Cross-Cultural Psych Exam 2

why is studying acculturation hard?

1. Move for different reasons: to study, jobs, escape oppression/violence; so these different reasons will affect people's experiences. 2. Cultures are varied: people move to [and from] different places, so the cultures could have similar values or traditions or could be different, or could be rural vs. urban. 3. Individual differences: personality, age, social support.

U-curve pattern of acculturation

Honeymoon: initial couple weeks or months, feelings of happy or excited. Culture shock: feelings of anxious, confused, depressed, lonely, homesick, irritable, frustrated. Adjustment: feelings of connected, secure, part of community.

authoritative parenting

child-centered approach where parents hold high expectations of the maturity of their children, try to understand children's feelings, and teach them how to regulate those feelings, encourages children to be independent while maintaining limits and controls on their behaviors, associated with parental warmth and responsiveness and democratic reasoning. [more like mom]

what was Whiting and Whiting's six cultural study?

dealt with anthropologists who collected field data in Mexico, India, Kenya, USA, Okinawa, and Philippines. and the goal was to examine child rearing and how that was associated with children's behavior in varied cultural contexts. The methods use were both naturalistic observation and in depth interviews [most consistent with indigenous cultural study]

culture shock

feeling of being anxious, helpless, irritable, and in general homesick that one experiences on moving to a new culture.

prefigurative culture

idea that there is fast culture change, so high peer influence, so "children teach elders" --Would say that the U.S. could be this because of all the technology changes that it's more the younger generations teaching the older about how to use the technology.

configurative cultures

idea that there is moderate change, so moderate peer influence, so "adults and peers teach children"

postfigurative culture

idea that there is slow culture change, so low peer influence, so "elders teach children"

with the culture and siblings, learning norm study, what do you think about if it is universal?

in class we discussed this and I would say that it really depends because it may be the same in some aspects in some cultures, but different in others and you have to also consider the idea of age difference, number of siblings, gender of each sibling, ect.

authoritarian parenting

involves high demands on children, with strict rules, and little open dialogue between parent and child, often has low levels of warmth or responsiveness by the parents to the child's protests.

what does observing parents let us understand about culture and how it is learned?

it allows us to understand the essence of a culture, how cultural rules and values are reinforced and how they are passed on from generation to generation.

L-curve pattern of acculturation

like the U curve but don't curve up at the adjustment phase because you never really adjust where you feel connected and secure.

permissive parenting

parents being very involved with their children with much express parental warmth and responsiveness, but placing few limits and controls on their children's behavior. [like they are your friend]

Acculturation

the process by which people move to, learn, and internalize a new culture that is different from their original [or heritage] culture. Involves adopting a new culture's values, norms, and traditions. -Often involves psychological adjustments and acculturative stress. -This can be a big move [like Canada to South America] or can be smaller [Madison to LA]. -There have been lots of studies done but there are limits with it so there are very few results, but have a general two patterns, so the U-pattern, or the L-pattern.

what are Microsystems?

these consist of the ring closest to the indicudal and includes like family, school, friends, things that impact you on a more day to day basis.

what is a sibling?

this can vary in cultures, so in some cultures it refers to family members who are biological related to you and [potentially that you share a parent with], but in other cultures it could also include non biological related people so ex: half siblings, step siblings.

Systematic Examination

this deals with whiting and whitings 6 cultural study -this was looking at environmental contexts and how did that lead to how the household was structured/ parenting ways, and then how did that lead to a child's behavior. -results: it appeared that environments shape how household structure is set which has an effect on children's behavior.

learning norms and how this relates to culture and siblings?

this is a study that looked at gender norms and it followed sibling over one year and found that younger siblings tended to model older siblings in terms of: 1. Gender role attitudes [who should be nurse, doctor, ect], 2. Gendered personality traits [who should be brave, caring, ect], 3. Gender stereotypical leisure behaviors [activities each gender should do]

how does culture relate to siblings?

this is the idea that siblings seems to play a part in how individuals learn culture. -Whiting and Whiting's 6 culture study found that siblings were present an equal or greater amount than parents in all of the cultures involved except for the U.S. --Siblings take on many roles: Tutors, buddies/ playmates, caretakers, ect.

how do peers play a role in the idea of learning culture?

this looks at what extent do peers influence another; so researchers say that it may depend on how rapidly culture is changing, and they cam up with 3 stages associated with this idea.

Diana Baumrind's Parenting Styles

this was a study that stated that there are strategies that parents employ in their child rearing and then these speak to the general emotional environment that children are raised in and it is also related to how parents react/ respond to their children. There are 3 styles from this and there seems to be some universality but in different cultures some may be viewed better than others and some may have different degrees to what tends to work fro children in those different cultures.

explain how culture is learned

through both enculturation and socialization agents, the idea of all these circle around the individual and culture is the farthest one out and then all these things in the other circles teach culture to you.