CSC401 - Introduction to Programming, Ch2 - CSC401, CSC 401 Test 2, python, Python Programming Review, Introduction to Computer Programming: Python, Python Programming Test, Introduction to Python 3 Programming, Introduction to Programming in Python...
Which mathematical operator is used to raise five to the second power in Python?
**
Algebraic Operators
+, -, *, /, //, %, **
Algebraic Expression
- 3 + 7 - 2 * 3 + 1 - 14//3 - 2**4
Python Data Types
- Integer - Floating point - Boolean - String - List
Algebraic Funtions
- abs() - min() - max()
Boolean Operators
- and - or - not
String Operators
- in - not in - s * n, n * s - s + t - s[i]
Constructors
- int() - float() - str() - list()
List Functions
- len(lst) - min(lst) - max(lst) - sum(lst)
List Methods
- lst.append(item) - lst.count(item) - lst.index(item) - lst.insert(index, item) - lst.pop() - lst.remove(item) - lst.reverse() - lst.sort()
List Operators
- x in lst - x not in lst - lstA + lstB - lst * n, n * lst - lst[i]
for num in range(4):
0, 1, 2, 3
After the execution of the following statement, the variable price will reference the value _____. price = int(68.549)
68
When applying the .3f formatting specifier to the following number, 76.15854, the result is _______________.
76.159
Comparison Operators
>, <, ==, >=, <=, !=
Implicit Type Conversion
>>> 3 + 0.35 3.35
float
A Python data type which stores floating-point numbers. Floating-point numbers are stored internally in two parts: a base and an exponent. When printed in the standard format, they look like decimal numbers
true
A Python int can represent indefinitely large numbers
quotation marks or apostrophes (single quotes)
A Python string literal is always enclosed in
boolean
A Python variable which can only have two values, True or False. These True of False values reduce down to a 1 or 0, on or off.
While Loops
A While loop permits code to execute repeatedly until a certain condition is met. This is useful if the number of iterations required to complete a task is unknown prior to flow entering the loop.
Function
A ________ definition is a sequence of statements that defines a new command
dictionary
A collection of key/value pairs that maps from keys to values.
Compiler
A complex computer program that takes another program written in a high-level language and translates it into an equivalent program in the machine language of some computer
loops
A control structure for controlling the path through the code called ______. There are often times in our programs when we want to do something over and over and over until some condition is met.
True
A counted loop is designed to iterate a specific number of times
sequence
A data type that is made up of elements organized linearly, with each element accessed by an integer index.
Interpreter
A program that simulates a computer that understands a high-level language which analyzes and executes the source code instruction by instruction as necessary
compiler
A program that takes source code and converts it to machine code by producing a separate file.
interpreter
A program that takes source code and translates it to machine code when that code is needed.
understand the problem
A programmer's most important task before planning the logic of a program is to:
interpreted programming
A programming language for which most of its implementations execute instructions directly, without previously compiling a program into machine-language instructions.
high-level language
A programming language like Python that is designed to be easy for humans to read and write.
sytax
A programming language's rules are it's:
subprogram
A section of a computer program that is stored only once but can be used when required at several different points in the program, thus saving space. Also called a procedure or function.
algorithm
A set of commands that returns a value. This differs from a procedure, which is a set of commands that doesn't necessarily have to return a value.
algorithm
A set of specific steps for solving a category of problems
Statement:
A single line of Python code.
pixel
A single point on a graphics screen is called a
True
A single point on a graphics screen is called a pixel.
microprocessors
CPUs located on small chips
x = float(x) print(x)
Cast the string "x" as a float (take the value at the x location, convert it to a float, and return it back to the x location.)
mutation
Change or cause to change in form or nature
attributes
Characteristics of an object which may be used to reference other objects or save object state information.
source code
Code written in a specific language like Java, C++, Ruby, or Python. This code would be converted to machine code at or before running.
False
Comments make a program more efficient (T/F)
high-level computer languages
Computer languages designed to be used and understood by humans
software
Computer programs are also known as:
When the + operator is used with two strings, it performs string _______________.
Concatenation
A(n) ??-controlled loop causes a statement or set of statements to repeat as long as a condition is true.
Condition
What type of loop structure repeats the code based on the value of the Boolean expression
Condition-controlled loop
True/False: According to the behavior of integer division, when an integer is divided by an integer, the result will be a float.
False
True/False: In Python, an infinite loop usually occurs when the computer accesses the wrong memory address.
False
True/False: Python allows you to compare strings, but it is not case sensitive.
False
True/False: Python formats all floating-point numbers to two decimal places when outputting using the print statement.
False
True/False: The Python language is not sensitive to block structuring of code.
False
_____ is the process of inspecting data that has been input to a program to make sure it is valid before it is used in a computation.
Input validation
true
Instance variables are used to store data inside an object
immutable
Not able to change in form or nature
In Python, the variable in the for clause is referred to as the _____ because it is the target of an assignment at the beginning of each loop iteration.
Target Variable
memory
Temporary, internal storage
CPU
The "brain" of the computer is the
format operator
The % operator takes a format string and a tuple of values and generates a string by inserting the data values into the format string at the appropriate locations.
logical operators
The AND and OR operators. The important property they have which is different from other operators is that the second operand expression is evaluated only when necessary.
methods
The set of messages that an object responds to are called the ______ of the object
True
The split method breaks a string into a list of substrings, and join does the opposite
Any computer can carry out the same tasks as any other computer
The statement "All computers have the same power" means:
false
The statement myShape.move(10,20) moves myShape to the point (10,20)
{}
The string "slots" that are fulled in by the format method are marked by
syntax
The structure of a program
counted loop
The template for <variable> in range(<expr>) describes a
a generic sentinel value
The term "eof" represents:
batch
The term for a program that does its I/O with files is
flowcharts and pseudo-code
The two most commonly used tools for planning a program's logic are:
Numeric constant
The value 3 is a ______.
24
The value of 4! is
string
The value of this variable type doesn't necessary need to be a letter. We can also have ______s that are numbers.
Garbage
The value stored in an uninitialized variable is ______?
int(some_number)
The variable "some_number" holds a floating point number. What expression gives the value of some_number as an int?
cast
There are times when you will want to take a variable that is one type and make it behave like it's a different type. We call this ______ing. For example, if you have a string and you want to be a number, you would ______ it as a float.
True/False: A better way to repeatedly perform an operation is to write the statements for the task once, and then place the statements in a loop that will repeat the statements as many times as necessary.
True
True/False: An action in a single alternative decision structure is performed only when the condition is true.
True
True/False: Both of the following for clauses would generate the same number of loop iterations: 'for num in range(4):' for num in range(1,5):
True
True/False: Computer programs typically perform three steps: Input is received, some process is performed on the input, and output is produced.
True
True/False: Expressions that are tested by the if statement are called Boolean expressions.
True
True/False: In Python, print statements written on separate lines do not necessarily output on separate lines.
True
True/False: In flowcharting, the decision structure and the repetition structure both use the diamond symbol to represent the condition that is tested.
True
True/False: Nested decision structures are one way to test more than one condition.
True
True/False: Python allows programmers to break a statement into multiple lines.
True
True/False: RAM is a volatile memory used for temporary storage while a program is running.
True
True/False: The CPU understands instructions written in a binary machine language.
True
True/False: The \t escape character causes the output to skip over to the next horizontal tab.
True
True/False: The first line in the while loop is referred to as the condition clause.
True
variables can be reassigned?
True
False
True or False: A chaotic function can't be computed by a computer
False
True or False: Computer science is the study of computers
Syntax
_______ of a language is its form
Semantics
_______ of a language is its meaning
loop
a control construct for executing portions of a program multiple times
input file
a file from which data is read
output file
a file that data is written to
method
a function that belongs to an object
true
a hardware float can represent a larger range of values than a hardware int
arithmetic operators
a mathematical function that takes two operands and performs a calculation on them. Examples: +, -, *, **, %, /, //
argument
a value provided to a function when the function is called. This value is assigned to the corresponding parameter in the function.
high-level language
allows simple creation of powerful and complex programs
sets
an abstract data type that can store certain values, without any particular order, and no repeated values
end-line comment
appears at the end of a line of code
Language design binding
bounding a symbol to an operation
main
by convention, the statements of a program are often placed in a function called
main function
called when the program starts
secondary storage
can hold data for long periods of time
direct access
can jump directly to any piece of data in the file
data types
categorize value in memory; int, float, str
turtle.pencolor('blue')
changes the color drawn to blue
turtle.fillcolor('green')
changes the color used for filling shapes to green
turtle.heading(90)
changes the heading of the turtle to north or up
turtle.shape('turtle')
changes the shape of the turtle to a turtle
low-level language
close in nature to machine language
_______________ are notes of explanation that document lines or sections of a program.
comments
input device
component that collects the data Ex. keyboards, mouse, touch screen, camera
A(n) _______________ expression is made up of two or more Boolean expressions.
compound
true
computers represent numbers using base 2 representations
In a decision structure, the action is _______________ executed because it is performed only when a certain condition is true.
conditionally
operator
constructs which behave generally like functions, but which differ syntactically or semantically from usual functions. Examples: arithmetic (addition with +, comparison with >) and logical operations (such as AND or &&)
string
contains a string of letters
text file
contains data that has been encoded as text
binary file
contains data that has not been converted to text
A(n) _____ structure is a logical design that controls the order in which a set of statements execute.
control
upper
converts all the characters of a string to upper case
str
converts to a string
The _______________ is the part of a computer that actually runs programs and is the most important component in a computer.
cpu
argument
data given to a function
output
data produced by the computer for other people or devices
operand
data that may have operators performed upon it. Example: 2 + 3 The numbers 2 and 3 here are operands and are performing addition through the use of the + operator.
input
data the computer collects from people and other devices
Python uses _______________ to categorize values in memory.
data types
short circuit evaluation
deciding the value of a compound Boolean expression after evaluating only one sub expression
Write a function named powers() that takes a positive integer n as input and prints, on the screen, all the powers of 2 from 2^1 to 2^n.
def powers(n): for i in range(1,n+1): print(2**i)
keyword
define the language's syntax rules and structure, and they cannot be used as variable names
digital
describes any device that stores data as binary numbers
relational operator
determines whether a specific relationship exists between two values Ex. <
flowchart
diagram that graphically depicts the steps in a program
In flowcharting, the _______________ symbol is used to represent a Boolean expression.
diamond
types of secondary storage
disk drive, solid state drive, flash memory, optical devices
print function
displays output on the screen
bit
electrical component that can hold positive or negative charge, like on/off switch
In a print statement, you can set the _____ argument to a space or empty string to stop the output from advancing to a new line.
end
==
equal to
traceback
error message that gives information regarding line numbers that caused the exception
exception
error that occurs while a program is running
value-returning function
executes the statements it contains, and then returns a value back to the statement that called it
Boolean expression
expression tested by if statement to determine if it is true or false
True
expressions are built from literals, variables, and operators
pseudocode
fake code
sequential access
file read sequentially from beginning to end, can't skip ahead
After the execution of the following statement, the variable sold will reference the numeric literal value as a(n) _____ data type: sold = 256.752
float
Iterate through list "pets" through the indexes
for i in range(len(pets)): #i is assigned 0, 1, 2... print(pets[p]) #print object at index i
output device
formats and presents output Ex. video display, printers
The _______________ specifier is a special set of characters that specify how a value should be formatted.
formatting
Distinguish method vs. a built in function
function has curly braces after it, method has .'dot' notation.
raw_input()
function that enabled the user to insert their string. Now obsolete
input()
function that enables user to insert data as a string
assignment statement
gives value to a variable
>
greater than
>=
greater than or equal to
The term _______________ refers to all of the physical devices that a computer is made of.
hardware
win = GraphWin("MyWindow")
how would you create a 200x200 graphics window titled MyWindow?
Python provides a special version of a decision structure known as the _______________ statement, which makes the logic of the nested decision structure simpler to write
if elif else
A(n) _______________ statement will execute one block of statements if its condition is true, or another block if its condition is false.
if/else
True
in Python, x = x + 1 is a legal statement
ints to floats
in a mixed-type expression involving ints and floats, Python will convert from ____ to _____
comment
in a program that is meant for other programmers (or anyone reading the source code) and has no effect on the execution of the program
statement
individual instruction used in high-level language
The _____ function reads a piece of data that has been entered at the keyboard and returns that piece of data, as a string, back to the program.
input
The _____ built-in function is used to read a number that has been typed on the keyboard.
input()
input validation
inspecting input before it is processed by the program
statement
instruction that the Python interpreter can execute
integer vs. float
integer is a number w/out a decimal; float is a number with a decimal
The Python _______________ is a program that can read Python programming statements and execute them.
interpreter
The Python _______________ is a program that can read Python programming statements and execute them.
interpreter or console
count-controlled loop
iterates a specific number of times
byte
just enough memory to store a letter or small number, divided into 8 bits
False
keywords make good variable names
How do you identify the length of a list?
len(list)
<
less than
<=
less than or equal to
turtle.penup()
lifts the pen to stop drawing
In Python, a comma-separated sequence of data items that are enclosed in a set of brackets is called a _____.
list
What type of error produces incorrect results but does not prevent the program from running?
logic
control structure
logical design that controls order in which set of statements execute
infinite loop
loop that does not have a way of stopping
nested loop
loop that is contained inside another loop
reassignment operators
makes an assignment to an existing variable. Examples: +=, -=, *=, /=
repetition structure
makes computer repeat included code as necessary
indentations in python
mean that there is a code block
The % symbol is the remainder operator and it is also known as the _______________ operator.
modulus
turtle.forward(50)
moves a turtle forward 50 units
variable
name that refers to a value
variable
name that represents a value stored in the computer memory
!=
not equal
comments
notes of explanation within a program
numeric literal
number written in a program
iteration
one execution of the body of a loop
false
operations like addition and subtraction are defined in the math library
logical operators
operators that can be used to create complex Boolean expressions Ex. and, or
operators
perform operations on data
programmer
person who can design, create, and test computer programs aka software developer
function
piece of prewritten code that performs an operation
turtle.dot()
places a dot on the screen
key words
predefined words used to write program in high-level language
syntax error
prevents code from being translated
"reading data from"
process of retrieving data from a file
A(n) _______________ is a set of instructions that a computer follows to perform a task.
program
modularized program
program wherein each task within the program is in its own function
system software
programs that control and manage basic operations of a computer
application software
programs that make computers useful for every day tasks
What is the informal language that programmers use to create models of programs that have no syntax rules and are not meant to be compiled or executed?
pseudocode
turtle.stamp()
puts a stamp down in the current shape
turtle.pendown()
puts the pen down so the turtle can draw
How do you iterate through a list by index instead of value?
range(len(list))
readline method
reads a line from the file
read method
reads entire file contents into memory
garbage collection
removal of values that are no longer referenced by variables
"writing data to"
saving data on a file
In _______________ mode, the interpreter reads the contents of a file that contains Python statements and executes each statement.
script
string
sequence of characters that is used as data
program
set of instructions that a computer follows to perform a task aka software
syntax
set of rules to be followed when writing a program
sequence structure
set of statements that execute in the order they appear
algorithm
set of well-defined logical steps that must be taken to perform a task
void function
simply executes the statements it contains and then terminates
Programs are commonly referred to as
software
operators
special tokens that represent computations like addition, multiplication and division
sentinel
special value that marks the end of a sequence of items
design structure
specific actions performed only if a condition exists aka selection structure
source code
statements written by programmer
mode
string specifying how the file will be opened Ex. 'r' 'w' 'a'
string literal
string that appears in actual code of a program
for
the Python keyword that proceeds a block of code to loop through a series of statements.
false
the int data type is identical to the mathematical concept of an integer
semantic
the meaning of a program
true
the number of possible rearrangements of n items is equal to n!
central processing unit (CPU)
the part of the computer that actually runs programs. the most important component
accumulator
the pattern used to compute factorial is
hardware
the physical devices that make up a computer
square root
the sqrt function computes the _____ of a number
target variable
the variable which is the target of the assignment at the beginning of each iteration
iterate
to say or do again
math operator
tool for performing calculations
Which of the following represents an example to calculate the sum of the numbers (accumulator)?
total += number
upper-left
traditionally, the ___________ corner of a graphics window has coordinates (0,0)
interpreter
translates and executes instructions in high-level language program
assembler
translates assembly language to machine language for execution by CPU
compiler
translates high-level language program into separate machine language programs
Boolean variable can reference one of two values: _____.
true or false
turtle.left(25)
turns a turtle left 25 degrees
dual alternative decision structure
two possible paths of execution Ex. if, else
Language Implementation binding
type sizes vary from machine to machine but are bounded when the compiler is installed
assignment statement
used to create a variable and make it reference data
open function
used to open a file
compiler
used to translate high-level language into machine language
assembly language
uses short words (mnemonics) for instructions instead of binary numbers
operands
values surrounding operator
A(n) _______________ is a name that represents a value stored in the computer's memory.
variable
abs
what is not a Python type-conversion?
Circle(Point(50,50),10).draw(win)
what statement would draw a circle of radius 10 and centered at (50,50) in a graphics window win?
from mymodule import *
what statement would import all the components of a library named mymodule ?
Lifetime
when a variable exists in a program
main memory
where computer stores a program while program is running, and data used by the program aka Random Access Memory (RAM)
What is the format for the while clause in Python
while condition : statement
while loop
while condition is true, do something
Assignment Statement
x = 4
sort method
x.sort() method is used to sort a list.
exponentation
z = a**2 print(z)
addition, multiplication, division
z2 = a + (b * z) / a print(z2)
int
A Python data type that holds positive and negative whole numbers
comments
Are intended for human readers, ignored by Python, and begin with a # sign
for loop
Executes a block once for each element of a collection.
False
Are programmers comments required to create a runnable program or a form of external documentation? (T/F)
false
The process of associating a file with an object in a program is called "reading" the file
specification
The process of describing exactly what a computer program will do to solve a problem is called
Input Process Output
The program pattern IPO stands for:
Divisions has higher precedence than subtraction
Which of the following is true about arithmetic precedence?
for loops
"for x in list_name" ... applies something to every item in a list
if mpg < 15: print("uber polluter") elif mpg > 30: print("nice job") else: print("not bad")
#if mpg < 15, print uber polluter #if mpg > 30, print nice job #if mpg between 15 and 30, print not bad
modulus operator
%, works on integers (and integer expressions) and gives the remainder when the first number is divided by the second
list
''A variable type which can store multiple items together as one variable, and each of those items can actually have different types. For example, the first item could be integer, second item a float, and third item a string. myList = [4, 6.5, 'a'] print(myList) ''' myList has three items in and to access each individual item, we use the index of the item. Indexing starts at 0, so the first item is myList[0], the second is myList[1], and the third is myList[2] ''' print(myList[0]) print(myList[1]) print(myList[2])
Boolean Expression
2 < 3 True
What will the statement 'for num in range(2, 9, 2)' produce
2, 4, 6, 8
If value1 is 2.0 and value2 is 12, what is the output of the following command? print(value1 * value2)
24.0
The program development cycle is made up of _____ steps that are repeated until no errors can be found in the program.
3
List
A Python data type that holds an ordered collection of values, which can be of any type. This is equivalant to an "array" in many other languages. Python lists are "mutable," implying that they can be changed once created.
module
A file containing definitions and statements intended to be imported by other programs.
inheritance
A form of code reuse. We can create a new class, but instead of writing it from scratch, we can base it on an existing class.
constructor
A function that creates a new instance of a class is called
boolean function
A function that returns a Boolean value. The only possible values of the bool type are False and True.
A function to display the output of a program. Using the parenthesized version is arguably more consistent.
A function used in a program or script that causes the Python interpreter to display a value on its output device.
Pixels
A graphics display is composed of a grid of very small picture elements whose color can be controlled. This elements are called:
false
A graphics window always has the title "Graphics Window"
block
A group of consecutive statements with the same indentation.
Which routines call which other routines.
A hierarchy chart tells you ______.
Prompt
A message that asks a user for input is a ______?
dot-notation
A method is invoked using what?
mutator
A method that changes the state of an object is called a(n)
accessor
A method that returns the value of an object's instance variable is called
Python
A modern programming language named after Monty Python
list
A mutable collection of objects. The elements in a list can be of any type, including other lists.
file
A named entity, usually stored on a hard drive, floppy disk, or CD-ROM, that contains a stream of characters.
function
A named sequence of statements that performs some useful operation.
function
A named sequence of statements that performs some useful operation. Functions may or may not take parameters and may or may not produce a result
It's not practical to solve
A problem is intractable when
validator
A program or service that checks for syntax errors prior to execution
Programming environment
A special computer program that provides facilities to make programming easier
a complete computer command
A statement is
two-way decision
A statement that can have two outcomes. An example would be an if/else statement.
conditional statement
A statement that controls the flow of execution depending on some condition. In Python the keywords if, elif, and else are used for conditional statements.
variable
A storage location paired with an associated name or reference. The assigned name is used to reference the data.
false
A string always contains a single line of text
Unicode
A successor to ASCII that includes characters from (nearly) all written language is
range
A type of collection that is a sequence of numbers, such as 1,2,3,4,5.
iterator
A type of loop in Python that uses the keyword "for."
GUI (graphical user interface)
A user interface organized around visual elements and user action is called a(n)
GUI
A user interface organized around visual elements and user interactions is called?
Boolean
A value that is either True or False
local variable
A variable defined inside a function. A local variable can only be used inside its function. Parameters of a function are also a special kind of local variable.
Compile time binding
A variable is bound to a type when a program is compiled
float
A variable type containing a decimal point
integer
A variable type that holds whole numbers
The scope of the variable
A variable's data type describes all of the following except _______?
integer
A whole number (not a fraction) that can be positive, negative, or zero
true
ACSII is a standard for representing characters using numeric codes
indexing
Accessing a single character out of a string is called
The variable used to keep the running total
Accumulator
true
Aliasing occurs when two variables refer to the same object
main memory
All information that a computer is currently working on is stored in
APL Precedence rules
All operators has the same precedence
high-level
An English-like programming language such as Java or Visual Basic is a ____ programming language
True
An algorithm can be written without using a programming language
recipe
An algorithm is like a
semantic error
An error in a program that makes it do something other than what the programmer intended.
syntax error
An error in a program that makes it impossible to parse — and therefore impossible to interpret.
runtime error
An error that does not occur until the program has started to execute but that prevents the program from continuing.
boolean expression
An expression that is either true or false.
variable
An identifier that labels a value for future reference
data and operations
An object combines;
integer division
An operation that divides one integer by another and yields an integer.
integer division
An operation that divides one integer by another and yields an integer. Integer division yields only the whole number of times that the numerator is divisible by the denominator and discards any remainder.
expression
Any Python construct that has a value
The programmer's focus differs
As compared to procedural programming, with object-oriented programming, ______.
Dynamic Scope
Based on the calling sequence of subprograms
open
Before reading or writing to a file, a file object must be created via
32
Consider the following program: def main(): >>>num = eval(input("Enter a number: ") >>>for i in range(5): >>>>>>num = num // 2 >>>print(num) main() Suppose the input to this program is 1024, what is the output?
while loop
Continues to execute a block of code as long as a test expression is True.
x = int(x) print(x)
Convert the existing value of x to an integer x. If x has a decimal, it will be truncated, and you will be left with the whole number portion only.
What type of loop structure repeats the code a specific number of times
Count-controlled loop
myBool = True print(myBool)
Create a boolean variable that is set to true (case sensitive)
input
Data that is passed into a procedure
def
Defines a function
function
Defines a function in Python.a named section of a program that performs a specific task
code modularity
Dividing software or an application into smaller modules. This provides prewritten code which saves resources and provides greater manageability.
Which of the following is considered to be the world's first programmable electronic computer
ENIAC
Local variable
Every module has all of the following except ________?
Import Python's random number generator. Generate a random number, then prompt the user to guess a number between 0 and 100. If the guess was too high or too low, tell them, and prompt them to guess again. If the guess was correct, tell them, "that's it. the number was ___."
Explain the steps below: import random number = random.randint(0,100) guess = int(input("Guess a number between 0 and 100: ")) numFound = False while numFound == False: if guess > number: print("You guessed too high") guess = int(input("Guess again: ")) elif guess < number: print("You guessed too low") guess = int(input("Guess again: ")) else: print("That's it. The number was ", number) numFound = True
In Python, you would use the ?? statement to write a count-controlled loop.
For
How do you iterate through a list?
For Loop! scores = [1,2,3,4] for s in scores: print(s)
F = 9/5(C) + 32
Formula for converting Celsius into Fahrenheit
expressions
Fragments of code that produce new data values are called:
A(n) ?? validation loop is sometimes called an error trap or an error handler.
Input
Functions
Functions are a convenient way to divide your code into useful blocks, allowing us to order our code, make it more readable, reuse it and save some time. Also functions are a key way to define interfaces so programmers can share their code.
numbers = range(1,6)
Generate the sequence of numbers 1,2,3,4,5.
radius = 10 area = 3.14 * radius**2 circ = 2 * 3.14 * radius print("the area is:",area) print("the circumference is:",circ)
Given a circle with a radius of 10 units. Calculate the area and circumference ("circ") of the circle. The formula for area is a = pi*r^2 The formula for circumference is 2*pi*r
C All statements that are part of the true path are indented the same amount. Correct
How do you let Python know to execute multiple statements if the condition of an if statement is true? A All statements that are part of the true path are enclosed in curly braces ({ }) B All statements that are part of the true path end with a colon (:) C All statements that are part of the true path are indented the same amount. D Python doesn't allow you to execute more than one statement when the condition evaluates to true.
abs (p1.getX() - p2.getX()))
How would you compute the horizontal distance between points p1 and p2?
library
Huge amounts of code already written, already tested, ready for you to link to and use within your programs. Also called frameworks.
The output of the following print statement is: print ('I\'m ready to begin')
I'm ready to begin
spaces
Identifiers in Python may not contain:
The _______________ statement is used to create a decision structure.
If
C __init__ Correct
If you were asked to write a class named Car, which of the following would be the name of the constructor function? A Car Although Car is the name of our class, Python requires that every class use the keyword __init__ as its constructor's name. The correct answer is: __init__. Incorrect B __Car__ C __init__ D CarConstructor
import random number = random.randint(0,100) guess = int(input("Guess a number between 0 and 100: "))
Import Python's random number generator. Generate a random number, then prompt the user to guess a number between 0 and 100.
true
In Python "4" + "5" is "45"
true
In Python, 4+5 produces the same result type as 4.0+5.0
input
In Python, getting user input is done with a special expression called
processing
In a flowchart, a rectangle represents:
False
In a flowchart, diamonds are used to show statements, and rectangles are used for decision points
grammar
In a programming language like Python, these are the rules that the code must adhere to. When not followed, the interpreter will return a Syntax Error message. This means that the structure of the code is inconsistent with the rules of the programming language. Proper formatting for an expression would be: Expression -> Expression Operator Expression
diamond
In flowcharts, the decision symbol is a:
uses memory
In modern Python, an int value that grows larger than the underlying hardware int does what?
In scope
In most modern programming languages, a variable or constant that is declared in a module is _______ in that module.
print(myList[0])
Index the first item in the list "myList"
C sleep( ).
In order to have your program pause during execution, you use which of the following methods from the time module? A pause( ). B wait( ). C sleep( ). D hold( ).
an import statement
In order to use functions in the math library, a program must include
statements
In programming languages, these are like sentences in English. They use words, numbers, and punctuation to express one thought.
function
In programming, this is a named section of a program that performs a specific task. It only executes when invoked. Is able to both take inputs and provide outputs.
data
Information that is stored and manipulated by computers is called
Issue with Dynamic Type Binding
Its hard to find serious errors
Different type of bindings
Language design binding Language implementation binding Compile time binding Load time binding Link time binding
number
Legal Identifiers cannot start with a
Issues with Dynamic Scope
Less type checking Less reliable
Secondary memory
Magnetic or optical media are generally used for:
Where does a computer store a program and the data that the program is working with while the program is running?
Main memory
RAM (Random Access Memory)
Main memory is also called
using a sequence of bits, using binary representation, and also using only zeroes and ones.
Modern digital computers represent numbers in what ways? (3 ways)
for x in range(1,6): print(x * 2)
Multiply each number ("x") within the given range (of 1 to 5) by 2.
Attributes of a Variable
Name Address Type Value Scope Lifetime
multiplication
Name that operation. z = a*b print(z)
division
Name the operation. a = 5 b = 6 c = a / b (Note: c is a floating point number)
Objects
Objects are an encapsulation of variables and functions into a single entity. Objects get their variables and functions from classes. Classes are essentially a template to create your objects.
slicing
Obtaining a subset of data from a string, array, or list. You may have also heard this called string extraction. In Python you would do this: <String>[<Start Number>:<Stop Number>] = <String>
A compiler is no longer needed after a program is translated.
One difference between a compiler and an interpreter is:
myList = ['a', 2, 'puppies', 4] for item in myList: print(item)
One of the other collection types we saw was a list. In a list, it's a collection of items that can be of different types and we can iterate over the list in the same way that we iterate over a string or a sequence of numbers. For example...
element
One of the values in a list (or other sequence). The bracket operator selects elements of a list.
conditional statement
One program structure within another, such as a conditional statement inside a branch of another conditional statement
When using the _____ operator, one or both subexpressions must be true for the compound expression to be true.
Or
PEMDAS
Order of operations that Python follows
a is greater than or equal to 4
Output for the following: a = 5 if a < 4: print("a is less than 4") else: print("a is greater than or equal to 4")
procedure
Takes in inputs, does some processing, and produces outputs. This differs from an algorithm, because the processing simply has to execute a set of commands and doesn't necessarily have to return a value.
a = 5 if 4 <= a <= 10: print("a is between 4 and 10") else: print("a is < 4 or > 10")
Print "a is between 4 and 10" or "a is < 4 or > 10" when a equals 5.
while my_str != "d" and my_str != "g": print("not a valid selection")
Print "not a valid selection" if my_str is unequal to d and g.
seconds = 200 mins = int(seconds / 60) s = seconds % 60 print("200 seconds is ",mins, " mins and ", s, "seconds")
Print 200 seconds as a mixed expression of minutes and seconds.
myList = [4, 6.5, 'a'] print(myList)
Print the list "myList," with values of 4, 6.5, and 'a' respectively.
b = 6 print(b)
Print the value of a variable "b" that equals 6.
x = 0 while x < 5: x = x + 1 print(x)
Print x as "x+1" as long as x is less than 5.
False
Printing summaries is a typical housekeeping task. (T/F)
Call
Programmers say that one module can ______ another; meaning that the first module causes the second module to execute.
False
Programs no longer require modification after they are written and debugged
loop
Provide a way to evaluate the same block of code an arbitrary number of times
dictionary
Provides a mapping between keys, which can be values of any immutable type, and values, which can be any value. Because this is implemented using a hash table, the time to lookup a value does not increase (significantly) even when the number of keys increases.
Functions
Python builds functions using the syntax: def function_name(variable): Functions can be stand-alone or can return values. Functions can also contain other functions.
False
Python does not allow the input of multiple values with a single statement
True
Python identifiers must start with a letter or underscore
Why use classes?
Python is an object-oriented programming language, which means it manipulates programming constructs called objects. You can think of an object as a single data structure that contains data as well as functions
mutable
Python lists are _______, but strings are not
+, -, *, /
Python operators that perform mathematical operations.
What symbol is used to mark the beginning and end of a string?
Quotation
Main memory is commonly known as _______________.
RAM
What type of volatile memory is usually used only for temporary storage while running a program?
RAM
exception
Raised by the runtime system if something goes wrong while the program is running.
The ?? function is a built-in function that generates a list of integer values.
Range
if a == 3: print("a equals 3")
Relational operators all perform the same task of specifying a relation in an if statement, that is then evaluated to be true or false For example, to check if a is equal to 3, you use...
A(n) ?? structure causes a statement or set of statements to execute repeatedly.
Repetition
What is the structure that causes a statement or a set of statements to execute repeatedly?
Repetition
Class
Same as data type
Static Scope
Scope rules are determined prior to execution
string
Sequence of characters surrounded by quotes
false
Since floating point numbers are extremely accurate, they should generally be used instead of integers
return
Specifies the value to be outputted by a function back to its function call
Classes of variable Lifetime
Static Stack-Dynamic Explicit Heap Dynamic Implicit Heap Dynamic
Data Type
String, Int, Float, Boolean
Strings
Strings store characters and have many built-in convenience methods that let you modify their content.
the value contains 10
Suppose a program executes the following statement: >>>value = eval(input("Enter a number: ")) In response to the prompt, the user types 5 + 5. What is the result?
x = x + 5
Suppose that the variable x currently has the value 20. What statement would cause the value of x to become 25?
10 and 10
Suppose the variable x has the value 5 and y has the value 10. After executing these statements: >>> x = y >>> y = x what will the values of x and y be, respectively?
10 and 5
Suppose the variable x has the value 5 and y has the value 10. After executing these statements: >>> x, y = y, x what will the values of x and y be, respectively?
hello()
Suppose we interactively define a new function as follows: def hello(): print("Hello") print("Computers are fun") What would you type to invoke (run) this function?
The Python reserved word for performing output to the screen is:
clone
The _____ method is provided to make a copy of a graphics object
print()
The ______ statement is a command built in to Python. When you run the .py file, the Python interpreter knows to display whatever is contained between the ().
append
The _______ method can be used to add an item to the end of a list
is a binary operator
The assignment operator _____.
False
The best way to write a program is to immediately type in some code and then debug it until it works
True
The detail loop in a typical program will execute the most. (T/F)
Method & procedure
The following are terms used as a synonym for module in some programming languages.
The range() Function
The range() function returns a list of integers, the sequence of which is defined by the arguments passed to it. Used in for loops.
To make names easier to read, separate long names by using underscores or capitalization for each new word.
The following is valid advice for naming variables?
an expression that returns the result of evaluating what the user types
The fragment of code eval(input("Enter a number: ")) is best describes as:
What can be computed?
The fundamental question of computer science is
To create an algorithm that solves the problem
The goal of the design phase of the software development process is:
To determine what the program should do
The goal of the specification phase of the software development process is:
arguments
The inputs to a procedure. (may also be called parameters)
parameters
The inputs to a procedure. There can be any number of parameters, including none. (may also be called arguments)
parameters
The items listed in the parentheses of a function definition are called
s-1
The last character of a string s is at position
input, processing, and output
The major computer operations include:
getMouse()
The method in the graphics library used to get a mouse click is
False
The method in the graphics library used to get a mouse click is readMouse.
Functional cohesion
The more that a module's statements contribute to the job, the greater the ________ of the module.
float
The most appropriate data type for storing the value of pi is
translate programming language statements into machine language
The most important task of a compiler or interpreter is to:
32
The number of distinct values that can be represented using 5 bits is
If the "if" is true
The only time the "else" block won't execute
flow of execution
The order in which statements are executed during a program run.
precedence
The order of operations. A rule used to clarify which procedures should be performed first in a given mathematical expression.
input and output
The parallelogram is the flowchart symbol representing
while
Think of ______ as a repeating "if."
invoke
To activate, usually references the calling of a function in a program.
concatenate
To connect or link in a series or chain.
modulus (%)
To convert decimals to mixed expressions, use the ______. (i.e., to convert 200 seconds into minutes and seconds, use the ______ of dividing by 60.)
iteration
To repeat a section of code.
indexing
To select sub-sequences. Positions are numbered starting with 0.
evaluate
To simplify an expression by performing the operations in order to yield a single value.
print(c)
Use this statement to check the value of a variable "c"
Goto Statement
Used to branch from one part of code to another
comparison operator
Used to make a comparison between two values. Examples: <, >, <=, >=, ==, !=
graphics window
Using graphics.py allows graphics to be drawn into a
Flase
Using graphics.py allows graphics to be drawn into a python shell.
The len() Function
Using len(some_object) returns the number of _top-level_ items contained in the object being queried. Length of string
Overloaded operators
Using the same operator for different operations
The str() Function
Using the str() function allows you to represent the content of a variable as a string, provided that the data type of the variable provides a neat way to do so. str() does not change the variable in place, it returns a 'stringified' version of it.
Static Lifetime
Variable exists in a memory location before execution
Implicit heap dynamic Lifetime
Variable exists when assigned a value
Stack Dynamic Lifetime
Variable exists when declaration statement is executed
Explicit heap dynamic Lifetime
Variable exists when memory is Allocated
Dynamic Type binding
Variable types are bounded during the runtime or can change during the runtime
Static Type binding
Variable types does not change after the program compiles
Variables
Variables are assigned values using the '=' operator, which is not to be confused with the '==' sign used for testing equality. A variable can hold almost any type of value such as lists, dictionaries, functions.
Named constant
Variables that are assigned a value that cannot be changed
programming languages
Visual Basic, C++, and Java are all examples of computer ...
Comments
What are nonexecuting statements that programmers place within code to explain program statements in English?
1. Performing arithmetic with a value before inputting it 2. Accepting two input values when a program requires only one 3. Dividing by 3 when you meant to divide by 30
What are some examples of logical errors?
read, readline, readlines
What are the file-reading methods in Python?
Specification, Testing/Debugging, and Maintenance
What are the steps in the software development process?
C There's no guarantee as to what order the key-value pairs will appear in the output. Correct
What can be said about the output from the following line of code that prints the dictionary, my_dictionary? A The key-value pairs will be arranged so that the keys are in increasing order. B The key-value pairs will be arranged so that the values are in increasing order. C There's no guarantee as to what order the key-value pairs will appear in the output. D Only the values will be printed from this statement.
str
What cannot be used to convert a string of digits into a number?
Triangle (not) Rectangle, Polygon, Oval are classes
What class is not a class in the graphic library? What are three classes?
cyan
What color is color_rgb(0,255,255)?
shape.draw(win)
What command would be used to draw the graphics object shape into the graphics window win?
win.setcoords(0,0,10,10)
What command would set the coordinates of win to go from (0,0) in the lower-left corner to (10,10) in the upper-right?
p2.getX() - p1.getX()
What computes the horizontal distance between points p1 and p2?
Red Green Blue
What does 'rgb' stand for?
Graphical user interface
What does GUI stand for?
Name & data type
What does a declaration provide for a variable
Small changes in the initial conditions lead to dramatic changes in the result.
What does it mean for a mathematical model to be "chaotic?"
Line(Point(2,3), Point(4,5))
What expression would create a line from (2,3) to (4,5)?
ord
What function gives the Unicode value of a character?
Rectangle
What graphics class would be best for drawing a square?
B A syntax error would occur. Correct
What happens when you attempt to sort a list containing both strings and numbers? The string values will come before all of the numeric values. B A syntax error would occur. C The values will be treated like strings and sorted accordingly. While this seems like a natural way to handle a situation like this, it's not something that Python 3 allows. The correct answer is: A syntax error will occur. Incorrect D The numeric values will come before all of the string values.
statements
What is NOT used in an expression?
They are usually only approximations.
What is a disadvantage of using binary floating point representations?
Constructor
What is a method that creates a new instance of a class?
misspelling a programming language word
What is an example of a syntax error?
A python numeric type that can represent positive and negative whole numbers.
What is an int?
Aliasing
What is it called when two different variables refer to the same object in "memory"?
sqrt()
What is not a built-in operation?
clone()
What is the Method that returns duplicate of the object is?
It causes the program to do something 10 times.
What is the effect of the following Python statement? >>>for i in range(10):
sticky-note
What is the most accurate model of assignment in Python?
Abstraction
What is the name for the process of paying attention too important properties while ignoring nonessential details.
1. Understand the problem 2. Plan the logic 3. Code the program 4. Use software (compiler or interpreter) to translate the program into machine language 5. Test the program 6. Put the program into production 7. Maintain the program
What is the order of the programming process?
2 6 10 14
What is the output from the following program fragment? >>>for i in [1, 3, 5, 7] >>>>>>print(2 * i, end=" ")
D It keeps the Frame open until the user chooses to close it.
What is the purpose of the Frame's mainloop method? A It adds other widgets to the Frame. B It creates the Frame. C To pause the program for a specified amount of time. D It keeps the Frame open until the user chooses to close it.
[1,3,5]
What is the result of evaluating "list(range(1,7,2))?
7.0
What is the result of evaluating 3 + 4.0?
1
What is the result of evaluating 7%2?
3
What is the result of evaluating 7//2?
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
What is the result of evaluating the expression list(range(5))?
s[-1]
What is the same as s[0:-1]
0.71136
What is your first number printed by the following program, assuming that the user enters 0.24 as the input? def main(): x = eval(input("Enter a number between 0 and 1:")) for i in range(10): x = 3.9 * x * (1 - x) print(x)
rational
What isn't a Python data type?
Entry
What kind of object can be used to get text input in a graphics window?
plotPixel(x,y,color)
What method is used to draw pixel at the raw position(x,y) ignoring any coordinate transformations set up by SetCoords?
B The x and y locations of the upper-left and lower-right corners of the oval's bounding box.
What parameters are required to make an oval using the create_oval method? A The x and y locations of the oval's center and the oval's height and width. B The x and y locations of the upper-left and lower-right corners of the oval's bounding box. C The x and y locations of the upper-left corner of the oval and its height and width. D The x and y locations of the oval's two foci and the distance from these foci.
p = win.getMouse()
What statement can be used to get the position of a mouse click from the user?
Count-controlled loop
What type of loop structure repeats the code a specific number of times.
C Counter controlled loop.
What type of loop uses a variable to keep track of the number of times the loop body should execute? A Conditional loop. B Control loop. C Counter controlled loop. D Infinite loop.
5
What would Python print as a result of this interaction: >>> print(2 + 3)
p = win.getMouse()
What would you you use to find the position of a mouse click from the user?
Methods
When a class has its own functions, those functions are called methods. You've already seen one such method: __init__().
Load time binding
When a program is loaded the addresses are bound to the variables
Link time binding
When a program links to a library the names of the variables and subprograms in the library are bound
requires more memory to store.
When a python int gets "too large" it:
Scope
When a variable is visible
A This code is executed only if the loop exits normally. Correct
When is the code in the else clause of a loop executed? A This code is executed only if the loop exits normally. B This code is executed only if the loop doesn't exit normally. C The code is always executed. D Never. You can't place an else clause after a looping structure.
When will the following loop terminate? while keep_on_going != 999 :
When keep_on_going refers to a value not equal to 999
True
When you use an IDE, as opposed to a simple text editor to develop a program, some help is provided (T/F)
Why would you use range(len(list))?
When you want to iterate through a list by index instead of value. ie: list of strings ie: when comparing values in a list. -index i is followed by i+1
False
When you write a program that will run in a GUI environment as opposed to a command-line environment, all the syntax is the same (T/F).
A input
Which Python function is used to get string input from the user? A input B raw_input C get_input D string_input
It is electronic
Which is not part of the definition of a computer?
Entry objects can be edited by another user
Which is one difference between a text object and an entry object?
B Entry. Correct
Which of the following Tkinter widgets allows the user to enter text data into the program? A Textbox. Although many other languages call these components Textboxes, this isn't the term for the text input widget in Tkinter. The correct answer is: Entry. B Entry. C Button. D Checkbutton.
setTextColor(color) setStyle(style) setText(string)
Which of the following are three method of 'Entry' object?
D range(10, 21, 2)
Which of the following calls to the range function will give me the even numbers from 10 to 20, including both 10 and 20? A range(10, 20) B range(10, 20, 2) C range(9, 20, 2) D range(10, 21, 2)
D choice == "Y" or "y"
Which of the following compound conditions will evaluate to true even when the value in the choice variable is "N"? A choice == "Y" or choice == "y" B choice == "Y" or == "y" C choice == "Y" and choice == "y" D choice == "Y" or "y"
C c Correct
Which of the following flags opens a shelf file for both reading and writing? A r+ B w+ The 'w+' flag opens a regular data file for both reading and writing, but not for a shelf file. The correct answer is: c. Incorrect C c D None because it isn't possible to open a shelf file for both reading and writing.
instance variable
Which of the following is not a category of an object method?
monitor
Which of the following is not one of the functional building blocks of a computer system:
B The statements that may create an exception are put in the try block, and the statements to execute should an exception occur are put in the except block. Correct
Which of the following is true regarding exception handling? The statements that may create an exception are put in the except block, and the statements to execute should an exception occur are put in the try block. This is exactly opposite of how exception handling code is set up. The correct answer is: The statements that may create an exception are put in the try block, and the statements to execute should an exception occur are put in the except block. B The statements that may create an exception are put in the try block, and the statements to execute should an exception occur are put in the except block. C All of the statements are put inside the try block, and typically the except block is left empty. D All of the statements are put inside the except block and typically the try block is left empty.
B CTRL + C
Which of the following key combinations will stop Python in the middle of running an infinite loop? A CTRL + X B CTRL + C C ALT + F D ALT + E
A self.
Which of the following keywords must be included as a parameter in every class function? A self. B class. C def. D param.
A coords( ).
Which of the following methods changes the location of a shape on the Canvas? A coords( ). B move_shape(). C relocate( ). D update( ).
A grid( ).
Which of the following methods registers a widget with the layout manager so that the widget is displayed on the Frame? A grid( ). B layout( ). C add( ). D register( ).
B A constructor is a special function that sets the initial values of an object's variables.
Which of the following statements best describes a constructor? A A constructor is a special variable that stores the initial values of the object. B A constructor is a special function that sets the initial values of an object's variables. C A constructor is a part of IDLE that builds classes. D A constructor is a special function that displays all of the values of all variables in a particular object.
D continue.
Which of the following statements can be used inside a loop structure to skip the remaining lines of code in that iteration of the loop and start a new iteration? A break. B else. C skip. D continue.
C The parameter list is placed in the first line of the function definition, just after the function name. Correct
Which of the following statements regarding parameter lists is correct? A If a function doesn't require any parameters, then parentheses aren't used. B If more than one parameter is required, each one is separated by a colon. C The parameter list is placed in the first line of the function definition, just after the function name. D Parameters are always listed with the data type first, followed by the variable name.
D print (emp01.__doc__ )
Which of the following statements will print the documentation string comment that's a part of the Employee object named emp01? A print (Employee.__class__ ) B print (emp01.__documentation__ ) C print (emp01.__class__ ) D print (emp01.__doc__ )
B A class.
Which of the following terms describes code that is used as a blueprint to create a Python object? A A pattern. B A class. C An instance. D A blueprint.
B Name mangling.
Which of the following terms describes the action of the interpreter to somewhat deny direct access to an object's variables? A Encapsulation. B Name mangling. C Data hiding. D Access restriction.
D se.
Which of the following values is used with the create_text method's anchor option so that the point specified represents the lower-right corner of the text placement? A nw. B ne. C sw. D se.
Modularization allows you to more easily reuse your work
Why use modularization?
win.close()
Windows can be closed/destroyed by issuing what command?
coding
Writing a program in a language such as C++ or Java is known as _____ the program
interpreted language
You write source code and that file is used to run the program. When you run that file an interpreter is used to process the source code when it is needed. Can run on any platform and is easier to test. User must have the interpreter to run the program.
compiled language
You write source code, and compiler goes through that code and creates a separate file containing the machine code. That new file is used to run the program. Can be faster than interpreted code. Must be compiled for a specific platform.
The line continuation character is a _____.
\
Class Syntax
•call class then class name (parameter) • then create a function def__init with 'self' as the 1st parameter comma then 2nd parameters. •call self.name = name and self.occupation = occupation •create a new variable and have it equal to your example object and use built in parameters to build your objects parameters.