Critical Care Chapter 9
Select all of the factors that may predispose the patient to respiratory acidosis.
Central nervous system depression Overdose of sedatives
The nurse is caring for a mechanically ventilated patient and responds to a high inspiratory pressure alarm. Recognizing possible causes for the alarm, the nurse assesses for which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Coughing or attempting to talk Kinks in the ventilator tubing Need for suctioning
The nurse is caring for a mechanically ventilated patient and notes the high pressure alarm sounding. The nurse cannot quickly identify the cause of the alarm and notes the patients oxygen saturation is decreasing and heart rate and respiratory rate are increasing. The nurses priority action is to:
manually ventilate the patient while calling for a respiratory therapist.
The nurse notes that the patients arterial blood gas levels indicate hypoxemia. The patient is not intubated and has a respiratory rate of 22 breaths/min. The nurses first intervention to relieve hypoxemia is to:
notify the provider of values and obtain order for oxygen.
Pulse oximetry measures:
oxygen saturation.
Oxygen saturation (SaO2) represents:
oxygen that is chemically combined with hemoglobin.
Neuromuscular blocking agents are used in the management of some ventilated patients. Their primary mode of action is:
paralysis.
A mode of pressure-targeted ventilation that provides positive pressure to decrease the workload of spontaneous breathing through the endotracheal tube is:
pressure support ventilation.
One of the early signs of the effect of hypoxemia on the nervous system is:
restlessness.
Current guidelines recommend the oral route for endotracheal intubation. The rationale for this recommendation is that nasotracheal intubation is associated with a greater risk for:
sinusitis and infection.
When assessing the patient for hypoxemia, the nurse recognizes that an early sign of the effect of hypoxemia on the cardiovascular system is:
tachycardia.
A patients endotracheal tube is not secured tightly. The respiratory care practitioner assists the nurse in taping the tube. After the tube is retaped, the nurse auscultates the patients lungs and notes that the breath sounds over the left lung fields are absent. The nurse suspects that:
the endotracheal tube is in the right mainstem bronchus.
A patient presents to the emergency department demonstrating agitation and complaining of numbness and tingling in his fingers. His arterial blood gas levels reveal the following: pH 7.51, PaCO2 25, HCO3 25. The nurse interprets these blood gas values as:
uncompensated respiratory alkalosis.
The amount of effort needed to maintain a given level of ventilation is termed:
work of breathing.
A patients ventilator settings are adjusted to treat hypoxemia. The fraction of inspired oxygen is increased from .60 to .70, and the positive end-expiratory pressure is increased from 10 to 15 cm H2O. Shortly after these adjustments, the nurse notes that the patients blood pressure drops from 120/76 mm Hg to 90/60 mm Hg. What is the most likely cause of this decrease in blood pressure?
Decrease in cardiac output
The nurse is assisting with endotracheal intubation and understands correct placement of the endotracheal tube in the trachea would be identified by which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Equal bilateral breath sounds upon auscultation Position above the carina verified by chest x-ray Positive detection of carbon dioxide (CO2) through CO2 detector devices
Which of the following devices is best suited to deliver 65% oxygen to a patient who is spontaneously breathing?
Face mask with non-rebreathing reservoir
A 53-year-old, 80-kg patient is admitted to the cardiac surgical intensive care unit after cardiac surgery. Four hours after admission to the surgical intensive care unit at 4 PM, the patient has stable vital signs and normal arterial blood gases (ABGs), and is placed on a T-piece for ventilatory weaning. During the nurses 7 PM (1900) assessment, the patient is restless, heart rate has increased to 110 beats/min, respirations are 36 breaths/min, and blood pressure is 156/98 mm Hg. The cardiac monitor shows sinus tachycardia with 10 premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) per minute. Pulmonary artery pressures are elevated. The nurse suctions the patient and obtains pink, frothy secretions. Loud crackles are audible throughout lung fields. The nurse notifies the physician, who orders an ABG analysis, electrolyte levels, and a portable chest x-ray study. How does the nurse interpret the following blood gas levels? pH 7.28 PaCO2 46 mm Hg Bicarbonate 22 mEq/L PaO2 58 mm Hg O2 saturation 88%
Hypoxemia and uncompensated respiratory acidosis
A patient is being mechanically ventilated in the synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation mode at a rate of 4 breaths/min. His spontaneous respirations are 12 breaths/min. He receives a dose of morphine sulfate, and his respirations decrease to 4 breaths/min. What adjustments may need to be made to the patients ventilator settings?
Increase the synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation respiratory rate.
A 53-year-old, 80-kg patient is admitted to the cardiac surgical intensive care unit after cardiac surgery. Four hours after admission to the surgical intensive care unit at 4 PM, the patient has stable vital signs and normal arterial blood gases (ABGs) and is placed on a T-piece for ventilatory weaning. During the nurses 7 PM (1900) assessment, the patient is restless, heart rate has increased to 110 beats/min, respirations are 36 breaths/min, and blood pressure is 156/98 mm Hg. The cardiac monitor shows sinus tachycardia with 10 premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) per minute. Pulmonary artery pressures are elevated. The nurse suctions the patient and obtains pink, frothy secretions. Loud crackles are audible throughout lung fields. The nurse notifies the physician, who orders an ABG analysis, electrolyte levels, and a portable chest x-ray study. In communicating with the physician, which statement indicates the nurse understands what is likely occurring with the patient?
My assessment indicates potential fluid overload.
A 53-year-old, 80-kg patient is admitted to the cardiac surgical intensive care unit after cardiac surgery with the following arterial blood gas (ABG) levels. What is the nurses interpretation of these values? pH 7.4 PaCO2 40 mm Hg Bicarbonate 24 mEq/L PaO2 95 mm Hg O2 saturation 97% Respirations 20 breaths per minute
Normal ABG values
A patient is being mechanically ventilated in the synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation mode at a rate of 4 breaths/min. His spontaneous respirations are 12 breaths/min. He receives a dose of morphine sulfate, and his respirations decrease to 4 breaths/min. Which acid-base disturbance will likely occur?
Respiratory acidosis
The physician orders the following mechanical ventilation settings for a patient who weighs 75 kg. The patients spontaneous respiratory rate is 22 breaths/min. What arterial blood gas abnormality may occur if the patient continues to be tachypneic at these ventilator settings? Settings: Tidal volume: 600 mL (8 mL per kg) FiO2: 0.5 Respiratory rate: 14 breaths/min Mode assist/control Positive end-expiratory pressure: 10 cm H2O
Respiratory alkalosis
The nurse is caring for a mechanically ventilated patient. The physicians are considering performing a tracheostomy because the patient is having difficulty weaning from mechanical ventilation. Related to tracheostomy, the nurse understands which of the following?
The greatest risk after a percutaneous tracheostomy is accidental decannulation.
. Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is a mode of ventilatory assistance that produces the following condition:
There is pressure remaining in the lungs at the end of expiration that is measured in cm H2O.
A patient has coronary artery bypass graft surgery and is transported to the surgical intensive care unit at noon. He is placed on mechanical ventilation. Interpret his initial arterial blood gas levels: pH 7.31 PaCO2 48 mm Hg Bicarbonate 22 mEq/L PaO2 115 mm Hg O2 saturation 99%
Uncompensated respiratory acidosis; hyperoxygenated
The nurse is caring for a patient who is mechanically ventilated. As part of the nursing care, the nurse understands that:
communication with intubated patients is often difficult.
The nurse is assessing the exhaled tidal volume (EVT) in a mechanically ventilated patient. The rationale for this assessment is to:
compare the tidal volume delivered with the tidal volume prescribed.
A patient is having difficulty weaning from mechanical ventilation. The nurse assesses the patient for a potential cause of this difficult weaning, which includes:
hemoglobin of 8 g/dL.
A PaCO2 of 48 mm Hg is associated with:
hypoventilation.
A 65-year-old patient is admitted to the progressive care unit with a diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia. The patient has a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and diabetes. A set of arterial blood gases obtained on admission without supplemental oxygen shows pH 7.35; PaCO2 55 mm Hg; bicarbonate 30 mEq/L; PaO2 65 mm Hg. These blood gases reflect:
hypoxemia and compensated respiratory acidosis.
A patients status worsens and needs mechanical ventilation. The pulmonologist wants the patient to receive 10 breaths/min from the ventilator but wants to encourage the patient to breathe spontaneously in between the mechanical breaths at his own tidal volume. This mode of ventilation is called:
intermittent mandatory ventilation
The nurse is caring for a patient with an endotracheal tube. The nurse understands that endotracheal suctioning is needed to facilitate removal of secretions and that the procedure:
is done as indicated by patient assessment.
The nurse is caring for a patient whose ventilator settings include 15 cm H2O of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). The nurse understands that although beneficial, PEEP may result in:
low cardiac output secondary to increased intrathoracic pressure