ____

70s; 80s

B. 'Male' values of aggression, competition, domination, individualism, etc. tend to lead to crime

According lecture, which of the following is the basic position of Liberal Feminist Criminology? A. Men are inherently inferior to women B. 'Male' values of aggression, competition, domination, individualism, etc. tend to lead to crime C. Women are inherently meeker and thus less likely to undertake criminal behaviors D. A and B

B. No, because they always eventually run into somebody more badass, or eventually run into the ultimate badass, the state

According to lecture, can people maintain the badass identity? A. Yes, because they become addicted to power. B. No, because they always eventually run into somebody more badass, or eventually run into the ultimate badass, the state C. No because badasses always 'age out' and give up the identity. D. Yes, because once they have internalized the badass identity by marking themselves with icons such as facial tattoos, they become permanent badasses.

D. Because capitalism needs a perpetual supply of unemployed people to be drawn on whenever the competition between employers increases the cost of labor, a surplus population emerges and consists of those who do not contribute to society except to serve as a labor reserve. Because this population is poor and marginalized, its members suffer various deprivations, which can lead to crime.

According to lecture, how does the Marxian notion of surplus population relate to crime? A. The surplus population of any society consists primarily of those persons who are experiencing anomie because they do not have the means to meet societally-approved goals. This situation often leads to adaptation among those in the surplus population from legitimate labor to illegal labor. B. Marx's notion of alienation explains that laborers often resort to crime because of their anger at the capitalists who exploit them. C. Human beings can be understood as analogous to commodities and their use value because persons have different inherent aptitudes, potential, interests, wants and needs. People, like commodities, have inherent differences (and inequalities). But human beings in rational-formal legal systems are turned into abstract juridical subjects with abstract rights. This process is similar to the idea of exchange value. In this analogy, persons are like products—they have inherent (use) value but in rational-formal legal systems obtain abstract rights (exchange value) that do not necessarily correspond to their inherent character. This is alienating because it renders human relations into rather abstract, quantitative terms. D. Because capitalism needs a perpetual supply of unemployed people to be drawn on whenever the competition between employers increases the cost of labor, a surplus population emerges and consists of those who do not contribute to society except to serve as a labor reserve. Because this population is poor and marginalized, its members suffer various deprivations, which can lead to crime.

D. A and B

According to lecture, which of the following scenarios reflect the concept of anomie? A. Same sex marriage causes older, white religious people to think that 'society has gone down the drain. B. The lack of decent-paying jobs in a marginalized community causes the inhabitants of that community to feel frustrated. C. Free higher education in Germany causes most persons in that country to feel satisfied with their access to means to achieve goals. D. A and B

A. They are adapting to strain by rebelling

David is a charismatic 35 year old leader of a small Christian religious sect based in Texas called the 'Branch Davidians.' According to David's teachings, this sect believes God has provided a prophet whose pronouncements are to be regarded on a par with the Bible, and that Christ's death on the cross provided salvation only for those who died before Christ's death. People who have died since then will only be saved through the activities of the current prophet, David himself. The Branch Davidians believe that the 'lamb' mentioned in Revelation 5:2 is not Jesus Christ (as essentially all Christians believe) but is David himself. According to David, his personal actions will bring about Christ's return to earth. Upon Christ's return to earth, a battle will occur in which the Branch Davidians would play a major role and the members alone would ascend to heaven to be with God. David preaches to his followers that they must abandon all attempts to achieve success in mainstream American society and instead take up arms to initiate a conflict which will result in Christ's return to earth. What would a strain theorist say about the Branch Davidians? A. They are adapting to strain by rebelling B. They are adapting to strain by retreating C. They are adapting to strain by innovating D. They are adapting to strain by conforming

D. Because religious and other social institutions promote hegemonic ideologies of individualism and hard work that ultimately protect power relations.

Enrique is an undocumented immigrant from El Salvador living in San Diego. Enrique is trained and has experience as a plumber in San Salvador but is not able to obtain work in his profession in San Diego. Enrique is an ardent Catholic with a strong work ethic, and came to San Diego to pursue better pay for plumbing work than is possible at home in El Salvador. After one year of unemployment, Enrique starts looking for day labor among other day laborers at the Home Depot in Lemon Grove. While standing under the shade of a tree in the parking lot, Enrique is approached by an organizer from the American Communist Party named Karl. Karl argues to Enrique that the power dynamics in the USA inherently prevent Enrique from ever achieving even minimal success. Karl goes on to try to recruit Enrique to join the cause of American Communists to form a revolution and overthrow the dominant capitalist system and replace it with a more equitable communist workers' utopia. After listening politely, Enrique chuckles and tells Karl to move along—he isn't interested. According to lecture, why does Enrique reject Karl? A. Because Salvadorians are suspicious of strangers. B. Because Home Depot is not a good location for talking politics. C. Because Enrique is afraid that Karl might be an undercover US government agent. D. Because religious and other social institutions promote hegemonic ideologies of individualism and hard work that ultimately protect power relations.

3 types of crime

Felonies, misdemeanors and violations/infractions

Different categories of crime include:

Felony crimes Misdemeanor crimes Offenses Treason and espionage Inchoate offenses

D. Because Charlie lacked legitimate means to obtain his goals, he innovated by using illegitimate means to obtain his goals.

Imagine that Charlie is a white UCSD senior who does okay in school but is no valedictorian. Charlie is a first generation college student and grew up with a single mom in a run-down part of Claremont. Charlie's mom took care of him decently, but he never got a lot of bonding from a stable family situation. Charlie ditched school and shoplifted a few times as a teenager, but was never arrested. Charlie has a lot of friends at school, most of who like to party, which mostly means drink beer, but occasionally includes using other drugs such as pot, and rarely ecstasy and cocaine. Charlie and a bunch of his friends decide to go to Las Vegas for New Year's Eve. Charlie and eight of these friends decide to pool their money to procure an ounce of cocaine and twenty tablets of ecstasy for the party. Charlie obtains the drugs with his own money through a family connection and splits up the ounce into eight separate bags which he keeps in his pocket along with the twenty pills. Charlie's plan is to hand out the separate bags of coke among the large crew of friends once they get to Vegas, and once they all chip in with the money they agreed to contribute. On the drive to Vegas, Charlie gets stopped for speeding in Barstow. Because Charlie seems nervous, the officer searches him and finds the eight '8-balls' in his pocket, along with the ecstasy. California law dictates mandatory minimum sentences for possession of one ounce or more of cocaine with intention to distribute. The range of possible sentences is 3-15 years. Since it is his first offense, Charlie agrees to a plea bargain deal with the prosecutor and is sentenced to three years in prison. Charlie has no prior record, but because of the mandatory minimums, he ends up having to serve for two solid years in prison. While locked up, he joins the Nazi Low Riders (NLR), a white prison gang. While in the NLR, Charlie learns a recipe for how to manufacture methamphetamine. When Charlie gets out, he returns to Claremont to live with his single mother again, even though he is now 24 years old. Charlie cannot re-enter UCSD because he can't afford tuition and can't get a student loan due to his status as a convicted felon. Eventually, Charlie gets a job in a warehouse, but the pay is bad. After a few months, another NLR guy gets out and paroles to San Diego. The two get together and start cooking methamphetamine in an apartment they rent in Lakeside. After a couple of months, their neighbors get suspicious from a foul odor and call the police, after which the two are arrested and Charlie gets a long prison sentence for manufacturing methamphetamine, with enhancements for his prior cocaine conviction. What would a strain theorist say about Charlie's story? A. Charlie's crimes can be explained by the government's 'looking the other way' while Nicaraguan Contras shipped massive amounts of cocaine into Southern California. B. After his first arrest, Charlie gave up his 'college partier' attitude and adopted and internalized a hardcore 'criminal' identity. This change in self-image allowed Charlie to move from the relatively harmless practice of 'partying' to the serious and violent world of prison gangs and manufacturing methamphetamine. C. Charlie's criminal behavior can best be explained by his association with different groups—in the first offense, his group of 'partying friends' basically condoned and encouraged his drug behavior; in the second offense, his association with a prison gang influenced his decision to get into methamphetamine. D. Because Charlie lacked legitimate means to obtain his goals, he innovated by using illegitimate means to obtain his goals.

C. Retributive

Imagine that San Diego has experienced a dramatic increase in the trafficking of juvenile girls into prostitution. UCSD researchers studying this phenomenon conclude that the increase is largely due to local gangs transitioning out of drug sales into prostitution. The researchers discover this through confidential interviews with local gang members who inform them that they decided to decrease selling illegal drugs because the penal sanctions were too risky, and that trafficking girls and young woman was much less risky for them. With this knowledge, the San Diego Police Department institutes a new policy of targeting gang members involved in sex trafficking through the use of undercover operations aimed not at the girls and women, but the gang member pimps. After a two year implementation of this policy, the researchers study the results and find that it had zero impact on sex trafficking in San Diego—in other words, the policy did not decrease the numbers of girls and women being trafficked. After the results of the UCSD analysis of the study were reported in the local media, the Chief of Police said: "It doesn't make any difference that our policy of targeting gang members did not decrease trafficking—we will still implement it because these criminals deserve to be punished." According to lecture, which of the following describes the Chief's belief about punishment's purpose? A. Utilitarian B. Deterrence C. Retributive D. Incapacitation

B. The ecological fallacy

Imagine that you are a patrol officer for the San Diego Police Department. Your 'beat' is the Mid City Division, which includes City Heights. Being a good officer, you pay attention to crime trends reported each week in departmental meetings. You recently learned that the rate of methamphetamine use among Asian female teens living is City Heights is approximately 40%. One day while on a late night shift, you notice two young Asian females sitting in a parked car on a side street off of El Cajon Blvd. You decide that this is suspicious so you park behind the car and carefully approach the young women. Both girls appear nervous. When you ask them what they are doing, the one in the driver's seat stares straight ahead and mumbles, "nothing." You respond: "OK, both of you out of the car. Where's the stuff? I know you two are smoking meth." Both girls shake their heads and deny any wrongdoing. You say again: "Listen, I know what's going on in this neighborhood and I know you guys are getting high. Hand over the dope." After a thorough search of the individuals and vehicle, you find nothing illegal. It turns out the girls were just talking. According to lecture, what logical error did you make? A. Tautological thinking B. The ecological fallacy C. The straw man argument D. The red herring

C. Control Theory

Imagine that you are watching the television program Nancy Grace. On this episode, Nancy is discussing the case of Jared Loughner, the shooter of several persons in Tucson Arizona, including U.S. Representative Gabrielle Giffords. One of Nancy's panelists is a the famous criminologist Travis Hirschii. When Nancy asks Dr. Hirschii to explain why Loughner did it, he replies: "Well, from what I can tell, Mr. Loughner must not have formed close bonds with his parents at a young age. When this happens, some people are more likely to engage in criminal behavior." According to lecture, which theory of crime is this criminologist using to explain Loughner's shootings? A. Psychological Theory B. Classical/Rational Choice Theory C. Control Theory D. Techniques of Neutralization

D. Righteous slaughter

One day Donald comes home to his high-rise penthouse apartment to find his wife Ivanka in bed with another man, Bernie. After being discovered, Ivanka yells at Donald, "Hah! I'm glad you found out! You're an old loser who can't perform in bed anyway! Bernie is more man than you'll ever be!" Donald is overcome with humiliation, which quickly turns into intense rage. Without thinking about it, Donald grabs an empty bottle of champagne sitting on the dresser near the bed and bashes Bernie with it, knocking him out. The bottle breaks and Donald immediately attacks Ivanka with the broken glass, slashing her jugular vein and killing her. According to Katz, which type of murder is this? A. Sneaky thrills B. Badass revenge C. Cold-blooded murder D. Righteous slaughter

B. No, because even though Pete may have been very confused and disoriented, this situation was not due to a 'defect of reason' or 'disease of the mind.'

Pete is a frustrated college professor who always wanted to make it as a rock star, but got stuck in an academic job where he is forced to teach and read and write all the time. One night, Pete decides to blow off some steam and 'relive his youth' by going down to the local punk rock bar, the Casbah, to watch a band and drink a few beers. At the show, Pete runs into an old friend from Oakland whose band happens to be playing that night. Against his better judgment, Pete drinks several beers too many, and ends up quite drunk. After the show, Pete's so-called friend brings him in the band van and they all proceed to drink even more alcohol—by now getting deep into a bottle of Maker's Mark whiskey (Pete's old favorite, before he went to grad school). Eventually, Pete and his buddy are completely drunk, passing out in the van in the parking lot. One of the other band members eventually opens the back door of the van and surprises Pete, who is half asleep. Pete jumps up, and in his drunken, half-dreaming state, mistakes the other band member for a dangerous intruder and grabs a guitar and clubs him fatally in the head. Immediately after, Pete realizes what has happened and breaks down into horrified tears while his just-waking buddy calls the ambulance (and police). In light of the M'Naughten doctrine on insanity, should a jury find Pete insane? A. Yes, because Pete thought that the guitar was a banana. B. No, because even though Pete may have been very confused and disoriented, this situation was not due to a 'defect of reason' or 'disease of the mind.' C. Yes, because he did not understand that clubbing the intruder in the head was wrong. D. Yes, because he did not understand the nature and quality of the act that caused the victim's death.

C. Incapacitation

Steph's daughter is murdered by a vicious member of the Raptors (a Toronto gang) named Kawhi. Kawhi brutally shot Steph's daughter during a robbery of a liquor store. Fortunately, Kawhi is caught by the police and brought to trial and charged with capital murder. During the sentencing phase of the trial, Steph testifies to the following about why he wants Kawhi executed: "This person is too dangerous to keep alive. If he is allowed to live, he might attack another inmate or even a guard. In the name of safety, I demand that the state execute him." According to lecture, which theory of punishment is Steph invoking? A. Deterrence B. Retribution C. Incapacitation D. Rehabilitation

D. B and C

Which of the following are examples of robbery? A. Vladimir tells Donald are having dinner in a fine restaurant. Vladimir tells Donald to give him $5, and Donald hands over the cash. B. Vladimir tells Donald are having dinner in a fine restaurant. Vladimir places a small handgun on the table and asks Donald if he happens to have $5 he could borrow, and Donald hands over the cash. C. Vladimir tells Donald are having dinner in a fine restaurant. Vladimir mentions that his friend Ivan happens to be in Donald's apartment having a conversation with Donald's wife, Ivanka. Vlad then wonders if Donald might have $5 he could borrow, and Donald hands over the cash. D. B and C E. None of the above

A. A computer engineer at Intel learns of a secret new technology that will dramatically improve microchip performance that Intel plans to unveil in six months. This engineer tells a stockbroker friend about this situation, who in turn advises his customers to buy Intel stock immediately, which they do.

Which of the following crimes would not be included in the Uniform Crime Reports? A. A computer engineer at Intel learns of a secret new technology that will dramatically improve microchip performance that Intel plans to unveil in six months. This engineer tells a stockbroker friend about this situation, who in turn advises his customers to buy Intel stock immediately, which they do. B. An aging and disgraced football star, along with three large, armed friends, forcibly takes sports memorabilia—at gunpoint—from a man in Las Vegas who legally owns the memorabilia C. A famous record producer fatally shoots a starlet at his mansion in Los Angeles. D. An Olympic ice skater is attacked and beaten on the leg with a metal baton while practicing for a major championship event.

A. When teenagers engage in sneaky thrills such as shoplifting, they invent rules of engagement, boundaries, time constraints, and a sense of winning or losing.

What does Katz mean by the ludic metaphor in the phenomenology of crime? A. When teenagers engage in sneaky thrills such as shoplifting, they invent rules of engagement, boundaries, time constraints, and a sense of winning or losing. B. When badasses rob victims, they engage in a process of interaction and communication. C. When cold-blooded killers murder victims, they construct monstrous identities for themselves and the persons they kill. D. B and C.

A. Wynona learned stealing in interaction with her peers and role models, who collectively shared the view that it is morally acceptable to steal from high end designer companies because those companies are exploitive and have the money to cover the costs anyway.

Wynona is a 44 year old actress living in West Hollywood. Wynona grew up in a hippie commune in Northern California before moving to the Los Angeles area to take up acting. During her youth, Wynona learned that very expensive goods like Hermes scarves and Gucci purses were really just artificially priced products that actually had limited value—they were expensive because people were willing to pay the money for the label. Nevertheless, Wynona developed a powerful desire to possess such items. Wynona's peers and role models all believed that it would be theoretically okay to steal such products as a way of 'getting back at the man' for over-charging so much—especially because companies like Hermes and Gucci had plenty of money to cover some minor losses. Over time, Wynona developed a habit of shoplifting expensive items from designer boutiques because she didn't believe in paying the high prices that she knew were just artificially marked up. Eventually, Wynona got caught attempting to shoplift $5,500 worth of designer clothes and accessories at Saks Fifth Avenue in Beverly Hills and was eventually convicted and sentenced to probation for Grand Theft. If you were to explain this crime using differential association theory which of the following would best express your explanation? A. Wynona learned stealing in interaction with her peers and role models, who collectively shared the view that it is morally acceptable to steal from high end designer companies because those companies are exploitive and have the money to cover the costs anyway. B. Wynona suffered from an 'Oedipus Complex,' meaning a deep psychological conflict about her parents that caused her to 'act out' by seeking attention in criminal activity. C. Wynona's background in a marginalized 'hippie' community means that she is part of a sub-group that giant corporations like Gucci wish to exploit and dominate through the selling of over priced goods. D. A and C.

C. Involvement—because playing basketball is time and energy engaged in conventional activities rather than criminal activities.

You are the new Police Chief of the City of San Diego, and you are confronted with very high crime rates that take place between 10:00pm and 3:00am in Southeast San Diego. Being an enlightened Chief, you have read a lot of criminological theory, including 'Social Control' theory—but you also have a lot of 'street experience.' In order to deal with the late-night crime problem in Southeast, you decide to implement a 'midnight basketball' program, which opens up several gyms in Southeast and creates a league with games taking place from 10:00pm until 3:00am. The idea is to get male teens and young men participating in 'conventional' activities to keep them busy doing positive things rather than hanging out in the street and engaging in crimes such as drug use and sales and gang activities. Which aspect of 'social bond' does your midnight basketball program emphasize? A. Belief—because playing midnight basketball demonstrates young persons' belief in moral rules. B. Attachment—because playing midnight basketball is evidence that young people care about others. C. Involvement—because playing basketball is time and energy engaged in conventional activities rather than criminal activities. D. Impulsivity—because basketball is a very fast-paced, vigorous sport, it allows impulsive youths to 'blow off steam' in a positive way rather than getting in fights.

Different paradigms of criminology

•Rational choice theory •Biological theories •Psychological theories •Social learning theories •Control theory •Structural theories •Conflict or critical theories

4 levels of analysis to explain crime

•The individual (a gang member) •The organization (a gang) •The institution (a school) •The society (neoliberal capitalism)