Crisis Intervention Final

The Stanford Prison Experiment

Also one of the most famous experiments in psychology. Carrying out by Dr. Philip Zimbardo in 1971 at Stanford University. The experiment involved setting up a mock prison and imprisoning volunteer inmates to measure the effects of incarceration on inmate personalities. After six days the experiment had to be discontinued due to unexpected outcomes. To Zimbardo's surprise, the students who were playing the part of prison guard were demonstrating more adverse changes than the inmates, as they began to use abusive and oppressive tactics against the inmates. Once again, this experiment demonstrated the effects of deindividuation, as the students set aside their own moral and ethical standards and adopted the norms and expectations of the group. They began behaving in ways consistent with their perception of normative prison guard behavior.

Psychological First Aid

An alternative to CISD. It is not about having participants verbalize their thoughts and feelings, but about providing various types of support while officers process traumatic events as they normally do. The process has three main goals: 1. Re-create a sense of safety 2. Reestablish meaningful social connections 3. Reestablish a sense of efficacy, or a belief in oneself that they performed appropriately, and that they are capable of returning to their jobs and conducting themselves in a professional manner. The type of support offered depends on the circumstances of the event. It may involve logistical support, a mental health referral, or something as simple as listening while they talk. Or it may involve nothing at all.

Police Trauma Syndrome

Because police and correctional officers don't always easily fit the PTSD diagnosis, Dr. Beverley Anderson (2002) developed the PTS diagnosis. PTS develops over time and follows a particular sequence of stages... • The ROOKIE stage During this stage the officer tries to maintain an ideological view of the job. At this stage they simply repress stress-related emotions in order to maintain what they believe to be the appropriate police image. • The JOHN WAYNE stage During this stage the officer tends to move from repressing emotions to acting out their opposites (reaction-formation). Now they may joke in the presence of dead bodies and project an image of toughness in response to feelings of weakness. • The PROFESSIONAL stage Now they simply deny any emotions. They dehumanize, depersonalize, and desensitize. • The BURNOUT stage Now their defenses are breaking down. Their self-image begins to unravel and they lose their sense of mission and purpose. Intervention is critical at this point. • Police Trauma Syndrome (Symptoms) • Sleep difficulties • Anxiety attacks and depression • Flashbacks and intrusive thoughts • Extreme mood swings with periods of rage • Social isolation • Drug and alcohol abuse • Suicidal ideation

Thought Disorders

Characterized by a person's disordered thinking and a disconnect from reality. Most common type is schizophrenia. • PARANOID Schizophrenia These individuals can be extremely dangerous. Typically fixated on the false belief that someone is out to get them, or that they are being persecuted in some manner. • DISORGANIZED Schizophrenia Typically incoherent. Disorganized speech and behavior are almost always present. Delusions and hallucinations are common. There is typically no consistent theme to their thinking. • CATATONIC Schizophrenia Typically withdrawn and unresponsive. They may show very little movement, and may curl up in a fetal position. They pose essentially no danger to responders. • RESIDUAL Schizophrenia The after effects of a schizophrenic episode. Individuals typically experience depression and a loss of interest in life. Their ability to communicate is greatly diminished. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the APA (DSM-IV-TR), in order to be diagnosed with schizophrenia, a person must demonstrate at least two of the following: • DELUSIONS Delusions of control, Nihilistic delusions, Delusional jealousy, Delusion of guilt or sin, Delusion of mind being read, Delusion of reference, Erotomania, Grandiose delusion, Persecutory delusion, Religious delusion, Somatic delusion • HALLUCINATIONS Auditory or visual/ positive or negative • Disorganized Speech • Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior

Reactive Measures

Crisis Alerts • Code Green - A security officer signals this code when tensions are rising inside the courtroom and the potential for violence is increasing. • Code Blue - Signals violence inside the courtroom, such as a fight. Reinforcements respond quickly and in force. • Code Red - Signals an escaped prisoner. Facility immediately locked down. • Code White - Signals that weapons have been used. Additional officers are able to respond with appropriate caution. • Code Orange - Signals a hostage situation. All security personnel are trained in what to do in the event any of these alerts are sounded. Also, all judges receive the same training, and are able to signal the same alerts, usually through a silent alarm system. All security personnel have communication devices with a central dispatch center. Additionally, in the event of a crisis, there is a predetermined command structure in place. Crisis intervention then = Communication + Command Structure + Response Protocols

The Memphis Model (CIT)

Developed in 1988 to reduce violent encounters between mentally ill individuals and the police. Included the formation of a specially trained crisis intervention team (CIT) to respond to cases involving mentally ill individuals. Team members received training from mental health professionals and family advocates. Goals of the program: • To de-escalate a situation involving a mentally ill individual without the use of force. • To avoid arrest where possible, and divert the individual to needed services. • To work in partnership with community mental health centers and drug-alcohol treatment centers. Benefits that have been seen in Memphis... -Crisis response is immediate -Arrests and use of force have decreased -Underserved consumers are identified and provided services -Patient violence in the ER has decreased -Officers are better trained in de-escalation techniques -Officer injuries have decreased -Officer appreciation in the community has increased -Less "victimless" crime arrests -Decrease in health care liability in jail -Cost savings

Overview for Chapter 12 on Mental Illness

Handling cases involving the mentally ill can be dangerous, both for the police and the mentally ill individuals with whom they come in contact. During the period 1997-2006 there were 1058 officers assaulted in America, and 13 feloniously killed while responding to calls involving mentally ill people. Many, if not most people suffering a mental illness will react negatively to the police, and this reaction tends to cause the police to resort to their training and take a defensive posture, many times resorting to the use of force to de-escalate the situation. • In the first nine months of 2006, the LAPD had 46,129 contacts with people suspected of being mentally ill. Of those, 709 had attempted suicide and 4,686 were taken into custody for an involuntary commitment and psychiatric evaluation. • The Lincoln, Nebraska Police Dept. reported that in 2002 it handled over 1,500 cases involving mentally ill persons, and that it has spent more time on these cases than on burglaries, felony assaults, or traffic accidents involving injuries. • In 2000, officers in Florida transported more than 40,000 people for an involuntary 72-hour psychiatric evaluation. This number exceeded burglaries (26,087) and aggravated assaults (39,120) handled during the same year.

The Waiting Solution

Involves simply waiting out the inmates. One unavoidable reality is that they have no place to go. Best option when there are no hostages or danger to other inmates. • Passive Waiting: Prison officials make no effort to increase the discomfort of the inmates. They provide ample food and water, and respond to inmate needs. Negotiators refuse to discuss issues. • Active Waiting: Prison administrators do make an effort increase the discomfort of the inmates. They may refuse food and water, cut off electricity, or pipe in loud continuous music in an effort to make sleep difficult. They may do this in conjunction with limited negotiations, or they may avoid any negotiations at all.

The Risk Continuum

It is critical that court personnel assess the risk of any given proceeding. This risk assessment is based on a number of factors; • Criminal vs. Civil? • Will victims or their families be present? • Is there a chance for long term incarceration or death? • Is someone losing their property of children? • Does defendant have a violent history? • Has the defendant talked of or attempted escape? • Are there gang affiliations involved?

Communitiy Resources

It is important that all officers have a knowledge of the available resources within their communities. They may include... - Primary care facilities - Counseling centers - Support groups - Advocacy groups - Faith-based providers - Shelters

The Ideologue Follower

Joins the cult because they truly believe in the message being proffered by the group's leader. May be the first to leave when the leader begins to deviate from the original message.

Deindividuation impacts the group dynamic in 3 ways

Less inhibition Heightened responsiveness to external inputs Adherence to group norms

Riot Types

MARTIN & ZIMMERMAN • Environmental conditions • Spontaneity • Conflict • Collective behavior/ Social control • Power vacuum • Rising expectations USEEM & KIMBALL- They look at prison riots in terms of two inmate-related factors. Their inclination to riot relates to the conditions inside the prison. Their ability to riot relates to the ability of the prison administration to control behavior. They provide four classifications. A NEW CLASSIFICATION- this classification scheme looks at inmate motivations for engaging in riot behavior. 1. The GREVIANCE Riot The CONDITIONS grievance riot results from some type of living conditions within the prison. This may be overcrowding, bad food, or lack of clean bed clothes, among other things. The LIFESTYLE grievance riot relates to inmate demands for improved access to religious practices, computers, and job training, to name a few. 2. The RETALIATION Riot- involves an act of vengeance INMATE-DIRECTED riots typically begin with violence. A good example is a gang fight within the prison that erupts into a full blown riot, as one gang attacks the other. STAFF-DIRECTED riot typically involves the taking of hostages, and results from some action taken by staff, such as removing privileges or locking down gang leaders. 3. The POWER Riot Occurs when one person or faction within a gang attempts to take control of the gang (INTRA-group), or one gang attempts to exert its power and control over another (INTER-group). 4. The SYMBOLIC Riot This type of riot occurs when the inmates use the demonstration to show their support for a particular cause or person. In the past, SYMBOLIC riots have occurred in support of civil rights, the anti-war movement, and prison reform. Riots broke out following the death of Martin Luther King, Jr., and prison inmate George Jackson, author of "Soledad Brother." 5. The SPONTANEOUS Riot An unplanned outbreak of rioting that usually begins with an inmate fight or some action by staff. These riots very quickly spin out of control as group behavior and panic quickly overpower rational decision-making by inmates. In the early stages of a spontaneous riot there is typically no one in charge, so it becomes very chaotic.

The Minnesota Model of Assessing Risk

Many courtroom facilities have adopted the Risk Assessment Profile developed by the state of Minnesota Conference of Judges (1997). It begins by looking at the inherent risk level of a proceeding. It then takes into consideration the inherent risk level of the participants to the proceeding. Each proceeding is then assigned a baseline risk level, and this level determines the level of staffing by security personnel. Level 1 - Low Level 2 - Moderate Level 3 - High Level 4 - High (with enhanced security).

The Negotiation Solution

Negotiating with rioting inmates can be attempting as DIRECT NEGOTIATIONS by prison staff, or as THIRD-PARTY NEGOTIATIONS led by an objective negotiator that may even be requested by the inmates. They may be religious leaders, media personnel, or lawyers/ advocates involved in prison reform efforts. This option should not begin until there is some semblance of leadership among the inmates, either an individual or committee. It is important that negotiators not be prison staff in positions of authority, such as wardens, asst. wardens, or commanders. Third-party negotiators can play several roles... • Initiators of conversation - When inmates refuse an dialogue with prison staff, a third-party negotiator may be effective at initiating real dialogue and moving it toward a resolution. • Guarantors to a Promise - They may serve as a witness to bolster the inmates' trust in agreements reached with prison staff. • Mediators - They may take the lead role in negotiations. • Government bargaining chips - If the inmates demand a third-party negotiator, such an agreement may be used to bargain for the release of hostages.

Fear-Driven Panic

No panic will spread quicker if left uncontained. • People tend to become very egocentric as they shift into survival mode to escape the source of the fear. • Containment must be attempted quickly by the police through a high visibility presence to minimize the fear level. • EX: 9/11, yelling "fire" in a theater

Excitement-Driven Panic

Often begins as a celebration following some event, such as a sporting event. • Like the anger-driven panic, this type of panic occurs when individual participants adopt the goals and expectations of the larger group, disregarding their own moral and ethical standards and controls. • Can turn violent if not contained quickly. The police can actually prevent this type of panic through effective proactive tactics, such as saturating potential hotspots with personnel. • EX: Super Bowl celebration in the city streets following the game turns violent as people begin to destroy property.

Desperation-Driven Panic

Often seen following a natural disaster. Spurred on by a lack of resources. • If not contained, can lead to violence as panic increases. • Otherwise peaceful and law-abiding people may loot, riot, or even kill as a result of their heightened egocentricity overpowering their rational judgment and decision-making. • This type of panic will be accelerated if there is a perceived loss of control on the part of the police and other responders. • EX: Hurricane Katrina (New Orleans)

Milgram's Obedience Study

One of the most famous experiments in Psychology. Carried out by Dr. Stanley Milgram at Yale University in 1961. Participants were instructed to administer varying levels of electric shock to another human (an actor...there was no shock) to measure the degree to which they would obey such commands. Many of the participants, in fact almost all of them, willingly complied with their instructions to varying levels. The experiment shows the phenomenon of deindividuation, as participants set aside their own moral and ethical controls in favor of the group's, which in this case was represented by the experiment and the researcher.

Proactive Security Measures

Prisoner Transport - 1. Prisoners should be transported in a caged vehicle with a barrier between them and the security personnel. 2. Each transport should include at least two security personnel. 3. Both the prisoner and the transport vehicle should be fully searched prior to every transport. 4. Prisoners must be kept under observation at all times. 5. Prisoners should never have their restraints removed until safely inside the building and in a secure location. Pre and Post-Hearing Activities 1. Once inside the court facility, detained prisoners should be held in a secure holding cell until being escorted to and from the courtroom. 2. Clothing changes should take place inside the holding cell. 3. At no time should an unrestrained prisoner be left alone with a single security officer. 4. When taken to or from the courtroom, prisoners should be moved in restraints by a secure route, and by at least two security guards. Restraints should not be removed until just outside the courtroom door. Prisoners should not be allowed to talk to anyone but their lawyers and security personnel. Courtroom Security • Level One: No security recommended unless special circumstances call for it. • Level Two: At least one security officer should be present. • level Three: At least two security officers should be present • Level Four: At least three security officers should be present. These requirements are in addition to those security officers escorting and guarding detained prisoners. When detained prisoners are present, facilities follow a one-on-one-plus-one standard. This means that for every detained prisoner, there should be a security officer detailed specifically to them, with at least one additional officer in the courtroom over and above those detailed to protect the courtroom. So for example, a level three hearing with two detained defendants would require 2 courtroom officers plus 2 transport officers plus 1 additional = 5 officers. Inside the courtroom, officers should be positioned to intercept any sudden advances toward the judge, jury, or witness, as well as to block any possible escape routes by a detained defendant.

Mood Disorders

Symptoms include extremes in how the person feels, either extreme agitation, excitement, or depression. DEPRESSION -Depressed most of the day, and almost everyday -Diminished interest in almost all activities -Significant weight change -Insomnia -Feelings of worthlessness -Recurrent thoughts of death -Inability to think rationally People who are severely depressed can be dangerous if they are having thoughts of suicide. They may force the police to use deadly force against them..."suicide by cop." BIPOLAR Disorder A second type of mood disorder, and one that can be extremely dangerous for those who confront people suffering from this disorder, is bipolar disorder, also called manic-depressive disorder. People diagnosed with this disorder will experience periods of elevated mood, energy, and cognition (mania), as well as periods of depression. Typically the two extremes are separated by periods of relatively normal functioning, and psychotic-like features, such as delusions and hallucinations, are sometimes experienced at the extremes.

Warning Signs of Cults

The Canadian Security Intelligence Service Report (1999) lists the following warning signs that a cult may be preparing for violence against its own members or others. • Intensification of illegal activities • Humiliating circumstances • Relocation to a rural area • Increasingly violent rhetoric • Struggle for leadership When a cult leader's prophecy fails, there is a disconfirmed expectancy in the minds of the cult's members (Festinger, 1956). This leads to cognitive dissonance. On one hand they believe in their leader, but on the other they see that the prophecy failed. The danger lies in the leader's efforts to eliminate the dissonance by blaming the failure on an outside source, such as the police, or even certain of their own members. This tends to actually strengthen the members' loyalty to the leader, and may compel them to engage in violent actions.

Critical Incident Stress Debriefing

The debriefing is intended to provide a safe forum for those exposed to a traumatic event to describe and externalize their emotions before they rely on unhealthy defense mechanisms to cope with the stress. The debriefing consists of seven phases... • INTRO phase- During this phase team members attempt to create a safe atmosphere for officers. They introduce themselves and explain how they became part of the team. During this phase officers are also assured of the confidential nature of the meeting. • FACT phase- During this phase each participant in turn discusses their involvement in the matter. This allows officers to begin talking about the event on a cognitive level, and in a non-threatening way. It also reduces self-doubt by providing reassurance to all the officers that things were done properly. • THOUGHT phase- During this phase each participant discusses what they were thinking during the event. It personalizes the event for each officer and prepares the way to discuss their emotions. • REACTION phase- Now the officers begin to explore their emotions during and after the event. This is oftentimes the most threatening point in the debriefing. They are not asked to share their feelings unless they choose to do so. By externalizing these emotions, they can avoid repressing them or dealing with them in unhealthy ways. • SYMPTOM phase- During this phase the officers discuss any changes that have taken place since the event. This is also an educational phase, as team members discuss the effects and symptoms of stress-related disorders. • TEACHING phase- During this phase the officers learn about healthy coping strategies and community resources that are available if needed. • RE-ENTRY phase- A way to gain closure before ending the meeting. Questions are answered, and team members summarize what took place. Participants are encouraged to continue processing the event in healthy ways, and the meeting is concluded.

Types of Mass Panic

The method of containing and de-escalating a mass panic is determined in large part by the underlying factors that led to the crisis. There are four types of mass panic: • Fear-driven panic • Desperation-driven panic • Anger-driven panic • Excitement-driven panic

PTSD

The most common diagnosis given to criminal justice professionals suffering the debilitating effects of accumulated stress and trauma. Came to the forefront of the mental health profession's awareness during and after the Vietnam War. Symptoms include: • Re-experiencing symptoms • Avoidance symptoms • Hyperarousal

Police Response to Cults

The police must recognize the Constitutional rights of cult members to assemble and exercise free speech. Their duty is to protect people from harm, including the cult members themselves. In gathering intelligence on a cult, the police should attempt to ascertain the following: • Type of cult • Guiding doctrines • Trigger event (a major event anticipated by the cult that may trigger violence) • Identity of group's leadership • Source of group's funding • The group's membership • Weapons acquisition • Immediate concerns (allegations of child abuse or neglect, forced detention) The police must avoid any action that could unleash a spiral of amplification, or a confirmation of the group's apocalyptic beliefs that could potentially lead to unnecessary violence on the part of the cult members. We witnessed this at the Branch Davidian compound in Waco, TX in 1993, when the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms executed what was arguably an unnecessary raid that resulted in the deaths of 4 law enforcement officers and nearly 80 members of the group, including children. Following the disaster at Waco, federal guidelines were established by the USDOJ requiring that the following elements be present in any federal law enforcement response to a cult suspected of illegal activity: • A well-equipped and highly skilled tactical team • Trained and experienced negotiators • Behavioral science experts • A command structure

Overview of Police Response to Mass Panic

The police response to mass panic, or potential panic, is critical to containing and de-escalating the event. Either an under-response or an over-response can have deadly implications. Examples: • L.A. riots of 1992: The L.A. under-responded by focusing on containing the riot to a geographic area and not moving in to de-escalate. It became the deadliest riot in U.S. history. • Hurricane Katrina (2005): The lack of response by the New Orleans Police Department set off a desperation-driven riot that led to the deaths of many. • Seattle WTO riots of 1999: The over-response by the Seattle Police Dept. turned a planned peaceful demonstration into an anger-driven riot.

Profiling the Potential Emotional Response of the participants

The potential emotionality of a proceeding serves as a baseline for the deployment of resources. The level of emotionality is determined through intelligence gathering, proceeding type, and past interactions with the participants. -Inconvenience EX: Traffic ticket, most misdemeanor offenses, sentencing to probation for minor offenses, small claims. -Frustration EX: Being sued, Tax court, property disputes, marital disputes, family services hearings. -Fear EX: Typically involves a fear of losing something; child custody, contentious divorces, long-term or death penalty sentencing, losing property to a government entity. -Directed Anger EX: Any proceeding where a participant's anger toward a specific person is apparent; the most contentious divorce cases, cases involving threats against the judge, prosecutors, or cops, family members of victims present, opposing gang members present, anti-government types, volatile civil disputes.

Overview of Chapter 13 The Prison Riot

The prison riot can be a volatile and deadly event. Consider the following: • Attica Correctional Facility, NY (1971) - 39 fatalities, including 10 guards. • McAlester Prison, OK (1973) - 19 fatalities, 24 buildings destroyed. • New Mexico State Penitentiary (1980) - 33 fatalities. • Atlanta Federal Penitentiary (1987) - 1 fatality, nearly entire facility burned down. • Chino Prison, CA (2009) - 249 inmates and 8 prison employees injured. During a prison riot group behavior overpowers any rational attempt by individuals to quell the violence. Those who commit acts of violence during a riot believe they can fade back into the crowd once prison officials regain control. Inmates know that those who cooperate with any post-event investigation do so at great peril. This empowers those who commit acts of violence during the riot. Oftentimes even those who are victims of violence during a riot refuse to cooperate with prison officials.

The Tactical Solution (Tactical Strike and Riot Squad Maneuver)

The tactical solution can involve either a planned TACTICAL STRIKE, or a RIOT SQUAD MANEUVER. This is used when there are hostages, or when vulnerable inmates are in danger of being harmed or killed. A TACTICAL STRIKE is unannounced and makes use of the element of surprise. It is executed quickly to avoid leaders among the inmate population from making plans, and to act before hostages can be separated. Two key elements of the tactical strike • Preparation • Tactical Intelligence (location of hostages, inmate plans, etc.) A RIOT SQUAD MANEUVER does not seek to take advantage of the element of surprise. It is a show of force that is designed to divide, isolate, and intimidate the rioting inmates. It involves a controlled entry into the riot area with a well armed cadre of correctional officers and/or State Police. They move as a group, and carry mostly non-lethal weapons. It is hoped that such a show of force will compel inmates to discontinue their riot. If not, then inmates will be divided, isolated, and restrained by force.

Anxiety Disorders

These disorders are marked by abnormal amounts of fear, worry, or uneasiness. At their extreme, these disorders can include physical symptoms such as chest pains and shortness of breath. A person suffering from a severe anxiety disorder may be entirely unable to function normally without some type of therapeutic intervention, to include medication. If they are in the midst of an anxiety episode, which many of them are during a personal crisis, then they have the capacity to behave in unpredictable and erratic ways, and can be dangerous. - Generalized anxiety disorder - Panic disorder - Obsessive-compulsive disorder - Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - Separation anxiety

The Pragmatist Follower

These members are attracted to the group less by the message and more by the lifestyle. Typically people who have been disenfranchised by the dominant society or have experienced some major problem that left them unable to live on their own and provide for their own sustenance.

The Disordered Follower

These members tend to be emotionally unstable, and may even suffer from any number of psychological disorders. They may have little interest in the group's ideology, or it may reinforce and strengthen their own delusional thought processes.

A Comprehensive Profiling Scheme

This scheme provides a baseline risk level based on all factors; participants, proceeding type, and potential emotionality. Under this scheme there are 15 risk environments, with a predetermined resource allocation for each, with additional resources allocated as needed and as circumstances change.

The Police Response to Mental Illness

Traditionally, the police have had two major problems effecting their response to cases involving the mentally ill: • A lack of training on how to effectively respond to, contain, and de-escalate such a crisis without the need for heightened or deadly force. • The perception among police officers that mentally ill people are always more violent than non-mentally people, a perception that is not necessarily supported by available research. The problems with police training and perceptions come together to cause an officer to immediately enter a situation in a more heightened state of readiness and with an expectation that some level of force will be necessary. The combination of these two reactions only increases the potential for a violent outcome if a confrontation occurs.

The Enforcer

Trusted by the leader to carry out their orders and provide protection. Loyal to the leader, but may not always believe their ideology. Enforcers increase the power of the Leader. They instill paranoia and an uneasy obedience within the group. • Antisocial personality • usually a history of violence • History of risk-taking behaviors • Lack of education • History of employment

Cult Leader

Typically the person who establishes the group, recruits initial members, and develops the cult's ideology. • Charming • Manipulative • Most have juvenile record • Sexually promiscuous • Antisocial/ lack of empathy • Pathological liars

Anger-Driven Panic

Typically violent and dangerous. • Rather than heightened egocentricity, participants may adopt the values and expectations of the larger group. Otherwise non-violent people may engage in violent and destructive activities as moral and ethical controls break down. • Police may de-escalate through the use of force. Their use of force however may potentially cause a peaceful demonstration to turn into a anger-driven panic. • EX: L.A. riots, WTO riots in Seattle.

Trends in Courtroom Safety

Video Arraignment: The court system is limited in its ability to keep a criminal defendant from being present in the courtroom. However during ARRAIGNMENT they are able to. This is typically a very short hearing during which the judge advises the defendant of the charges against them, and asks how they wish to plead. Many jurisdictions are now doing arraignments of detained prisoners via video-conferencing. The defendant never leaves the jail. This reduces the possible danger of bringing unrestrained prisoners into the courtroom at a very early point in their incarceration, a time which is typically very tense as the reality of their circumstances hits them fully. The use of this method has been criticized. New Courthouse Design: New courthouses are being designed with safety in mind. They are designed to maximize the containment of a crisis by: 1. Minimizing opportunities for escape 2. Maximizing the safety of judges 3. Preventing contact between detained prisoners and the public One of the most important elements of design is the flow pattern. This involves circulation patterns inside the building that never cross or comingle. • The Public Circulation System - This system allows for public access through a public entrance to all public service areas inside the building. People move through this zone unescorted. • The Restricted Circulation System - These areas are off limits to the public. It includes courtrooms (locked except during hearings), Judge's chambers, and security officers' areas. This zone includes a secure parking garage for judges, with a secure walkway and elevators between the garage and their chambers. • The Secure Circulation System - This is the zone reserved for prisoner transport. It runs from a secure sally port to holding cells outside the courtrooms. The corresponding walkways and elevators never cross or comingle the other zones. Other Design Considerations • Each courtroom should have a clear separation between the spectator area and the area where the lawyers and participants sit. This may be accomplished with a short partition wall, or even bullet proof glass. • The Judge's bench should of a height and configuration that impedes a hostile advance by someone, and should be equipped with some type of silent duress alarm. • Courtroom furniture should be designed without hidden recesses where guns or other weapons could be hidden.

Types of Cults

Violent Apocalyptic Passive Apocalyptic Social Isolationists New World Order

The Nature and Structure of a Cult

What is a cult? A group of people who abandon their involvement in the dominant culture, and instead affiliate as a subcultural group holding a common belief system and a separatist worldview. In most cases the cult will demonstrate a persecution mentality, and hold to the belief that secrecy and isolation are necessary in order to prevent the dominant culture from taking their children, seizing their assets, and arresting their leaders.

The Riot Response: De-escalation tactics

When a prison riot breaks out, the prison administration has three available options for de-escalation... • The TACTICAL Solution • The NEGOTIATION Solution • The WAITING Solution

Overview of Chapter 14 Crisis in the Courtroom

• Between 1980 and 1993 there 3,096 threatening communications and assaults made against federal judges. • Between 1997 and 1998 there were 700 inappropriate or threatening communications to federal judges. • In a survey of Pennsylvania judges, 12 reported that they had been attacked in their own courtroom, and 533 had been the target of threats. • A Youtube.com search using the terms "courtroom fight" revealed 515 videos. A search using the terms "judge attacked" revealed 1060 videos. • A National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health revealed that Deputy sheriffs and courtroom bailiffs trailed only taxi drivers for the highest workplace homicide rate. • The courtroom is a breeding ground for crisis, as emotions run high, and oftentimes the target of revenge is sitting only feet away. • It is a constant juggling act to protect those in the courtroom without defeating the constitutional principles of a free and open trial, due process for civil litigants, and the ability of a defendant to face his or her accusers as an innocent person till proven guilty. • The courtroom must be free of circumstances that may be considered prejudicial, such as shackles, handcuffs, and even jail clothing while criminal defendants are in the presence of a jury.

De-escalation Techniques

• ENGAGEMENT - Non-threatening approach - Be cognizant of the person's boundaries - Identify self in a calm and professional voice - A simple purpose statement, "I'm only here to help you." • ESTABLISH RAPPORT - Ask their name - Look for a point of connection (i.e., tattoos, sports logo, military, etc.) - Establish trust through honest disclosure • ACTIVE LISTENING - Minimal encouragements - Paraphrasing - Emotion-labeling - Open-ended questions - "I" messages - Effective pauses

The High Cost of Job Related Stress

• From 1990 thru 1998, 22 Chicago police officers committed suicide. • During this same period, 20 LAPD officers killed themselves. • From 1985 to 1998, 87 NYPD officers committed suicide. The rate of suicide is even worse among correctional officers.

Elements of Police Response

• PREPAREDNESS- The less control the police perceive themselves has having, the higher the level of force they will resort to. Being prepared for all potential outcomes increases their perceived level of control, and allows them to contain and de-escalate with less force. • COMMAND AND COMMUNICATION- All components of the police response must have open lines of communication and accurate intelligence and information. Commanders must know what's going on inside the hot zone in order to make appropriate decisions. • CONTINGENCIES- The police response must include plans for any eventual outcome. Mass panics are fluid and unpredictable. As circumstances change, the police must adjust their tactics in order to avoid exacerbating the situation. • RULES OF ENGAGEMENT- The rules and guidelines that determine the collective demeanor the police will take toward the participants in an active or potential mass panic. Anger or Excitement-Driven Panic: The goal of the police response in these cases is to make it readily apparent that the cost of participation will be high. The police proactively address the potential panic with a strong show of force and quick action to prevent a Schelling incident from eliciting violent or destructive group behavior. Fear or Desperation-Driven Panic: The police response must be focused on preventing the level of fear or desperation from rising. They must respond IN force rather than WITH force. They must be non-confrontational, and make use of public relations to bring calm.

Obstacles to a Safe Courtroom

• The Problem of Funding There is a misperception that a courtroom must be a safe place due to the presence of security personnel. Those holding the purse strings are less inclined to appropriate funds. • The Problem of Preparedness In many jurisdictions, courtroom security is carried out by retired police officers who are no longer physically and mentally prepared for the task. There is also a lack of training. • The Problem of Complacency Without constant training, it becomes easy for security personnel, especially in smaller jurisdictions, to become complacent. • The Problem of an Unsafe Infrastructure Many older courts facilities simply were not designed with safety and security in mind.

The Cycle of Negotiation

• The inmates will typically begin with exaggerated demands. The more leverage they have by holding hostages or threatening to destroy property, the more exaggerated the demands will be. •During the initial phase negotiators will be careful not to give in to demands, nor make counter-offers. Their goal will be to get the inmates to think in a realistic manner. Once they do, then they can proceed in one of three directions. 1. Bargaining: The give-and-take of demands and counter-demands to reach mutual agreements. 2. Problem-solving: Working to resolve the inmates' immediate problems to allow them an out to their predicament. Useful in a spontaneous riot when hostages are taken for no apparent reason but panic. 3. Situation Management: When the focus is to de-escalate an active and fluid crisis to get to a point where negotiations can begin One of the tasks of the negotiator is know when an IMPASSE has been reached, and effective negotiations are no longer possible. At this point the negotiator will likely issue an ULTIMATUM. • USE-OF-FORCE ultimatum Rioters must surrender control immediately or else be subjected to an overwhelming amount of force as riot squad members move in. This ultimatum must be used with caution if hostages are being held. • ISSUE ultimatum When an impasse is reached on a particular issue, then the negotiators will announce that the issue is dead and no longer open to discussion. It is hoped that such an ultimatum will cause the inmates to think more rationally.

The Role of Police Culture in Stress

• The police culture is empowered by an us vs. them attitude among officers. This leads to social isolation. • Masculine social structures within the profession create a situation where officers have few viable options for managing their stress, and the options that are selected, such as excessive drinking and aggression, are oftentimes unhealthy and unethical. • The perception is typically such that officers believe that to be effective they must present themselves to the public as fearless, authoritative, and uncompromising. To facilitate this, they adopt a new identity, the police identity. • Correctional officers have their own unique identity that includes the absolute necessity of never showing weakness in front of the inmate population. Obstacles to effectively dealing with stress... • A law enforcement culture that emphasizes strength and control. • Negative perceptions and distrust of mental health providers. • The stigma associated with seeking help. • General concern about loss of privacy. • Embarrassment and shame The police culture is a double-edged sword for those officers who choose to immerse themselves in it. It can bolster an officer's ability to physically protect themselves, but it can just as effectively cause their emotional decline.

The Schelling Incident

• Typically seen in an anger or excitement-driven panic. • Named after Thomas Schelling (1960), the first to describe this dynamic of panic. • It is an incident that acts to initiate the panic and cause participants to abandon their own moral and ethical controls and behave in accordance with the goals and expectations of the larger group. The L.A. Riots of 1992: Incident: The jury's acquittal of the officers charged in the beating of Rodney King. • Schelling incidents can be something as simple as the sound of glass breaking, or perhaps the use of force by police. It serves as a signal to participants that they will not be acting alone.

Types of Stress

• VICARIOUS STRESS Stress that results indirectly from interacting with or observing others in crisis. • OCCUPATIONAL STRESS Stress resulting from the demands, risks, and dangers experienced while on the job. • PROFESSIONAL STRESS Stress resulting from the organizational-logistical demands of the job. Professional stress may be related to the following... • Shift work and its impact on the family • Unproductive management styles • Unnecessary paperwork • Minimal sentences for offenders • Lack of training and equipment • lack of respect by the public • Antagonistic cliques and subcultures • Self-doubts about performance

Deindividuation

• When individual participants immerse themselves in the group to the point of losing their sense of self-identity and becoming anonymous participants with less personal responsibility for their own actions. • The group reaches a COLLECTIVE MIND, and once it does, individuals who have willingly set aside their individuality begin to conform their behavior to the perceived norms of the group. • People are highly suggestive in this state. Deindividuation can spread rapidly, a process known as CONTAGION. • Like the Schelling incident, typically seen in an anger or excitement-driven panic.

Fear and Desperation Driven Panics

• Whereas anger and excitement-driven panics tend to be confrontational toward the police, fear and desperation-driven panics tend to at least start out as non-confrontational toward the police. • Rather than DEINDIVIDUATION, participants in these panics tend to experience HYPER-INDIVIDUATION. Rather than adopting the group's perceived norms and objectives, they take on an everyone-for-themselves mentality as they shift into survival mode. • These panics are typically initiated by a perceived loss of control. Whereas participants in an anger or excitement-driven panic are running toward a target or objective, participants in a fear or desperation-driven panic are running away from a source or circumstance.

Violent Apocalyptic

•Biblical •Quasi-Biblical •Secular Characteristics of Apocalyptic Cults: •Apocalyptic beliefs •Dualism •The persecuted chosen •Imminence •Determinism •Salvation through conflict/ enemy eradication EX: Aum Shrinrikyo (Shoko Asahara)

Passive Apocalyptic

•Biblical •Quasi-Biblical •Secular Characteristics of Apocalyptic Cults: •Apocalyptic beliefs •Dualism •The persecuted chosen •Imminence •Determinism •Salvation through conflict/ enemy eradication EX: Heaven's Gate (Marshall Applewhite)

New World Order Cults

•Cultural •Environmental •Geopolitical •Fantasy These groups wish to re-order society in a particular way that is more consistent with their beliefs. They may engage in violence to bring about their desired change. EX: The Manson Family (Charles Manson)

Social Isolationists

•Polygamist groups •New Age Groups •Wiccan/ Witchcraft/ Satanic groups •Groups espousing adult-child sexual interaction •Alternative religious groups Motivated by their desire to live an isolated existence free of outside influence. They avoid contact with mainstream society to protect their lifestyle and beliefs. EX: The People's Temple (Jim Jones)