CSET Subset |||: Visual and Performing Arts
What is timbre?
"Tam-ber" is the unique tonal quality of a musical sound. It is the tone "color." Could be described as bright, shrill, brittle, light, dull, harsh, forceful, dark. Timbre makes one instrument sound different from another, so it effects the mood of the music.
What is "pop" art / popular art?
"Why is it art?" reaction against abstract painting (soup cans; comics); Warhol; Lichtenstein (iconic art); acrylics
Theatre: Comedy
- Any play that ends happily - Characters are less developed, theme is less weighty, language is wittier - Different from farce, where humor is more physical, and characters are broader, plots are more artificial
What is modern dance?
- Born in the 20th century as a result of dancers resisting the rigid structure of classical ballet dance. Barefoot/ Ballet and jazz elements - Choreo is based on subjective interpretation of internalized feelings, emotions, moods. - Often unstructured.. uses gravity and body weight to enhance movement - Encourages freestyle, teachers should use this to appeal to all abilities in the classroom and encourages feelings/emotions to be expressed
Post-Impressionism (1880s-1900s)
- Characteristics: paint indoors or outside; emotions through color/swirling/thick applications; complementary colors; new subject matter: away from the narrow spectrum of viewing (Starry Night = primitive art of the South Pacific) - EX: van Gogh, Gauguin, Cezanne - Watercolor (transparent); overpainting
What is a line in art?
- Continuous mark that can change direction, length, and width. - Lines joined together form a shape. Lines can also create an outline, silhouette, or contour. - Artists use lines to define the edges of a form to lead your eye in a certain direction. - Lines can be real or implied, and their possibilities are endless (straight, curved, jagged, wavy, parallel, zig zag, dashed, etc.)
Twentieth Century: Cubism
- Cubism: traditional subject matter portrayed by overlapping geometric forms (reduced to cubes); fragmentation of form, influenced by African tribal arts; masks and sculpture; move toward abstract art (exploration of space and color), multiple images of one subject on a 2D surface. (EX - Picasso; Braque, development of collages; "found" sculpture)
DANCE TIMELINE. Renaissance (1400-1600)
- Dancing evolved from pageants and processions - Ballet developed in France (1500s) and moved to Italy which led to development of court dancing in Europe, slow steps = adagio, fast steps = allegro, lack of spontaneity (define steps) - Music to accompany specific/technical ballet steps, themes like Greek and Roman mythology and history emerged; Romeo and Juliet - Minuet: a formal aristocratic court dance developed at the end of the period
What is Fauvism?
- Fauvism (early 20th century: Wild Animals) influenced by technology of the early 20th century; expansion of color - right from the tube in assertive brush strokes; discord of color; non-western themes (ex: Matisse)
DANCE TIMELINE. 18th and 19th Centuries
- Formal dancing spread to the Continent; expansion of professional dancing masters; professional choreo at the Paris Opera (opera and dance), costuming; intro of the waltz (1-2-3) rhythm; court dance - Ballet developed throughout Europe, led to virtuosos dancing, expressive capacity of the body, pointe footwork and the heel-less shoe - Era of Romanticism (early 1800s), ballet evolution continued, emphasis on emotions and fantasy; true pointe work, evolution of "lightness in flight"; this differed from other dance forms in placement and alignment of the body - Focus on ballerina, male dancer was secondary
Later Middle Ages (1000-1400)
- Gothic art: religious, the church was almost the sole patron of the arts; spatially flat; shape of human body was used to communicate emotions; manuscript illumination - Gothic architectural style (1200): influenced by Christianity; Age of Chivalry; growth of commerce, proliferation of majestic cathedrals (Chartres, Notre Dame, Cologne); gothic window = stained glass; flying buttress (higher, lighter), towering monuments to God - Frescoes: Tempera painting (1400s), with egg tempera as binder; illuminated manuscripts, vegetable oils
DANCE TIMELINE. Late 20th Century --
- Growth of contemporary dance, post-modernism in the 1960's; movement toward simplicity and less sophisticated technique, "No" manifesto, frequent rejection of costumes/stories
Theatre: Chorus
- In greek and roman drama of the classical period, a group of characters in a play who comment on the action, frequently speaking to the audience. - Purpose = intermediary between the audience and the major characters in the play. - They're a surrogate "audience" that is detached from the dramatic action, but can also advise the protagonist, argue with the antagonist, and pray to the gods for guidance
Analyzing dramatic work: Effectiveness
- Involves the degree to which a dramatic work succeeds - Evaluation of the work's success in such things as entertaining, informing, illuminating, persuading, inspiring, amusing, engaging, shocking, and instilling awe
Analyzing dramatic work: Structure
- Involves the interaction of all elements - Includes but isn't limited to: design, rhythm, climax, conflict, balance, and sequence
What guidelines should be taught for analyzing dance from other societies and cultures?
- Origin/purpose of the dance (ceremonial, ritual, social, etc.) - Geographic location and climate of country - Rituals, customs, and beliefs of the culture - Historical influences of the dance - Symbolism, analogies, or metaphors in the dance
DANCE TIMELINE. Early 20th Century
- Revolutionary aspects of Ballets Russes (Russia); stretched the boundaries of classical ballet; new movements (turnout) - Early modern dance, appreciated the qualities of the individual, primitive expression/emotion, "new freedom" of movement; Isadora Duncan and Martha Graham and harsh break from restrictive classical ballet and tutu; explosion of modern dance. Ragtime jazz emerged and "flapper" era led to fast-moving dances like the Charleston
What is Melodrama
- The genre of theatre that is normally placed between tragedy and drama and which shares some characteristics with each. - Serious in tone, placing its major figures in great jeopardy, but unlike tragedy, saves them from destruction at the end. - Moral stance is always clear (good characters are very good and bad ones are very bad)
PRINCIPLES OF ART. Unity
- The sense that all components of a composition belong together. The intention of every successful artist is to master unity. - The elements of art such as shape, line, color appear to fit together, with nothing left to complete or delete or change. - Unity creates a sense that the art is self-contained and has life of its own, whole and complete
PRINCIPLES OF ART. Contrast
- Two things that are opposite. Artists use it to help a composition depict two dramatic differences to help make objects more apparent to the viewer. - Contrasts can be heavy and light, curved or straight, or positive and negative
Theatre: Action
- in a character-character interaction, the total array of purposeful activity, both external (physical) and internal (psychological), by which characters try to achieve their objectives
Theatre: Orchestra
- in an ancient Greek theater, the open dancing area in front of the stagehouse. - in modern usage, the orchestra is the lowest and most expensive array of seats directly in front of the stage - NOT the orchestra pit
Analyzing dramatic work: Worth
- value judgment - assessment of the knowledge, insight, wisdom, or feeling imparted by a work
What is the Playscript?
-"Script" for short -A detailed, written description of a play intended to give the reader as clear a sense of the produced work as possible -When it is first written by a playwright, the playscript refers to an imagined production; later, the playscript may describe an actual production -In either case, the aim is to provide enough information so that a group of performers can mount a production of the play in question
What is Satyr play
-A form of Greek drama that coexisted with tragedy in the classical period -Little is known of the satyr play except that it seems to have been a burlesque of the same ideas presented in tragedies, ridiculing the gods and heroic legends, using the bawdiest language, dance, and song to do it
Theatre: Creative drama
-A form of entertainment in which students improvise scenes for their own growth and edification, not that of an audience -In some cases, the aim of creative drama is to learn subjects other than theatre (history, psychology, literature, and so on)l in others, it is to learn about theatre itself
What is a revolving stage
-A portion of the stage constructed so that it rotates around a pivot -Such a stage can be used in a number of ways, the most frequent being to change settings; the downstage scenery rotates out of sight, revealing scenery that had previously been set upstage
What is a full-length play
-A single play that typically fulfills the expectation for a complete theatrical experience -In the Western tradition, this means one play of 3 to 5 acts, usually filling 2 to 4 hours
Theatre: Company
-All of the people associated with producing a play, including the designers, technicians, directors, stage managers, and actors -In the narrowest sense, the concept of "the company" is confined to the actors alone
Ancient Greek Theatre (600-400 BC)
-Amphitheatres (open air; on the sides of mountains; semicircular; orchestra [area in front of the stage]; chorus/dance and music; auditorium; simple scenery) -Playwrights: Sophocles (tragedy: heroes glorified but with a tragic flaw, influence of gods) and Euripides -Violence took place off stage (true through to the Elizabethan age) -Thespis was the first actor (source of "thespians") -Dionysus Festivals (tragedies/comedies/satire); plots came from legends -Influence of central actors and dialogue; masks were used to show age and emotion -Women were barred from acting but could be spectators -Greek tragedy was not associated with theatre staging today (it was part of a trilogy)
What is Pastoral play
-An extinct genre of play, popular during the Italian Renaissance, which is set in a countryside populated by nymphs, satyrs, shepherds, shepherdesses, and wandering knights -Persistently upbeat in tone, the pastoral play existed to give courtiers a chance to dress up as peasants, singing, and dancing -The pastoral play may have been the Renaissance's attempt to recapture the Greek satyr play
Classical (400 B.C.-A.D. 400)
-Ancient Greece and Rome -Art encompassed: architecture (e.g., Parthenon, Coliseum, aqueducts, vaults, and domes); sculpture (ideal form, beauty); pottery (black on white, Greek and Roman life); painting (murals, portraiture); frescoes (pigments with water) -Key characteristics: physical beauty; mathematical; definite proportion; celebrated great events
Perspective: Atmospheric or Aerial
-Atmospheric perspective is used to create depth and dimension -Artists use overlapping, color, size, and contrast to reproduce the effects of distant objects Example: Darker objects appear to be closer when using lighter and duller colors for distant objects. In a landscape, lighter objects lose focus and clarity as they appear farther away.
PRINCIPLES OF ART. Balance: symmetrical and asymmetrical
-Balance is a sense of visual stability in a composition -It is the harmonious arrangement of elements in order to create a feeling of equilibrium -When a composition is symmetrical, it gives the feeling that weight is equally distributed ---This is called formal balance since this is a classical appearance of formality -When a composition is asymmetrical, there is a visual emphasis, or pull, to one side of the composition ---This is sometimes called informal balance Example: Think about a seesaw or scales. When the seesaw is equally weighted, it is symmetrical. When the seesaw is not weighted equally, it is asymmetrical.
What is Restoration Comedy
-Characteristic comedy of the period known as the English Restoration (1660-1700) -Restoration comedy is known for its glittering language, salacious plots, and frequently debauched characters
Byzantine (400-1400)
-Eastern Roman Empire -Key characteristics: religious imagery; mosaics (flat, two-dimensional); icons; elongated bodies; stylized background; gold leaf; mosaics decorated churches; triptych (three panels)
Modern Era (1900s)
-Evolution in the musical world, rebellion; unique sounds; difficult to quantify; nationalism; folk idiom was prevalent (e.g., in Liszt's Hungarian Rhapsody, Coplan's Appalachian Spring); widening gap between "art" and popular music (Beatles) -Technology allowed for mass appeal and a new direction in music making (sound recordings, electronically created sounds, computer music, and composing) -Polytonality (playing two keys at once) -Puccini (Italian) and his operas Madama Butterfly and La Bohème; Debussy and Impressionism; Stravinsky, post-Romanticism, and his ballet The Rite of Spring; Rachmaninoff, Prokofiev, an Shostakovich (Russian) -Influence of blues (sorrowful black folk music) and jazz (roots in African rhythms and harmonies with modern instrumentation, improvisation, and syncopation) -Rock 'n' roll, R&B (rhythm and blues), country, folk (cultural link, passed on by word of mouth), and hip-hop
Baroque (1600-1750)
-Foundations in Italy and Germany but with regional differences (e.g. Rembrandt); influenced by Scientific Revolution (Newton, Galileo); Age of Enlightenment; Counter Reformation (against Protestantism—paintings of faith/martyrdom); Age of Absolute Monarchs (Louis XIV) -Characteristics (diversified stylistically but often very grand): complex style; appeal to senses/spectator involvement/drama; strong emotion; emphasis on depth/space; genre scenes (landscapes without people); movement with grandeur -Rococo (1750s-1800s): Influenced by the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution (drastic societal changes); Salons; carefree lifestyle/high fashion; moved away from Baroque heroic subjects and dark color; moved to more delicate/pale colors; theme of romantic love -Revolt against Rococo: movement toward naturalism and Romanticism (1850s) (beauty of nature—senses over intellect); love of ruins and exotic cultures; new sense of nationalism; uniqueness, not conformity (e.g., Goya)
Early Middle Ages (500-1000)
-Greco-Roman influence; influence of religion; sacred art; spatially flat; illustrated book of Kells -Romanesque architectural style: heavy walls, round, ribbed arches; transept and nave; grand
Classical Era (1750-1820)
-Historical themes: Industrial Revolution, Age of Reason and Enlightenment, Age of Revolution, revolutionary music (such as the French "Marseillaise") -Orchestra gained in importance; increasing use of flutes and oboes; string and wind sections developed; by the 1800s, trombones were introduced; refinement of sonata (instrumental music with a soloist and standard structure for opening movement); development of the piano; Rococo style (highly ornamented); elegance and courtly grace (e.g., minuet developed as a dance style) -Classical style: homophony (a single melodic line and an accompaniment); simpler textures and melodies; expansion of textures, melodies, and variation. String quartet (two violins viola, and cello); Haydn "the father" of the string quartet; orchestral symphony (origins in opera overture, four movements); opera, concerto (composition for solo instrument) -Creative impulses of giants Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven
Romantic Period (1820-1900)
-Historical themes: Rise of European nationalism; new social orders; intense emotion in arts (paintings of Delacroix and Goya); Poe in literature; "Romanticism" derived from concepts of heroes, love, and chivalry associated with the Middle Ages; visual arts, poetry, drama, and nature as themes -Artistic experimentation by composers Chopin, Liszt, Berlioz, Mendelssohn, and Schumann; style was expressive, melody prominent, and folk music was used to express cultural identity -Opera: Verdi (Italy), Wagner (Germany); themes from literature and folk tales; very popular -Genres: Symphonic poem (orchestral work that portrayed a story) and concert overture (e.g., Rossini's William Tell). Emphasis was on the sonata and symphony, and included the introduction of dissonance to create emotion; featuring virtuoso performers
Baroque Era (1600-1750)
-Historical themes: importance of scientific investigation; New World exploration and empire; ornate and extravagant; painters included Rubens, Rembrandt, and El Greco; composers included Monteverdi, Handel, and Bach -Musical styles/elements: heavily ornate style; counterpoint (technique of combining several melodic lines into a meaningful whole); melodic line; emphasis on contrast and volume; imitative polyphony (many-sounding melodic lines are presented by one voice or instrument and then restated immediately by another); homophonic style (chords under a melodic line), also theme and variation (recurring patterns). Secular music advances; "court" composers; keyboard music for the harpsicord and organ -Developments: opera (staged dramatic vocal music and entertainment), orchestra, ballet, and sonata (solo instrument with accompaniment)
Renaissance Era (1400-1600)
-Historical themes: the end of feudalism; a new concept of humanism; rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman culture and ideals; art and music for their own sake; scientific advances; the age of patronage -Instrumental dance music developed: music and dance were connected; new instruments included the keyboard (clavicord); the lute was a favored instrument through the 16th century. -The printing press preserved and extended music -Musical styles/elements: polyphonic emphasis on harmony (in which two or more notes are sounded simultaneously as in a chord); sacred (liturgical, such as masses); secular (madrigals/songs)
What are the Vomitoria
-In Roman theatre, the vomitoria were the tunnels that allowed the audience to enter and exit the large theatres with ease -In contemporary theatres, the vomitoria ("voms" for short) are the tunnels that allow the actors to reach the downstage portions of a thrust stage by passing through the audience
What is Stock Company
-In the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries, a form of resident company in which actors were hired according to lines of work and large numbers of plays were prepared, usually with very short rehearsal periods and for relatively short runs -The practice and the term continue to live in the experience of "summer stock" (theatre presented during the summertime)
Roman Theatre (300 B.C. - A.D. 500)
-Latin versions of Greek plays; less influenced by religion -Introduction of subplot -Women were allowed minor parts -Spectacles of the Coliseum -Mass appeal/impressive theatres -Raised stage replaced the Greek semicircular amphitheatre; the stage was built at ground level with a raised seating area -By the later Roman period, Christians disapproved of low comedy and pagan rituals
PRINCIPLES OF ART. Perspective: Linear
-Linear perspective is a technique for representing three-dimensional objects on a flat surface -During the Renaissance, artists invented this technique based upon math principles in order to give paintings a realistic appearance -The technique shows that when converging lines meet at a single vanishing point, the human eye perceives objects at a distance -When our eyes focus on the vanishing point, all shapes and objects become smaller, giving us the illusion of depth and distance -Larger objects appear closer, and smaller objects appear more distant -The lines of buildings and objects are slanted to make them appear at a distance Example: In the Basilica di San Lorenzo (San Lorenzo Church) in Florence, Italy, notice that the design of this church was influenced by perspective. Notice the vanishing point at the end of the alter.
Theatre: Multiple plots
-More than one story line is presented, usually simultaneously -Frequently, the plots are kept separate until late in the play, at which point they intersect in some ingenious way -Multiple plots work best when each separate plot is somehow a treatment of the same theme or in some way shares an important theatrical element with the others
Restoration England: 1660s
-Parliament closed theatres in England (1642); allowed French ascendancy in theatre mechanics -Theatre architecture: France introduced new technology for scenery and set changes; artificial lighting; theatres begin to be roofed in; drama moved indoors, stage was raised above the audience -Proscenium stage architecture/royal theatre (enclosed/arches); scene changes slid by on panels -Baroque period: French playwrights Racine and Molière influenced theatre -Women began to appear onstage in the roles of boys and young men
What is Neoclassic drama
-Plays of the neoclassic period, or plays modeled after them, in which Renaissance writers attempted to recapture the glory of theatre in ancient Greece and Rome -Particularly in 17th- and 18th-century France, this effort was aided by the application of certain rules of playwriting, such as the unities (action, place, time), the enforced use of rigid verse forms, and the general concern for "decorum" on the stage
Elizabethan Theatre
-Playwrights included Christopher Marlowe and Ben Johnson -Theatre was supported by Queen Elizabeth; patronage; raucous, open-air theatre; language of the educated; satire -William Shakespeare (late 1500s and early 1600s) write comedies, histories, and tragedies; Globe Theatre (open-air)
Renaissance (1400-1600)
-Rebirth of Greco-Roman classical forms; development of cities (Florence, Venice, etc.); art patronage: church or court/private collectors (Medicis); Humanism (individuality and self-worth); sculpture ("David"—life from marble); art and architecture (Sistine Chapel—perspective; anatomy; emotion; oil painting techniques) -Art influenced by religion (pyramidal structure); Raphael—unity of subject, style, and technique ("Madonna and Child"); Humanism; depictions of the natural world; study of light and perspective; complex and crowded space -New technology: printing press; use of oils—lasting (egg tempera used previously); landscapes -Drawings: Michelangelo's studies -Influence of Northern Europe/Flemish: surface details; realistic light; religious; portraits
Renaissance and Reformation Theatre (1400-1600)
-Rebirth of classical Greek and Roman art, culture, and literature -Theatre reemerged with professional actors and set design -Open stages, "apron stage," to proscenium arch (framed and divided stage from the audience; painted sets and scenery) -Emphasis was on the performer -Protestant Reformation (moving away from Catholic teachings) led to secular works; Commedia dell'arte (improvisation; acting groups; situational comedy) -State licensed official theatre companies
Describe Broadway Theatre
-The commercial model that dominated the American theatre from the end of the 19th century until shortly after World War II -Named for the New York boulevard that runs through the Manhattan theatre district, this kind of theatre is essentially a profit-making enterprise in which shares of a production are sold to investors with the expectation that, after meeting the initial expenses of production, they will receive a substantial return on their investment -To enhance these profits, Broadway theatre aspires to very long runs of a single play, frequently using star performers appearing in vehicles with the widest possible audience appeal
Theatre: Dramatic question
-The first and most important element in rising action -As soon as conflict has been established, the next question must be, "How will this turn out?" -The dramatic question then raises the issue of which the conflicting parties will prevail and, in doing so, begins to develop suspense
What is Proscenium staging
-The form of physical configuration between actor and audience encouraged by (some would say demanded by) the proscenium arch -It consists of a fairly narrow array of audience members gathered on one side of the stage only -There is a clear distinction between the areas occupied by the actors and the audience; in traditional proscenium theatres, there is also an effort to keep the audience directly in front of the center of the proscenium arch
Theatre: Environmental staging
-The form of physical relationship between audience and performers in which there is little or no clear definition between the space dedicated to each -The conventions of environmental staging dictate that audience and performers use the same space during the course of the experience
What is a Proscenium Arch
-The major architectural feature of Western theatres since the Renaissance, the proscenium arch is essentially an opening in the wall between two rooms -In one room (the stagehouse), the actors perform; in the other room (the auditorium), the audience is located -The arch itself can range from extremely elaborate and intrusive to nearly undetectable - The arch allows audiences to view events as if looking through an opening - Advantage is that the sides of the stage (wings) can be hidden from the audience by curtains or scenery - Most dominant form used in theatre today
Theatre: Connotative meaning
-The meaning conveyed by connotative symbols, symbols that are vague in terms of strict definition, but rich in poetic meaning -Much connotative meaning evokes an emotional rather than intellectual response
Theatre: Arena staging
-The physical configuration of audience and actor in which the audience essentially surrounds the playing area -It is also known as "theatre in the round"
What is Thrust staging
-The physical configuration of audience and performers in which at least some part of the stage extends into, and is surrounded by, the audience -In thrust staging, the audience surrounds the acting area to no more than 270 degrees; beyond that, the configuration is called arena staging
Theatre: Conventions
-The temporary "rules" of the performance -The conventions of the theatre are specific to particular cultures, styles of theatre, and even individual productions
Theatre: Dramatic criticism
-The work of a drama critic -It consists of commentary on a play or script intended to enrich the experience of seeing the play or reading the script by others -Dramatic criticism can appear in written form in periodicals, as media presentations, or in public talks
Medieval Theatre (500-1400)
-Theatre buildings were not permitted; minstrels, traveling groups, and jugglers from Greek-Roman period; open stage areas -Church/liturgical dramas: written in Latin/Bible stories; intended to educate regarding religious events, not to entertain -Dramatic form to illustrate religious holidays to an illiterate populace; "Everyman"; allegory -Genres: Passion play, miracle play, and morality play with themes of religious loyalty -Theatre groups evolved into town guilds
What is Aristotelian theatre?
-Traditional theatre thought to be espoused by Aristotle -Includes clear, simple plotting; strong (but not necessarily complicated) characters; high levels of intellectual content; and a minimum of spectacle -In the Renaissance, other criteria were added to these, some native to Aristotle, some imposed through fancied symmetry: ---Plays should include the 3 unities (unity of one main action, unity of one physical space, and unity of time) ---Plays should be written in five acts ---Plays should avoid violence ---Plays should not mix comedy and tragedy
Force: Degree of Energy
-strong/weak -heavy/light -dynamic/static -flowing/tense
Force: Quality of Energy
-sustained (smooth) -suspended (light) -swing (under-curve) -sway (over-curve) -collapsed (loose) -percussive (sharp) -vibrate (shudder)
What does the string section of a standard orchestra usually have?
10 first violins, 8 second violins, 6 violas, 4 cellos, and 2 basses.
What does the woodwind section of a standard orchestra usually have?
2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons
Time: Meter
2/4 time, 3/4 time, etc.
What does the brass section of a standard orchestra usually have?
4 french horns, 2 trumpets, 3 trombones, 1 tuba.
What is an arabesque?
A ballet pose where the dancer stands on one leg with one arm extended in front and the other leg and arm extended directly behind the body
Theatre: Kabuki
A classical Japanese theatre form that combines colorful song and dance, flamboyant characters, interactive theatre, and extravagant plots in a popular art that has retained its wide popularity since the early 17th century - Elaborate costumes - Don't use masks, but use heavy makeup - Virtue is rewarded - Actors strike a mie stance (stationary pose) to direct audience attention to a key point in the play - Plays last all day - Only male actors - Violent action is shown in pretty settings
Describe contour lines in art
A contour line separates an area from its surrounding background. They can indicate shadows and textures because they follow both the interior and exterior structure. - Contour lines help create the visual experience of shape and form without using shading or texture. - By changing the thickness and darkness of a contour line, an ordinary shape can be transformed into a 3D object
What is attitude?
A dance pose modeled after the statue of the winged Mercury by Giovanni Bologna, in which the knee is bent and the working leg is lifted behind the body (croisee derriere) or in front of the body (croisee devant).
What is allegro?
A dance with fast or lively tempo, such as fast turning movements in ballet
What is a metronome?
A device that can tick out beats at any desired tempo. They can adjust rates of speed (tempi) for faster or slower beats.
What is opera?
A drama, either tragic or comic, that is sung to an orchestral accompaniment. Often based in biblical stories. Typically a large-scale composition with vocal soloists, a chorus, and orchestra.
What is a functional folk instrument?
A familiar household item that is used to make music. These have roots in British Isles and Africa.
What is movement?
A large section of a lengthy composition
Describe the measure and bar lines
A measure is formed by bar lines (vertical lines on the staff) and contains a set number of beats as determined by the time signature
What is a sonata?
A multi-movement instrumental work for a solo keyboard or keyboard, and another instrument, or small chamber ensemble
Theatre: Lighting plot
A plan of the stage showing the location of each lighting instrument, its size and characters, and the area of the stage where its light will fall
What is a one-act play
A play of short duration (usually less than an hour) that can be presented without an intermission and without major changes in scenery
Time: Syncopation
A rhythmic pattern produced when a deliberate pattern is upset
What is a thrust stage?
A stage that extends into the auditorium so that the audience is seated around three sides.
What is a lied?
A type of German song
What is promenade?
A walk. An adagio movement where dancer pivots slowly around one foot while maintaining a pose with the working leg. Basic move for square dancing and english country dance
What is opus?
A work, usually identified by a number.
Blues music is a kind of jazz that evolved from the music of _______
African-American work songs and spirituals. it emerged in the early 20th century and it was a form of communicating melancholic feelings. Before this, slave songs were called "field hollers."
Theatre: Antagonist
An element, usually a character, that resists the protagonist. Conflict comes from the efforts of the protagonist trying to achieve their objectives despite the obstacles from the antagonist.
What is the axis line in a painting?
An imaginary line that controls the path of eye movement through a composition. When the eye views a logically sequenced painting, it begins at the focal point and follows the path and then again focuses on the starting point.
Describe the art of music and its basic properties/elements
An ingredient of the world of sound and all sound begins with the vibration of an object (instrument or voice). Music is the organization of sound in time. Properties/elements include: dynamics, harmony, pitch, rhythm, tempo, tone, and timbre.
What is orchestra?
An instrumental ensemble composed of strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion
A pentatonic scale has five different notes in ________
An octave
The first known European theaters were in which country?
Ancient Greece. Early Greek tragedies were performed before 500 BC in Athens, starting as performing competitions on hills and evolving into performances in outdoor amphitheaters.
What is a lyre?
Ancient harp
Levels: Form and Shape
Angular, rounded, twisted, bent, crooked, symmetrical, asymmetrical
Describe percussion instruments
Any instrument that makes a sound when it's being hit, shaken, rubbed, or scraped. Some require tuning and others are untuned. EX: tambourine, maracas, castanets, claves, xylophone, timpani, cymbals, gong, triangle, bass drum, chimes, celesta, bells, wood block, guiro, bongos, conga, cowbells, and snare drum.
Describe bebop jazz
Around 1945, bebop jazz became vogue as saxophonist Charlie Parker and trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie highlighted jazz music
What is Stage right
Audience left
What is Stage left
Audience right
What is en pointe?
Ballet position where dancer stands balanced on the ball of the foot or the tips of the half toes
What is a fugue?
Based on a short theme called a subject. Fugue subject contains rhythmic and melodic motifs. The opening of the fugue is announced by one voice alone then a second voice restates the subject, usually on a different scale. Then a third and fourth voice enter, each carrying the subject.
Elements of theater: Scriptwriting
Based on culture, imagination, literature, and personal life experiences. Can apply to theatre, film, tv, or electronic media. Class activities can include reading and analyzing scripts, outlining dramatic structure, and working in groups to plan scenarios
What is theatrical dance?
Based on music, songs, dialogue, and dance. In musical theater productions. Ballet, jazz, and tap. Also ethno-cultural, kabuki, Russian, and Celtic dance.
In a treble clef staff, are lines identified top to bottom OR bottom to top? What are the two mnemonic devices?
Bottom to top! Lines = EGBDF (Every Good Boy Does Fine) Spaces = FACE
Millet's prominent placement of the three women in the foreground most strongly supports which of the following thematic interpretations?
By positioning the three women prominently in the frame, Millet is emphasizing the importance of the labors of the working class to 1850s society.
How is mass shown in art?
By the use of a line to indicate contour.
Eighteenth Century Theatre
Changes in economic, society, ruling powers, determined direction of playwrights. Acting began to more closely mimic life. Art of acting became prominent. Plays more often deal with ordinary people. Commercial theater evolved.
DANCE TIMELINE. Prehistory to Beginning of Middle Ages (A.D. 400) -- Characteristics
Circle form (rhythmic motion within a circle), use of imagery
Historically, the traditional shape of a folk dance was based upon the _______
Circle. It is a universal symbol for ancient sacred cultural dances from around the world. It fosters community spirit and increased dancer interaction.
Describe color in art
Color is visible light reflected off objects. Artists use color to imitate the colors of reflected and refracted light. It can be used in a composition to create a symbolic representation of mood and emotion.
What is consonance?
Combo of tones that produce a quality of relaxation
What is dissonance?
Combo of tones that produce a quality of tension
Describe vertical lines
Communicate a sense of strength, rigidity, or height, and artists often use vertical lines to suggest spirituality, or reaching toward the sky.
What is choreography?
Composing and arranging of movements, steps, and patterns of a dance for a performance.
Elements of theater: Technical Support Tools
Costumes, sets, lights, props, makeup, and sound
Time: Rhythm
Countable patterns
Describe tertiary colors
Created by mixing secondary colors. When mixing these colors, the secondary color tends to be muted or grayish to provide a variation of the second color.
Skills cultivated through the appreciation of music: Creative Skills
Creating music. Composing and creating music should be in conjunction with other musical activities.
Elements of theater: Improvisation
Creative, cooperative, spontaneous, and flexible response to changing and unexpected dramatic stimuli. It embraces problem solving without preconception of how to perform and allows anything within the environment to be used during the experience.
Where did the rumba originate?
Cuba
What are folk dances? What 4 factors must it include?
Cultural dance -- originated from medieval times when townspeople danced to celebrate. Originated in England/Europe. 1) Dance movements must predate the 19th century 2) Dance is performed by peasants or royalty 3) Choreography derived from tradition 4) There is no teacher ** Play and sing with movement: London Bridge, Hokey Pokey, Ring Around the Rosie, etc. ** Maypole Dance: ribbons attached to a pole so kids can hold a ribbon while they dance
Describe the strings instruments
Curvy, wooden shaped bodies are the largest family of the orchestra. Strings stretch over the body and neck of the instrument and attach to small ornamental heads where they're turned by turning pegs. Usually played with a bow, but can also be plucked. Violins and violas = higher pitch. Cello and double bass (lower, richer sounds). Harp and guitar are usually plucked, not bowed.
What is adagio?
Dance to slower tempo music, like the pas de deux in ballet. It's also a type of practice exercises in dance class consisting of balance and sustained movement
What are religious or ceremonial dances?
Dance was created and performed in celebrations, rituals, and rites of passage, like Native Indians use dance to express mourning. Many cultures consider dance a universal spiritual language
What is a plie?
Dancer bends knees and straightens them again
What is elevation?
Dancer's ability to jump high and appear suspended at the apex of the jump long enough to perform movements/poses
What is extension (leg)?
Dancer's ability to raise and hold a leg straightened in the air
What is spotting?
Dancer's eyes focusing on one point in the distance to keep balance while turning. The head is the last to leave the turn and first to arrive as the body completes the turn
What is social dance?
Dances in which socializing is the main focus. Dance partner is essential. Hip hop, line dance, ballroom, waltz, foxtrot, tango, rumba, jive, swing.
Ballet can be either dramatic or nondramatic. In comparison to a dramatic ballet, a nondramatic ballet emphasizes ______
Dancing without telling a story. The dance movement and its expressive qualities are the central focus.
What is the "keyhole" effect in art?
De Hooch (Baroque style) perfected the classic "keyhole" effect of an interior scene that pulls the eye of the viewer through the room. The use of geometric squares that shrink in size creates a sense of perspective. De Hooch used Baroque style by using diagonal composition, light, and color to create a unified whole
Describe blocking in theatre
Director blocks during rehearsals by choreographing the position of actors on stage and is initially concerned with the actors' gross stage movements. Speed refinement would be one of the final rehearsal adjustments
DANCE TIMELINE. Late 20th Century -- George Balanchine
Director of NYC Ballet and Modern American ballet, Broadway and Hollywood shows, emphasized speed and mobility, lean body types, importance of female dancer
PRINCIPLES OF ART. Emphasis
Draws your eye to a visual focal point. Artists use this to help an object stand out and grab your attention, it's the center of interest
What is Abstract Impressionism? (1950s)
Dribbles, splatters, splashes. Everyday objects to apply art (ex: brooms); influenced by Navajo sand paintings; EX: Pollock, de Koonig, and Kandinsky
Describe swing music
During the 1930s, the focus of jazz was big bands and swing jazz
Describe note values
Each note has a specific duration represented by a solid black or hollow oval shape. Some have flags and others have stems attached, representing different values
DANCE TIMELINE. Prehistory to Beginning of Middle Ages (A.D. 400) -- Historic Evolution {the use of dance movement}
Egypt: movement associated with gods/funerals Greece: in theater-chorus, also the festival of Dionysus Rome: pantomime/dance expression India: formalized hand movements (Hindu dance = the oldest world dance) Java: elaborate costumes, balance and moderation, traditional dance China: ceremonial dance with each character having specific hand movement, and martial (war) dancing Japan: Kabuki (primitive rituals, involves stomping, elaborate costumes, male only, still current)
What is symphony?
Elaborate musical composition, usually 20-45 minutes long. Classical symphony usually consists of 4 movements that are intended to stir up a wide range of emotions through tempo and mood
What is the objective in interpreting or evaluating elementary school theater arts programs?
Emphasize the appreciation for a supportive, creative environment or practical and experiential expression. This can be accomplished by considering aesthetic perception, creative expression, historical context, theatrical applications, and intended audience.
Time: Beat
Even or uneven
What is American Regional Art? (1930s/rural art)
Everyday life; expanded on landscape painting of the 1870s, EX: Grant Wood ("American Gothic")
Skills cultivated through the appreciation of music: Performance Skills -- Conducting
Experience elements of music through conducting speech chants, involving changes in tempo, dynamics, pitch, etc. Conducting fosters sensitivity to musical expression.
What is dance?
Expression of movement. Series of rhythmic body movements with a beginning, middle, and end in sequential form.
Time: Tempo
Fast or slow speed
Maypole dances were originally associated with _______. Describe the maypole dances.
Fertility and rebirth. The maypole symbolizes spring and rebirth associated with changing seasons in many Western cultures. They dance around the maypole with long ribbons tied to the pole. These dances are a link between folk dances and stone age rituals.
Theatre: Inciting incident
First incident in the chain of events is called the rising action. It is the inciting incident that throws the world of the play into disequilibrium (destroying stasis). The inciting incident could be simple: the arrival of a new person in the community, the delivery of a letter, a piece of news emerging in conversation, etc.
What makes up a string quartet?
First violin, second violin, viola, cello. Quartet music written by Mozart, Haydn, Mendelssohn
Describe the staff (staves)
Five horizontal lines and 4 spaces where notes are positioned. The higher the note on a staff, the higher the pitch
Levels: Pathway
Floor, elevated, or air patterns
What is force?
Force of energy that is released from the body (potential energy) causes a change in the body's physical motion (kinetic energy).
Describe the flamenco dance and its other form
Forceful rhythms, hand clapping, rapid foot movements, the use of castanets, and colorful costumes. Another form is called the rumba flamenco with Cuban and Latin American origins.
Levels: Direction
Forward, backward, up, down, sideways, horizontal, vertical, diagonal, straight, circle, out, in, zigzag, spiral
What is body movement?
Foundation for dance. Includes locomotor and nonlocomotor movement.
Levels: Focus
Gaze, floor, or away
Where did the waltz originate?
Germany. Vienna, Austria
Having students practice pantomiming their parts for a play is useful for ___________
Getting them more involved in the movements and feelings of their parts
What is grand jete en tournant (tour jete)?
Grand broad ballet leap where dancer's body turns halfway in midair and lands facing the direction that the movement started
Describe cool colors
Green, blue, and purple. - People tend to feel relaxed and calm and peaceful feelings
What is pitch?
Hearing a note and being able to reproduce it vocally or with an instrument. Pitch changes when vocal chords/instruments change the frequency of vibrations in the air.
Skills cultivated through the appreciation of music: Auditory Skills
Hearing the sounds of music. Children engage in attentive listening and further develop aural acuity, meaning they can hear and reproduce the tones of music in their minds when no sound is actually being produced
What do shape and form do?
Help define objects on a piece of art. Shapes are often defined by a continuous line that meets to create a closed shape. Artists use contour line to create dimension. - Shapes have two dimensions, height and width. - Form has three dimensions, height and weight and depth. - Geometric shapes have uniform measures, but natural, organic shapes are related to things that appear in the natural world (plants and animals, etc.) - Repeated shapes and forms create patterns
What do theatre arts programs do?
Help engage intellectual, emotional, and physical responses in children. They have an innate sense of acting as they create stories, characters, plot, and action. In primary grades, "make believe" becomes part of their imaginary theater of play. The art of performing stories started with Greek theatre over 2,000 years ago and adapted over time to reveal the cultural and collective thoughts, feelings, and perspectives of our society today.
Levels: Level
High, medium, low
Faster vibration = _____ note Slower vibration = _______ pitch
Higher Lower
Middle Ages/Medieval (500-1400)
Historical themes: spread of christianity, development in europe, the crusades, the rise of universities, the influence of islam, this was the longest period. Music styles/elements: church dominated society (900 years), sacred music was most prevalent (liturgical), gregorian chant named after pope gregory was a melody set to sacred latin texts, MONOPHONIC STYLE music (one melodic line and no accompaniment) was the official music of the roman catholic church. Musical notation originally consisted of just the pitch of the notes; notated rhythm was added at the end of the 12th century. POLYPHONIC STYLE (two or more melodic lines) appeared at the end of the 12th century and so did notation and the chromatic scale (octaves of twelve notes). Most composers were anonymous. Popular songs were not bound by the traditions of the church, and were performed by troubadours.
What is hue?
How we distinguish one color from another, but it does not distinguish the color's value (dark from light) or intensity (bright from dull). Hue simply refers to a particular point on the color spectrum. - Hue colors, like the rainbow, are in a sequenced order. The colors on a rainbow are primary and secondary colors: yellow, orange, red, purple, blue, and green
What is kinesthetic awareness (proprioception)?
How you sense your body/muscles in space
What are the three main qualities of color?
Hue, value, intensity
What are cultural dances?
Important historical significance from ancient civilizations. Ex: Chinese ribbon dance, Polish polonaise, India's Kathakali, clogging from Wales.
What is the act of movement without previous planning?
Improvisation
What is the first known recording of a blues song?
In 1895 when George W. Johnson recorded "Laughing Song."
What is Upstage
In proscenium staging, the portion of an acting area that is farthest from the audience
Theatre: Pit
In the Elizabethan theatre, the portion of the theatre immediately in front of the stage. Filled with people paying for cheapest ticket and had to stand for the whole thing. Over time, this area was filled with benches, then chairs later. Now it's the orchestra
Theatre: Director
In the modern theatre, the major interpretive figure, whose job it is to bring to life the vision of the playwright or otherwise provide artistic meaning to the theatre experience
Nineteenth Century Theatre
Industrial Revolution change the way people lived. Technology changed the theater (gas lighting to electrical, mechanisms for changing scenery, etc.) Growth of melodrama. Actor predominated over the author, but Shaw, Ibsen, and Chekhov stood out; serious drama Nineteenth century in the US (playhouses in major cities, resident companies, touring actors, minstrels) Late 1880s to 1920s in the US; Golden Age of American theater; mass appeal; more sophisticated plots and staging; moving away from hero to character; vaudeville.
Impressionism (1860s-1900): Origin of Modern Art
Influenced by science (principles of harmony; contrast of colors; reaction of eye in viewing composition); concern for light and color on object - Experience of the fleeting moment; new techniques allowed for painting outside, rejected themes of the French salon (not grand subjects but daily life); emphasis on primary colors and small brush strokes; side-by-side placement of primary colors (optimal mixing); very little white or black - Manet, Monet, Renoir, Cassatt, Degas - Sculpture: Rodin -- rebel against the perfect body type ("David"); rough-hewn - Neo-Impressionism (Pointillism); tiny dots of primary colors to produce secondary colors; colors placed in scientifically measured dots (EX: Georges Seurat) - Rejected secondary colors bc they're muted. Love primary colors bc vibrant and pure intensity
Skills cultivated through the appreciation of music: Performance Skills -- Playing Instruments
Instrument-playing aids in understanding the concepts of sound, pitch, rhythm. Playing instruments can be used to accompany and produce harmony.
DANCE TIMELINE. Late 20th Century -- Martha Graham and psychodrama
Intense movement depicting fear, pain, and love; dance forms "sculptured" by human body position, contraction and release of the torso, "fall and recover"; angular gestures; schools and dance companies
What is intensity in art?
Intensity describes the brilliance or dullness of color. EX: brighter colors in a composition are often associated with stronger emotions and heightened energy, while subtler, dull colors are associated with a weaker, anesthetized state of energy
Elements of theater: Drama
Involves the reenactment of life situations for entertainment and human understanding. Dramatic expression doesn't necessarily require a live-formal audience.
What are organic shapes?
Irregular shapes often found in nature. They have quality that resembles living things. Curvilinear, generally curvy and irregular.
Describe space in art
It can refer to real 3D space, but artists refer to space within the boundaries of the composition. Space helps the composition look like it has form and gives the artwork a feeling of depth.
What is music notation?
Language system of writing music so that the reader can see what is being communicated
What is a jete?
Leap from one foot to the other and working leg is thrown away from the body and into the air. A grand jete is a large leap
What is the Protagonist
Literally, "the first person to enter a contest." the person around whom the action of the play turns.
Theatre: Drama
Literature intended for the stage. Real life events that have the kind of meaning commonly experienced in the theatre or films like a "dramatic rescue" or the "drama of a summit meeting."
What is oratorio?
Major orchestral piece with solo voices and chorus
DANCE TIMELINE. Middle Ages (500-1400) -- Characteristics of folk dance
Many religious differences, all had recreational aspects and basic steps like running, walking, hopping, and skipping. All are linked to culture, music, and the history of a group; take the form of a circle
What is surrealism (1920s)?
Metaphysical painting; evolved from Dada art (reaction against commonplace and WW1); workings of the subconscious mind (Freud) through fantastic imagery. (EX: Salvador Dali; Chagall -- distorted everyday objects)
How many positions of feet on the floor does modern ballet have?
Modern ballet has 5 basic placements of feet on the floor. They are fundamental to technique
DANCE TIMELINE. Late 20th Century -- Other directions post-1960s
More eclectic (wide-ranging); ballet and ethnic used in the same performance, all-male groups; intense theatrical effects in lighting/costumes/sets
Skills cultivated through the appreciation of music: Performance Skills -- Body Movement
Moving to music is a learned skill that promotes acuity of perceptions
What is chamber music?
Music played by 1-20 performers
What is a rondo?
Musical form whose main feature is the return of the main theme, which alternates with secondary themes. EX: Simple rondo = ABABA Second rondo = ABACA Third rondo = ABACABA
Skills cultivated through the appreciation of music: Performance Skills -- Singing
Musical selections should be chosen based on the physical development of students' voices. Listening while singing should be encouraged to develop interpretive skills and understanding of the structure/elements of music
Where were most movies made in the early 1900s?
NYC and New Jersey.
What are extemporaneous movements?
Natural and done without preparation; impromptu; freedom of movement and energetic style
Time: Rhapsodic Rhythms
Non-metric (breath, water, or wind)
What is a pirouette?
Non-traveling twirl or spin. The rotation of one foot en pointe that can be executed outward away from the body or inward to the body. Non supporting leg is held in retire devant (supported by the front of the rotating leg).
Analyzing dramatic work: Intent
Objective, purpose, theme, or basic idea of a work of drama
PRINCIPLES OF ART. Pattern
Objects in a composition that are repeated. Regular patterns appear as predicted designs with easily identifiable features so the viewer can visualize what's happening next. - Artists create patterns by repeating shapes, colors, or lines. - For example, an artist can use a pattern of water lilies floating on a pond of water
DANCE TIMELINE. Middle Ages (500-1400) -- The church attempted to restrict pagan dance
Often associated with fertility, but folk dances evolved from earlier ritual dance (Maypole dance; origins in primitive fertility rituals like dancing around a pole, associated with spring).
Describe diagonal lines
Often communicate an opposition or movement, while curved lines communicate a sensual or softening quality
Space: Combined locomotor --- What are these movements?
Often traditional folk steps. Two-step, paddle, grapevine, step-hop, chug, spinning
Why is double-casting for the same role a good idea?
Often used in school plays to allow more students to have a major role. It also creates a backup.
Describe El Jarabe Tapatio
One of the most popular Mexican dances. Boy flings sombrero at girl and she dances around it. When the girl puts the sombrero on her head, that shows acceptance of him. Symbolism is reflective of traditional courtship rituals.
Describe secondary colors
Orange, green, and violet (purple). They're created when you mix two primary colors.
What is a simple technique used for creating an illusion of 3D space on a picture plane?
Overlapping. Relies on the fact that the human eye interprets superimposed images in spatial terms. Overlap creates a feeling of depth.
Who were the Cubists greatly influenced by?
Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) and George Braque (1882-1963)
What is tempo?
Pace of the beat. It's the speed that a composer desires his musical composition to be performed. Measured by number of beats per minute. Faster tempo = more beats per minute. Tempo can change the expressiveness of character and mood. Fast tempo reflects more energy, aggression, and vitality. Most marches are performed at 120 beats per minute.
Describe complementary colors
Pairs of colors that sit opposite of one another on the color wheel and do not share any common characteristics. EX: purple is directly opposite from yellow, making them complementary. When mixed together, they would create a neutral color like gray. Artists use complementary colors to create contrast that can be interpreted as vibrant and stimulating.
What is a lift?
Part of pas de deux (dance for two partners) where one dancer lifts the other off the ground
What is a passe?
Passing movement position where the foot passes from back to front or vice versa. This position can be held (pirouettes) with the foot of the working leg resting against the knee, it is known as retire.
What is rhythm?
Pattern of musical movement through time. It's what makes music move and flow. Measured in units of time and organized by sets or patterns that can be repeated. It is the way sounds beat within different lengths and accents that combine into patterns. It is a steady pulse (beat). The first beat of a bar is typically a strong beat and it's typified by a waltz in 3/4 time.
When portraying a realistic landscape, artists frequently use a combination of ________
Perspective, value, and cropping. Perspective helps create depth, value helps create the illusion of a closer object, and cropping helps provide the effect of a casual scene.
DANCE TIMELINE. Middle Ages (500-1400) -- Current examples in the 20th century
Polka, square dances, historic dances, Cossack dance of Russia, polonaise of Poland, Czardas Hungarian tavern dance, Mexican El Jarabe Tapatio "hat dance"
Describe bossa nova
Popular in 1960s when the influences of Brazilian jazz contributed to a new "cool jazz" sound
Denouement
Portion of action that immediately follows the climax of a play. Last remaining loose ends are tied up and reestablishment of stasis (balance and harmony)
What is rising action
Portion of the plot that begins with the inciting incident and continues until the climax. Incidents are supposed to build in intensity and alternate good news and bad news to increase suspense
What do artists use to influence how an object may appear?
Positive and negative space. Negative space is the space between or around the object. (Think of negative photo filters... black is the background)
What is the creation of movement outside of traditional modern dance?
Postmodern dance
Describe brass instruments.
Produce sound through breath as the vibration from the player's lips buzz against a metal, cup-shaped mouthpiece. Loudest section. Most have valves attached to their long pipes and produce higher/lower pitches. Earlier versions made from tusks, horns, shells, or wood. Today, all are made of brass with bell shaped opening at the end
What style of jazz music was developed in America in the late 19th century that combines the influences of Western European music and African music?
Ragtime
What is barre?
Rail attachment to the wall horizontally, about 3.5 feet off the floor. In ballet, dancers hold onto the barre during the intro (warm up) portion of the class. Also used for leg stretches
Skills cultivated through the appreciation of music: Translative Skills
Reading and writing music. They become familiar with this through notation and they develop cognitive associations of meaning. Their experience with the sound helps them link visual symbols of music notation with sound. Learning is enhanced when teachers use learning in conjunction with singing and playing music.
What is a motif?
Recurring group of notes, such as the 4 notes played at the beginning of (an restated throughout) Beethoven's Fifth Symphony
Describe warm colors
Red, orange, and yellow. - When gazing at a composition with warm colors, people often feel their body temp rise since these colors are symbolic of the sun, heat, and fire.
Describe primary colors
Red, yellow, and blue. They are the foundation for the color wheel (hue) and are the only colors that can be mixed to create secondary colors.
What is a classical dance?
Refers to romantic ballet, started during the Renaissance. Also supreme ballets created during the days of imperial Russia, such as Tchaikovsky's The Nutcracker and Swan Lake
DANCE TIMELINE. Late 20th Century -- Social dance and mass culture
Rock n roll, MTV, hip hop, ballroom dancing (tango)
What is the most important purpose of Native American dance?
Seek special favors from the gods. The dances were of serious religious significance. They prayed for rain, sun, crops, etc. The dancers were careful to maintain dignity and precision in their performance in hope that their prayers would be answered.
What is a chord?
Several notes sounded together
Flat symbol
Sign placed before a note to lower the pitch down a half step
Sharp symbol
Sign placed before a note to raise the pitch a half step
DANCE TIMELINE. Prehistory to Beginning of Middle Ages (A.D. 400) -- Forms
Social dance, which celebrated births, special events, and rites of passage; Ritual dance, which maintained tradition, religious rituals (temple dances), and hunting magic; Fertility dance, which marked the changing seasons (especially for planting and harvesting) and sought favor with gods
Twentieth Century Theatre
Social upheaval from World Wars I and II. Early twentieth century: new movements such as realism, naturalism, symbolism, and impressionism (meaning of the average man; actors portrayed likeness to life; ordinary life on stage) Commercial theaters (Ziegfeld Follies) Serious drama. (Eugene O'Neill, Arthur Miller, Tennessee Williams) Comedy. (Neil Simon) Actor's Studio. (Elia Kazan, Lee Strasberg) Experimental theater against naturalism. Community theater and ensemble theater group.
Where did Samba originate?
South America (Brazil)
What are the elements of dance?
Space Time Levels (dynamics) Force (energy)
The flamenco dance originated in _____
Spain
What is creative movement (improv movement)?
Spontaneous and imaginative dance movement with an emphasis on body mastery for expressive and communicative purposes. Creative movement should be integral to elementary school dance instruction
Space: Nonlocomotor --- What are these movements?
Staying in one place. Stretching, pushing, twisting, bending, kicking, sinking, or curling.
What are the 6 broad categories that instruments are classified into?
String, woodwind, brass, percussion, keyboard, electronic. Symphony orchestras have 4 categories/families: string, woodwind, brass, percussion
Which section includes the largest number of instruments in a traditional orchestra?
String. Without the string, it would be a band!
Elements of theater: Stage
Structure where all the drama and theatre takes place. EX: proscenium theatres, arena theatres, and amphitheaters are a permanent part of the structure. In a black box theater, the acting area is undefined so that each theatre may adapt specifically to a particular production
Skills cultivated through the appreciation of music: Performance Skills -- Musical Analysis
Students should compare their listening and playing exercises, and encouraged to verbalize their musical analysis
Describe a music scale
Succession of notes arranged in an ascending order. 7 of the 12 pitches (tones) that create an octave in western music are named after the first 7 letter of the alphabet, A B C D E F G and this sequence repeats itself over and over
Describe horizontal lines
Suggest a state of rest, continuity, and stability since objects that are parallel to the earth are often at rest. Horizontal lines can also give a sense of space.
Describe the clef
Symbol at the beginning of each staff indicating the pitch or the range of sounds that should be played. There are two kinds: treble clef (higher notes) and bass clef (lower notes)
Downstage
The area of the stage closest to the audience
What is dance?
The art of movement and expression. It reveals personal, social, and cultural significance.
What is abstract dance?
The art of pure movement. The choreo does not show a narrative story like other forms of dance
What is alignment?
The body placement (line) or stance of the dancer's body to increase body health and efficiency
What is harmony?
The combination of tones that accompany the main theme (melody).
A fourth-grade teacher decides to prepare a dance lesson. What is a probable reason for her decision to teach a square dance?
The dance is structured, requiring concentration and teamwork.
Elements of theater: Acting
The development and communication of characters in formal or informal productions or improvisations. Acting techniques include physical and vocal warm ups, pantomime and mime, improvisations, voice and diction exercises, theatre games, performance, monologues, and script reading. - sensory elements are movement, sound, and spectacle - expressive qualities are mood, emotion, ideas, and dynamics
Describe the position of light and shadow (apple example)
The highlight is the lightest value. A halftone is a middle value. The core shadow is the darkest value. The cast shadow takes the shape of the surface on which it falls.
Which of the following best describes how a "lead sheet" would most typically be used by a small, experienced jazz ensemble?
The lead sheet would indicate only the basic melody and chord changes. The jazz performers would be expected to "flesh out" the piece by adding improvisation, ornaments, and chordal accompaniment.
What is the duration of a dance?
The length of time that a dance lasts
What is value in art?
The lightness or darkness of color. Its range is from white to black, and the value of a color is changed by adding either white or black. Artists use value to create mood. For example, dark colors in a composition can suggest melancholy, gloom, mystery, or foreboding.
Theatre: Exposition
The playwriting device of providing information to the audience. - Retrospective exposition usually occurs early in the action and gives the audience important background info. - Current exposition provides information about events offstage happening during the play
What is the vanishing point in a drawing or painting?
The point at which parallel lines appear to converge in the distance and it gives the image some perspective.
What is tone?
The sound produced by an individual instrument or singer. They are all distinct
What is Tempo
The speed with which incidents that make up the action take place
The dance term "choreography" most commonly refers to ___________
The steps of a dance as put together for performance
What is song form?
The structure of a song where the first section of a simple ternary form is repeated. EX: AABA (a simple ternary form is music in three sections, with the third generally an exact repetition of the first, ABA)
In the late 1920s, what dramatically changed the film industry?
The talking film (talkies) was invented. Al Jolson produced and starred in the first talking picture, The Jazz Singer.
What are dynamics?
The volume or intensity of a tone. Music can be played loudly (forte) or softly (piano).
Describe texture in art
The way a composition might actually feel, or the way it may appear to feel with our eyes. - Texture depicted in 3D art has a tactile quality that can be physically touched (sculpture and architecture) - Texture depicted in 2D art gives you a "sense" of how an object might feel when touched, but you cannot physically touch the object. (EX: collage or other works of art where artists creatively use color, line, and shape to simulate the object)
Describe Cubist art
The work is disassembled into geometric shapes, interpreted, and reassembled in an abstract form. It helps depict "movement through time."
Elements of theater: Theatre
Theatre is the formal presentation of a scripted play. It incorporates elements such as acting, directing, designing, and managing. Organizational principles are: Plot and conflict Setting Character Language Rhythm and unity
Rhythm is the flow of music in ________
Time. After a musical composition has been played, one must evaluate it afterwards (in retrospect) because it can't be physically analyzed in space.
What does the percussion section of a standard orchestra usually have?
Timpani (kettle-drums) and two or three other percussion instruments like xylophones, chimes, and glockenspiel.
Theatre: Block (verb)
To decide upon the gross movements of actors upon the stage; assign the physical relationship of actors and the locations of entrances and exits, create stage "pictures." Frequently, early rehearsals (blocking rehearsals) are devoted to this task.
The vertical lines on the staff are called the bar lines. What are they used for?
To mark off the grouping of beats
Describe the woodwinds instruments
Traditionally all made of wood, but now include metal and plastic too. Narrow pipes with an opening at the bottom end and a mouthpiece at the top and holes throughout the pipe. Metal caps (keys) cover the holes. Thin pieces of wood for the mouthpiece (reed) is used on clarinet, oboe, and bassoon. Oboe and bassoon use double reeds. Smaller woodwinds = higher pitch. Longer and larger = lower notes
What is a lunge?
Transfer of one's body weight forward by moving and bending one leg and placing weight on that front leg while dancing
What is harmony?
Two or more tones played simultaneously that support the melody and give music texture or mood. It's a group of notes that are played behind the melody.
Define the Italian terms that define tempo: Presto Allegro Moderato Adagio Largo
Very fast Fast Moderate Slow Very slow
Space: Locomotor --- What are the 8 basic steps?
Walking, running, leaping, jumping, hopping, galloping, skipping, and sliding (Chasse)
DANCE TIMELINE. Prehistory to Beginning of Middle Ages (A.D. 400) -- Gender Roles
War and hunting for men, seasons and planting for women; early accompaniment came from drums, harps, flutes, and chants
Describe time signature or meter
Way to measure rhythmic units. It's noted at the beginning of a composition and looks like a math fraction. Top number = number of beats in a measure. Bottom number = what type of note will receive the beat.
Theatre: Content
What is portrayed in theatre; the interaction of at least one character with some aspect of their environment. Since it's usually with another person, this is character-character interaction
What is intonation?
Whether the pitch of the note is sharp (higher) or flat (lower)
Levels: Range
Wide, narrow, big, little
Theatre: Gallery
in the Elizabethan theater, one of a tier of alcoves surrounding the interior of the "yard" where, in enclosed boxes and benches, those who could afford the greatest comfort could sit. Most Renaissance theatres have them and continue today in opera houses with tiers of balconies and boxes
In most social dances, the movement of the partner who follows is based on _________.
specific physical cues from the partner who is leading
Theatre: Form
the relationship of all the parts of plays of a certain type considered apart from any single example of that type, as in the form of farce and the form of the well made play. - what emerges is a model or ideal of a theatrical experience that can be used to describe specific examples
