Critical thinking Chapter 3

If we're in Los Angeles then we are in the united states. we are in the United states so we are in Los Angeles.

Affirming the consequent

Since we're in India, we are in Calcutta, since we are in India if we are in Calcutta

Affirming the consequent

we're in Berlin, given that if we are in Berlin, then we are in Germany, and we are in Germany.

Affirming the consequent

Gold Cinemas sells caramel popcorn. Treatz, like Gold cinemas, is a popular movie theater. Therefore, Treatz also sells caramel popcorn. This is an example of an argument.

Analogy

she is our new mathematics teacher. Mr. Winter, the Liberian, told me so yesterday. what type of argument is this?

Argument from auhority

An argument that states a claim and then supports that claim by citing some presumed authority or witness who has said that the claim is true is know as an argument from

Authority

How does the principle of charity foster goodwill?

By insisting that arguments of others should be treated as generously as our own arguments.

If we re in Paris, then we are in France. If we're in France them we are in Europe. So if we are in Paris, then we are in Europe

Chain Argument

If we're in Toronto, then we are in Canada. So, because if we are in Canada, we are in North America, if we are in Toronto, then we are North America

Chain Argument

All inductive generalizations are inductive. Some inductive generalizations are unreliable. Therefore, some inductive arguments are unreliable.

Deductive

Arguments that try to prove their conclusions with rigorous, inescapable logic are know as ----argument.

Deductive

Because x=5 and y=17, then x+y=22.

Deductive

Hughie is the father of Louie. It follows that Hughie is the grandfather of Dewy because Louie is the father of Dewey

Deductive

If Steve is 48 years old and Pam is exactly 19 years younger than Steve, it necessarily follows that Pam is 29 years old.

Deductive

If my car is out of gas it won't start. My car won't start. Therefore it is out of gas.

Deductive

If we re in London, then we're in England. WE are not in England. so we are not in London.

Deductive

Joan is an extravert. It follows that she is outgoing.

Deductive

The burglar is tall and thin. Duncan is short and fat. Obviously, therefore, Duncan isn't the burglar.

Deductive

The murder did not occur in the Library. If Adler was the murderer, then the weapon was a revolver. Either Hope was the murdered, or Adler was. If hope was the murderer, then the murder took place in the library. Conclusion: Adler was the murderer and the weapon was a revolver.

Deductive

This tree is deciduous. It must be the case, therefore, that it periodically sheds its leaves.

Deductive

Whatever the Church teaches as infallible doctrine is true. The church teaches as an infallible doctrine that God is eternal. therefore God is eternal.

Deductive

since a statement that follows by definition is necessarily true if the relevant definition is true, arguments from the definition are always

Deductive

Jane has a husband. It can be concluded, therefore, that Jane is married. This is an example of an argument from

Definition

If we're in Houston, then we are in the United States. We are not in Houston, so we are not in the United States.

Denying the Antecedent

we are not in Mexico, because if we re in Mexico City we are in Mexico and we are not in Mexico city

Denying the Antecedent

Either Sally or Andy is going to the restaurant with Megan, Andy said he is not going to the restaurant with Megan. So it follows that Sally is going to the restaurant with Megan. This is an argument by.

Elimination

A syllogism that contains at least one conditional premise is known as a syllogism

Hypothetical

I Andy wants to lose weight, he should exercise. Andy does want to lose weight. Therefore, Andy should exercise. What type of syllogism this?

Hypothetical syllogism

According to the New York Public Library Desk Reference, the pop-up toaster was invented by Charles Strite in 1927. The New York Public Library Desk Reference is a highly reliable reference work. Therefore, it's reasonable to believe that Charles Strite did invent the pop-up toaster in 1927.

Inductive

According to the New York Public Library Desk Reference, the pop-up toaster was invented by Charles Strite in 1927. the New York Public Library Desk Reference is a highly reliable reference work. therefore. its reasonable to believe that Charles Strite did invent the pop-up toaster in 1927.

Inductive

All previous observed polar bears have weighed less than 1,500 pounds. Therefore, all polar bears probably weigh less than 1,500 pounds.

Inductive

Five alleged eyewitnesses have testified that they saw Frank Lane stab Melissa Jenkins. So, Frank Lane did stab Melissa Jenkins.

Inductive

If it rains, the game will be postponed until next Saturday. According to the National Weather Service there's a 90 percent chance of rain. Therefore, probably the game will be postponed until next Saturday.

Inductive

Klaus ingested a large dose of rat poison just before he died. Therefore, the rat poison must have caused Klaus' death.

Inductive

Klaus ingested a large dose of rat poison just before he died. Therefore, the rat poison must have caused Klaus's death

Inductive

On Monday I ate at the Sizzling Wok Restaurant in Fresno, and the food was good. On Tuesday I ate at the Sizzling Wok Restaurant in San Francisco, and the food was good. Therefore, if I eat at the Sizzling Wok Restaurant in San Diego today, the food will also be good.

Inductive

Seventy three percent of Ft. Gibson residents enjoy fishing. Lonnie is a Ft. Gibson resident. So it's likely that Lonnie enjoys fishing.

Inductive

Seventy-three percent of Ft. Gibson residents enjoy fishing. Lonnie is a Ft. Gibson resident. So, it's likely that Lonnie enjoy fishing.

Inductive

Studies show that between 35 and 45 percent of marriages end in divorce. Therefore, one should not enter into marriage lightly.

Inductive

Tiger Woods is one of the best golfers in the world. Melvin Rumsley has never played golf in his life. It is certain, therefore, that Melvin Rumsley could never beat Tiger Woods in a round of golf.

Inductive

Wexford College won the NCAA Division III national championship in football last year, and eighteen of its twenty-two starting players are returning this year. It's a good bet, therefore, that they will win the national championship again this year.

Inductive

Yale is an Ivy League school, and is has a good library. Harvard is an Ivy League school, and it has a good library. Therefore, because Brown is an Ivy League school, it must have a good library, too.

Inductive

the sign says it is seven miles to Lake Arrowhead. Therefore, it is approximately seven miles to Lake Arrowhead.

Inductive

According to a survey, 80% of children dislike milk, Bill is a child therefore Bill probably dislikes milk. which type of argument is this?

Inductive argument

My European neighbors are tall. My European colleagues are tall. European actors are tall. So, all Europeans are probably tall. This is an example of an

Inductive generalization

If bigfoot is human then bigfoot has a heart. Bigfoot is not human. so bigfoot doesn't have a heart.

Invalid

If he loves me then he gives me flowers. He gives me flowers. So he loves me.

Invalid

If we're a the North's pole then we're on Earth. We are on Earth. Therefore, we're at the Norths Pole.

Invalid

John was in Britain when Mary died in Hong Kong. So Mary could not have been killed by John.

Invalid

Simba is a lion, Necessrly, therfore, Simba must have four legs.

Invalid

There were only two rabbits in the room last week. No rabbit has left the room since then. Therefore they are only two rabbits in the room now.

Invalid

If I am a mango then a fruit. I am not a mango. So I am not a fruit. Which type of argument is this?

Invalid argument

Lincoln was president from 1861-1865 so all persons born during Lincoln's presidency were born in the 19th century.

It is a deductive argument that moves from particular premises to a general conclusion.

I fell asleep as soon as my head hit the pillow. I must have been tired. This casual argument should be treated as inductive because.

It is not 100 percent certain that tiredness caused the arguer to fall asleep

If we're in Shanghai, then we are in China. So we are in China because we are in Shanghai

Modus Ponens

If we're in the United States then we are on Earth. We are in the United States. So we are on Earth

Modus Ponens

If we're in London, then we're in England. We are not in England. So we are not in London

Modus Tollens

Arguments having a statement about what may or will happen in the future and that is defined with reasons are known as arguments.

Predictive

The test is based on the idea that when interpreting an unclear argument or passage. the speaker or writer would always be given the benefit of the doubt is known as the

Principle of charity

All humans are mammals. Julia is a human. therefore, Julia is a mammal this is an example ----deductive argument

Sound

According to the 2011 census, around 80 percent of indians are hindus. Ravi is an Indian. so, Ravi is probably a Hindu. What ype of argment is this.

Statistical argument

I ate an apple. Therefore, I ate a fruit. According to the strict necessity test, this is an example of a deductive argument because/

The argument conclusion does not have any logical contradiction with the premise.

Thomas is an 80-year-old man. therefore Thomas can't swim continuously for two hours. The idea that this argument should be considered to be inductive on is supported by which test?

The strict necessity test

All whales have wings. Moby does not have wings so Moby is not a whale

Valid

If time travel is possible. we couldn't have lots of time travel visitors from the future. so time travel is not possible

Valid

Jen is either in San Diego or in Tokyo, Since she is not in Tokyo, she is in Dan Diego

Valid

deductive argument

an argument that reasons from known premises to an inevitable conclusion

A similarity between modus ponens and modus tollens arguments is that both

are logically reliable patterns of deductive reasoning

some biscuits are crakers. All crakers are salty. therefore some biscuits are salty. this is an example

categorical

If A then B. If B then C. therefore, if A then C. Arguments that follow this general pattern are known as ----arguments.

chain

Arguments that follow a modus ponens pattern or reasoning should always be considered to be

deductive

I am 10 years old. My sister is 15 years old. Therefore, my sister is five years older than me". This argument based on mathematics should be treated as an argument.

deductive

An example of a deduction indicator word is

definelty

John shot himself in the head. So John is dead

invalid

A phrase that is almost always an indicator of deductive arguments is

it is logical to conclude that

inductive argument

reasoning from individual observations or events to conclude a general principle

I gave my mother a rose for her birthday. So I game my mother a flower. We can concluded that this is an example of a deductive argument by applying the

strict necessity

It has snowed in Canada every December for the last several years. So, it will probably snow in Canada next December. This is an inductive argument

strong

What makes an argument deductive or inductive is

the type of support the premises claim to provide for the conclusion.

A Feature of arguments based on mathematics is that

their conclusions depend entirely on mathematical calculations and measurements.