CSET Subtest 3 Visual and Performing Arts

pas de deux

"a step for two": in a dance duet -refers to a specific dance form that is choreographed in many classical ballets such as Sleeping Beauty and Swan Lake

Rhythm

- countable patterns

playscript

-"Script" for short -A detailed, written description of a play intended to give the reader as clear a sense of the produced work as possible -When it is first written by a playwright, the playscript refers to an imagined production; later, the playscript may describe an actual production -In either case, the aim is to provide enough information so that a group of performers can mount a production of the play in question

baroque art

-16th, 17th centuries in Europe, religious themes, Peter Paul Ruebens, baby jesus and mary, eye lines of all the characters are converging on baby jesus, color makes him pop out, placement: right in the foreground

satyr play

-A form of Greek drama that coexisted with tragedy in the classical period -Little is known of the satyr play except that it seems to have been a burlesque of the same ideas presented in tragedies, ridiculing the gods and heroic legends, using the bawdiest language, dance, and song to do it

creative drama

-A form of entertainment in which students improvise scenes for their own growth and edification, not that of an audience -In some cases, the aim of creative drama is to learn subjects other than theatre (history, psychology, literature, and so on)l in others, it is to learn about theatre itself

revolving stage

-A portion of the stage constructed so that it rotates around a pivot -Such a stage can be used in a number of ways, the most frequent being to change settings; the downstage scenery rotates out of sight, revealing scenery that had previously been set upstage

full length play

-A single play that typically fulfills the expectation for a complete theatrical experience -In the Western tradition, this means one play of 3 to 5 acts, usually filling 2 to 4 hours

time signature of meter

-A way to measure rhythmic units -It is noted at the beginning of a composition and looks like a mathematical fraction -The top number denotes the number of beats in a measure and the bottom number denotes what type of note will receive the beat

folk dance

-All folk dance is a form of cultural dance -Folk dance originated from medieval times when townspeople danced to celebrate -Medieval "carolers" were the first folk dancers and could be found throughout England and other parts of Europe -Although there are many dances that originated in Europe, authentic folk dancing in its purest form must include these four factors: ---Dance movements must predate the 19th century ---Dance is performed by peasants or royalty ---The choreography is derived from tradition ---There is no teacher -Variations on folk dances are found in dance forms of today, including square dancing and barn dancing

ancient greek theater (600-400 B.C.)

-Amphitheaters -Playwrights: Sophocles (tragedy, heroes glorified but with a tragic flaw, influence of gods) and Euripides -violence took place off stage -Thespis was the first actor -Dionysus Festivals (tragedies / comedies), plots came from legends. -Influence of central actors and dialogue; masks were used to show age and emotion. Women were barred from acting but could be spectators. -Greek tragedy was not associated with theater staging today (it was part of a trilogy)

pastoral play

-An extinct genre of play, popular during the Italian Renaissance, which is set in a countryside populated by nymhps, satyrs, shepherds, shepherdesses, and wandering knights -Persistently upbeat in tone, the pastoral play existed chiefly to give courtiers a chance to indulge a taste for dressing up as peasants, singing, and dancing -The pastoral play may have been the Renaissance's attempt to recapture the Greek satyr play

Classical (400 B.C.-A.D. 400)

-Ancient Greece and Rome -Art encompassed: architecture (e.g., Parthenon, Coliseum, aqueducts, vaults, and domes); sculpture (ideal form, beauty); pottery (black on white, Greek and Roman life); painting (murals, portraiture); frescoes (pigments with water) -Key characteristics: physical beauty; mathematical; definite proportion; celebrated great events, lots of textures

Perspective: Atmospheric or Aerial

-Atmospheric perspective is used to create depth and dimension -Artists use overlapping, color, size, and contrast to reproduce the effects of distant objects Example: Darker objects appear to be closer when using lighter and duller colors for distant objects. In a landscape, lighter objects lose focus and clarity as they appear farther away.

Classroom expectations for music education

-Auditory skills: hearing sounds -Translative skills: reading and writing music -Creative skills: creating music, composing too -Performance skills ---Singing: musical selections based on physical development of voices, listening while singing encouraged ---Playing instruments: aids in understanding of pitch, rhythm, etc ---Body movement: moving to music ---Conducting: speech chants involving changes in tempo, dynamics, pitch, etc ---Musical analysis: compare listening and playing exercies

Balance: symmetrical and asymmetrical

-Balance is a sense of visual stability in a composition -It is the harmonious arrangement of elements in order to create a feeling of equilibrium -When a composition is symmetrical, it gives the feeling that weight is equally distributed ---This is called formal balance since this is a classical appearance of formality -When a composition is asymmetrical, there is a visual emphasis, or pull, to one side of the composition ---This is sometimes called informal balance Example: Think about a seesaw or scales. When the seesaw is equally weighted, it is symmetrical. When the seesaw is not weighted equally, it is asymmetrical.

scriptwriting

-Based on culture, imagination, literature, and personal life experiences -theatrical pieces are typically written in acts and may or may not follow dramatic structure -Can apply to theatre, film, television, or electronic media -Classroom activities can include reading and analyzing scripts, outlining dramatic structure, and working together in groups to plan scenario

theatrical dance

-Based on music, songs, dialogue, and dance -Audiences often experience it in the form of musical theatre productions -Well-known musical productions are ballet, jazz, and tap -Other productions include ethno-cultural, kabuki, Russian, and Celtic dance

modern dance

-Born in the 20th century as a result of dancers resisting the rigid structure of classical ballet dance -Modern dance choreography is based upon the subjective interpretation of internalized feelings, emotions, and moods -Unlike formal ballet, modern dance is often unstructured and makes deliberate use of gravity and body weight to enhance movement -Since modern dance encourages free-style dance, teachers should utilize this style of dance in an effort to provide dance opportunities for all ability levels in the classroom -It also encourages students to express feelings and emotions through movement

restoration comedy

-Characteristic comedy of the period known as the English Restoration (1660-1700) -Restoration comedy is known for its glittering language, salacious plots, and frequently debauched characters

Prehistory to Beginning of Middle Ages (A.D. 400)

-Characteristics: circle form (rhythmic motion within a circle); use of imagery -Gender roles: war and hunting for men, seasons and planting for women; early accompaniment came from drums, harps, flutes, and chants -Forms: social dance, which celebrated births, special events, and rites of passage; ritual dance, which maintained tradition, religious rituals (temple dances), and hunting magic; and fertility dance, which marked the changing seasons (especially for planting and harvesting) and sought favor with gods

post impressionism (1880s-1900s)

-Characteristics: paint indoors or outside; emotions through the use of color/swirling color/thick applications; complementary colors; new subject matter: away from the narrow spectrum of viewing (e.g., "Starry Night"; primitive art of the South Pacific) -Examples: van Gogh, Gauguin; Cézanne -watercolor (transparent), overpainting

Religious or Ceremonial Dance

-Choreography played a significant role in many cultural events throughout history -The origins of dance show that dance was created and performed in celebrations, rituals, and rites of passage -Many cultures consider dance a universal spiritual language Example: Native Americans have expressed mourning the spirit in dance movement. They have also used dance as a ritual to prepare for battles and to celebrate joyful occasions.

clef

-Clef is the symbol at the beginning of each staff indicating the pitch or the range of sounds that should be played -Two main clefs: the treble clef for the higher range of notes, and the bass clef for the lower range of notes

tertiary colors

-Created by mixing secondary colors -When mixing these colors, the secondary color tends to be muted or grayish to provide a variation of the secondary color

Renaissance (1400-1600)

-Dancing evolved from pageants and processions of the period -Ballet developed in France (1500s), and moved to Italy; this led to the development of court dancing in Europe (nobility in a palace setting); patronage of the Medicis; "dancing masters"; steps were slow (adagio) and fast (allegro); lack of spontaneity (defined steps) -Music to accompany specific, technical ballet steps; a theatrical art form developed—music, costumes, setting, plot, and themes such as Greek and Roman mythology and history (Julius Caesar); Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet -Minuet: a formal aristocratic court dance developed at the end of the period

note values

-Each note has a specific duration represented by a solid black or hollow oval shape -Some have flags and others have stems attached representing different values -whole, half, quarter, eighth, sixteenth

Byzantine (400-1400)

-Eastern Roman Empire -Key characteristics: religious imagery; mosaics (flat, two-dimensional); icons; elongated bodies; stylized background; gold leaf; mosaics decorated churches; triptych (three panels)

Historic evolution (use of dance movement)

-Egypt: movement associated with gods/funerals -Greece: in theatre chorus; also the festival of Dionysus -Rome: pantomime/dance expression -India: formalized hand movements (e.g., Hindu dance, the oldest world dance) -Java: elaborate costumes, balance and moderation, and traditional dance -China: ceremonial dance with each character having specific hand movement, and martial (war) dancing -Japan: Kabuki (traced to primitive rituals; it involves stomping, elaborate costumes, is male only, and is still current)

modern era (1900s)

-Evolution in the musical world, rebellion; unique sounds; difficult to quantify; nationalism; folk idiom was prevalent (e.g., in Liszt's Hungarian Rhapsody, Coplan's Appalachian Spring); widening gap between "art" and popular music (Beatles) -Technology allowed for mass appeal and a new direction in music making (sound recordings, electronically created sounds, computer music, and composing) -Polytonality (playing two keys at once) -Puccini (Italian) and his operas Madama Butterfly and La Bohème; Debussy and Impressionism; Stravinsky, post-Romanticism, and his ballet The Rite of Spring; Rachmaninoff, Prokofiev, an Shostakovich (Russian) -Influence of blues (sorrowful black folk music) and jazz (roots in African rhythms and harmonies with modern instrumentation, improvisation, and syncopation) -Rock 'n' roll, R&B (rhythm and blues), country, folk (cultural link, passed on by word of mouth), and hip-hop

Early Middle Ages (500-1000)

-Greco-Roman influence; influence of religion; sacred art; spatially flat; illustrated book of Kells -Romanesque architectural style: heavy walls, round, ribbed arches; transept and nave; grand

classical era (1750-1820) music

-Historical themes: Industrial Revolution, Age of Reason and Enlightenment, Age of Revolution, revolutionary music (such as the French "Marseillaise") -Orchestra gained in importance; increasing use of flutes and oboes; string and wind sections developed; by the 1800s, trombones were introduced; refinement of sonata (instrumental music with a soloist and standard structure for opening movement); development of the piano; Rococo style (highly ornamented); elegance and courtly grace (e.g., minuet developed as a dance style) -Classical style: homophony (a single melodic line and an accompaniment); simpler textures and melodies; expansion of textures, melodies, and variation. String quartet (two violins viola, and cello); Haydn "the father" of the string quartet; orchestral symphony (origins in opera overture, four movements); opera, concerto (composition for solo instrument) -Creative impulses of giants Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven

Romantic Period (1820-1900)

-Historical themes: Rise of European nationalism; new social orders; intense emotion in arts (paintings of Delacroix and Goya); Poe in literature; "Romanticism" derived from concepts of heroes, love, and chivalry associated with the Middle Ages; visual arts, poetry, drama, and nature as themes -Artistic experimentation by composers Chopin, Liszt, Berlioz, Mendelssohn, and Schumann; style was expressive, melody prominent, and folk music was used to express cultural identity -Opera: Verdi (Italy), Wagner (Germany); themes from literature and folk tales; very popular -Genres: Symphonic poem (orchestral work that portrayed a story) and concert overture (e.g., Rossini's William Tell). Emphasis was on the sonata and symphony, and included the introduction of dissonance to create emotion; featuring virtuoso performers

nineteenth century theatre

-IR changed the way people lived -technology changed theater (gas lighting was changed to electrical, mechanisms were created for changing scenery) -growth of melodrama -actor predominated over the author, but playwrights Shaw, Ibsen and Chekhov stood out, serious drama -19th century in the US (playhouses in major cities, resident companies, touring actors, influence of melodrama, minstrels) -Late 1880s to 1920s in the US: Golden Age of American theater (420 touring companies), mass appeal, more sophisticated plots and staging, moving away from hero character, vaudeville

Restoration England: 1660s

-In 1642, Parliament closed theatres in England; these closings allowed French ascendancy in theatre mechanics -Theatre architecture: France introduced new technology for scenery and set changes; artificial lighting; theatres begin to be roofed in; drama moved indoors, and the stage was raised above the audience -Proscenium stage architecture/royal theatre (enclosed/arches); scene changes slid by on panels -Baroque period: French playwrights Racine and Molière influenced theatre -Women began to appear onstage in the roles of boys and young men

pit

-In Elizabethan theatre, the portion of the theatre immediately in front of the stage -This area was occupied by patrons who had paid the lowest admission fee and were willing to stand for the duration of the production -Over time, this area was filled, first with benches and later with chairs -Today it is called the orchestra

vomitoria

-In Roman theatre, the vomitoria were the tunnels that allowed the audience to enter and exit the large theatres with ease -In contemporary theatres, the vomitoria ("voms" for short) are the tunnels that allow the actors to reach the downstage portions of a thrust stage by passing through the audience

Aristotelian theatre

-In general, the traditional theatre thought to be espoused by Aristotle, involved constraining stories to fit within the 3 unities of time (dont flash foward or jump back), place (same location) and action (comedy or tragedy) -It includes clear, simple plotting; strong (but not necessarily complicated) characters; high levels of intellectual content; and a minimum of spectacle -In the Renaissance, other criteria were added to these, some native to Aristotle, some imposed through fancied symmetry: ---Plays should include the 3 unities (unity of one main action, unity of one physical space, and unity of time) ---Plays should be written in five acts ---Plays should avoid violence ---Plays should not mix comedy and tragedy -comedy: where protagonist was victorious vs tragedy: not victorious -deus ex machina: something outside character resolves story

stock company

-In the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries, a form of resident company in which actors were hired according to lines of work and large numbers of plays were prepared, usually with very short rehearsal periods and for relatively short runs -The practice and the term continue to live in the experience of "summer stock" (theatre presented during the summertime)

gallery

-In the Elizabethan theatre, one of a tier of alcoves surrounding the interior of the "yard" where, in enclosed boxes and on benches, those who could afford the greatest comfort could sit -Comparable galleries are found in most Renaissance theatres; they continue today in tiers of balconies and boxes found in most opera houses

company

-In the broadest sense, all of the people associated with producing a play, including the designers, technicians, directors, stage managers, and actors -In the narrowest sense, the concept of "the company" is confined to the actors alone

Roman Theatre (300 B.C. - A.D. 500)

-Latin versions of Greek plays; less influenced by religion -Introduction of subplot -Women were allowed minor parts -Spectacles of the Coliseum -Mass appeal/impressive theatres -Raised stage replaced the Greek semicircular amphitheatre; the stage was built at ground level with a raised seating area -By the later Roman period, Christians disapproved of low comedy and pagan rituals

perspective: linear

-Linear perspective is a technique for representing three-dimensional objects on a flat surface -During the Renaissance, artists invented this technique based upon math principles in order to give paintings a realistic appearance -The technique shows that when converging lines meet at a single vanishing point, the human eye perceives objects at a distance -When our eyes focus on the vanishing point, all shapes and objects become smaller, giving us the illusion of depth and distance -Larger objects appear closer, and smaller objects appear more distant -The lines of buildings and objects are slanted to make them appear at a distance Example: In the Basilica di San Lorenzo (San Lorenzo Church) in Florence, Italy, notice that the design of this church was influenced by perspective. Notice the vanishing point at the end of the alter.

cultural dances

-Often carry important historical significance from ancient civilizations Examples: -Chinese ribbon dance -Polish polonaise -India's Kathakali or Bharatanatyam dance -Clogging, traditionally from Wales, which involves double taps on both the heel and ball of the foot -Irish dancing (demonstrated by popular performances of the production Riverdance) -Popular historical dances that are often used today: ---Pavane ---Galliard (from the Renaissance period) ---The minuet ---Charleston ---Twist ---Disco ---Hip-hop ---Lambada

maypole dance

-Often danced on May Day in various European nations such as Germany and Sweden, the Maypole dance is taught in American schools today -The maypole itself is a tall pole decorated with floral garlands, flags, and streamers -Ribbons are attached to a pole, so that children can hold a ribbon as they dance

stereotyped character

-One based on the assumption that all members of a given group possess certain simple behavioral traits -Hence, a few swift strokes of character development (a dialect, a distinctive walk, a costume, and so on) suffice to communicate the stereotype to the audience -Contrasted with the "unique character," who shares nothing of consequence with any other person and whose life experiences have created a character that is, taken as a whole, entirely distinct from all others

neoclassic drama

-Plays of the neoclassic period, or plays modeled after them, in which Renaissance writers attempted to recapture the glory of theatre in ancient Greece and Rome -Particularly in 17th- and 18th-century France, this effort was aided by the application of certain rules of playwriting, such as the unities (action, place, time), the enforced use of rigid verse forms, and the general concern for "decorum" on the stage

Elizabethan Theatre

-Playwrights included Christopher Marlowe and Ben Johnson -Theatre was supported by Queen Elizabeth; patronage; raucous, open-air theatre; language of the educated; satire -William Shakespeare (late 1500s and early 1600s) write comedies, histories, and tragedies; Globe Theatre (open-air)

renaissance (1400-1600)

-Rebirth of Greco-Roman classical forms; development of cities (Florence, Venice, etc.); art patronage: church or court/private collectors (Medicis); Humanism (individuality and self-worth); sculpture ("David"—life from marble); art and architecture (Sistine Chapel—perspective; anatomy; emotion; oil painting techniques) -Art influenced by religion (pyramidal structure); Raphael—unity of subject, style, and technique ("Madonna and Child"); Humanism; depictions of the natural world; study of light and perspective; complex and crowded space -New technology: printing press; use of oils—lasting (egg tempera used previously); landscapes -Drawings: Michelangelo's studies -Influence of Northern Europe/Flemish: surface details; realistic light; religious; portraits

Renaissance and Reformation Theatre (1400-1600)

-Rebirth of classical Greek and Roman art, culture, and literature -Theatre reemerged with professional actors and set design -Open stages, "apron stage," to proscenium arch (framed and divided stage from the audience; painted sets and scenery) -Emphasis was on the performer -Protestant Reformation (moving away from Catholic teachings) led to secular works; Commedia dell'arte (improvisation; acting groups; situational comedy) -State licensed official theatre companies

shape (form and contour)

-Shape and form help to define objects on a piece of art -Shapes are often defined by a continuous line that meets to create a closed shape -Artists use contour line to create dimension -Shapes have two dimensions, height and width; and form has three dimensions, height, weight, and depth -Geometric shapes (e.g., circles, squares, etc.) have uniform measures, but natural, organic shapes are related to things that appear in the natural world (e.g., plants and animals) -Repeated shapes and forms create patterns

The Bath Mary Cassatt

-The Bath is a good example of the use of form. Inspired by the work of Edgar Degas and Japanese prints, this artist uses bold circular contour shapes of figures, a basin, and a pitcher. Notice the rounded, natural forms created to illustrate clear, crisp, lively patterns.

middle ages (500-1400)

-The Church attempted to restrict pagan dance, often associated with fertility, but folk dances evolved from earlier ritual dance (e.g., Maypole dance; origins in primitive fertility rituals [dancing around a pole]; associated with spring) -Characteristics of folk dance: there are many regional differences; all had recreational aspects and basic steps such as running, walking, hopping, and skipping; all are linked to culture, music, and the history of a group; they take the form of a circle -Current examples in the 20th century: polka, square dances, historic dances—Cossack dance of Russia, polonaise of Poland, Czardas Hungarian tavern dance, and Mexican El Jarabe Tapatio (hat dance)

Broadway theatre

-The commercial model that dominated the American theatre from the end of the 19th century until shortly after World War II -Named for the New York boulevard that runs through the Manhattan theatre district, this kind of theatre is essentially a profit-making enterprise in which shares of a production are sold to investors with the expectation that, after meeting the initial expenses of production, they will receive a substantial return on their investment -To enhance these profits, Broadway theatre aspires to very long runs of a single play, frequently using star performers appearing in vehicles with the widest possible audience appeal

proscenium staging

-The form of physical configuration between actor and audience encouraged by (some would say demanded by) the proscenium arch -It consists of a fairly narrow array of audience members gathered on one side of the stage only -There is a clear distinction between the areas occupied by the actors and the audience; in traditional proscenium theatres, there is also an effort to keep the audience directly in front of the center of the proscenium arch

proscenium arch

-The major architectural feature of Western theatres since the Renaissance, the proscenium arch is essentially an opening in the wall between two rooms -In one room (the stagehouse), the actors perform; in the other room (the auditorium), the audience is located -The arch itself can range from extremely elaborate and intrusive to nearly undetectable

connotative meaning

-The meaning conveyed by connotative symbols, symbols that are vague in terms of strict definition, but rich in poetic meaning -Much connotative meaning evokes an emotional rather than intellectual response

arena staging

-The physical configuration of audience and actor in which the audience essentially surrounds the playing area -It is also known as "theatre in the round"

thrust staging

-The physical configuration of audience and performers in which at least some part of the stage extends into, and is surrounded by, the audience -In thrust staging, the audience surrounds the acting area to no more than 270 degrees; beyond that, the configuration is called arena staging

song form

-The structure of a song in which the first section of a simple ternary form is repeated—for example, AABA ---A simple ternary form is music in three sections, with the third generally an exact repetition of the first, ABA

multiple plots

-The traditional element of theatre plotting in which more than one story line is presented, usually simultaneously -Frequently, the plots are kept separate until late in the play, at which point they intersect in some ingenious way -Multiple plots work best when each separate plot is somehow a treatment of the same theme or in some way shares an important theatrical element with the others

Medieval Theatre (500-1300)

-Theatre buildings were not permitted; minstrels, traveling groups, and jugglers from Greek-Roman period; open stage areas -Church/liturgical dramas: written in Latin/Bible stories; intended to educate regarding religious events, not to entertain -Dramatic form to illustrate religious holidays to an illiterate populace; "Everyman"; allegory -Genres: Passion play, miracle play, and morality play with themes of religious loyalty -Theatre groups evolved into town guilds

chronological time

-Time as a linear experience related to cause and effect -Most history is written in chronological order, but much theatre chooses to take liberties with the chronological presentation of facts -The earliest modification was to leave out long and unimportant passages of time in order to present scenes that capture the essence of the story in an episodic plot -Later developments include the flashback and the flash-forward

interpreting works of art

-What dominant object stands out as you first look at the composition? -What is your first emotional response to the composition? What is the mood? -What do you believe the artist is trying to convey? -What is the historical, cultural, or social context? What is the time, style, and place of composition? Apply these answers to the the elements and principles of art: -How are the lines in the composition arranged (horizontally, vertically, or diagonally)? -How is color used to show contrast, highlight an area, or create a mood? -What are the spatial relationships? Are objects far or near? -Where are the light and dark areas in the composition? How does light enhance directionality? Does it "lead" the viewer? -What types of shapes are used? Geometric? How do the various shapes affect the composition as a whole? -What textures are used in the pictures? What feelings do the textures convey? -Does the composition include depth, linear perspective, or atmospheric perspective? -Is the composition balanced (symmetrical or asymmetrical)? How is the balance achieved? -What elements are repeated? Do the various elements contrast with or complement each other?

arabesque

-a ballet pose in which the dancer stands on one leg with one arm extended in front and the other leg and arm extended directly behind the body

Elements of Dance: Time

-a critical element of rhythm and choreography, moving to the beat and music that's set up by time Rhythm Tempo Beat Meter Syncopation Rhapsodic Rhythms

adagio

-a dance to slower tempo music, such as the pas de deux in ballet. -a type of practice exercises in dance class consisting of balance and sustained movement

allegro

-a dance with fast or lively tempo, such as fast turning movements in ballet

pirouette

-a non-traveling twirl or spin. the rotation of one foot en point that can be executed outward away from the body or inward toward the body. The non-supporting leg is held in retire devant (supported by the front of the rotating leg)

passe

-a passing movement in which the foot passes from front to back or vise versa. when this position is held as in pirouettes, with the foot of the working leg resting against the knee of the supporting leg, it is known as retire

basic techniques for teaching music

-activities for beginning music instruction should involve simple, easy to use instruments such as the xylophone (diff bw pitches and basic melodies) or drum (teach rhythm), or vocal pieces with easy to remember lyrics and limited range requirements (lowest to highest note) -offer opportunities to physicalize (moving) elements of music and to learn about culture

basic techniques for teaching drama

-activities which teach character development can involve characterization and creating a situation in which a character must make an important choice -activities may be scripted (age appropriate) or improvisational

Framework for Dance Instruction

-age related expectations -determine physical abilities / special needs -provide students with research and learning opportunities -begin with warm up/cool down with steps used in the dance -separate the dance into steps. begin by teaching the steps, describing and demonstrating each separately. steps are done slowly at first using counts then at the proper tempo. -explain the floor pattern, show with and w/o music -use key words and counts to cue steps and changes -encourage vigorous activity -encourage opportunities for different dance experiences such as solo, line, circle, group, etc. restrict choice when partners are needed -provide an opportunity to refine skill level (repeat) -allow opportunities to practice performing -provide opportunities for interpretation of dance -provide a classroom dance program that includes different styles of dance from a cultural and historical context

space (art)

-artists refer to space within the boundaries of the composition. space helps the composition look like it has form and gives the artwork a feeling of depth. artists use both positive and negative space to influence how an object might appear. -negative space is the space b/w or around the object

Renaissance Era (1400-1600) music

-at the end of feudalism, a new concept of humanism, rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman culture and ideals, art and music for their own sake, scientific advantages, the age of patronage -instrumental dance music developed: music and dance were connected, new instruments included the keyboard (clavichord), the lute was a favored instrument through the 16th century. the printing press preserved and extended music -polyphonic emphasis on harmony (on which 2 or more notes are sounded simultaneously as in a chord), sacred (liturgical such as masses) secular (madrigals/ songs)

woodwinds

-bassoon, oboe, saxophone, clarinet, flute -traditional woodwinds are made of wood, today they are made of wood, metal, plastic -consist of narrow pipes with an opening at the bottom end and a mouthpiece at the top (and holes throughout the pipe). as air blows through from the mouthpiece, sound is produced. metal caps called keys cover the holes -some of the mouthpieces are made up of a thin wood, called a reed (used on the clarinet, oboe and bassoon). the clarinet uses a single reed while the oboe and bassoon use a double reed made of two pieces joined together -smaller woodwinds make higher pitches, while the longer and larger instruments play the lower notes -there is a reed that vibrates to produce sound

directing

-blocks the action sculpts the performances, decides on staging and oversees production

political dances

-can be used for political or social commentary -Cakewalk: emerged among African Americans during slavery, used to make fun of plantation owners -many dances build upon or combine existing dances, ie tap dancing used parts of Irish jig, African styles, clogging

Dadaism

-challenges the notion of what is art, anything can be art (every day objects)

eighteenth century theatre

-changes in economics, society and ruling powers determined direction of playwrights -acting began to more closely mimic life -arts of acting became prominent -plays more often dealt with ordinary people -commercial theater evolved

fugue

-characteristic idea of the melodic line being passed on from on performer to the next -based upon a short theme called a subject -contains both rhythmic and melodic motifs -the opening of the fugue is announced by one voice alone. a second voice then restates the subject, usually on a diff scale. a 3rd and then 4th voice enter, each carrying the subject

historically the traditional shape of a folk dance was based upon the a. triangle b. square c. circle d. figure eight

-circle

Ballet can be either dramatic or nondramatic. In comparison to a dramatic ballet, a nondramatic ballet emphasizes: a. dancing that is based on classical Greek models b. dancing without telling a story c. poetic and lyrical styles d. fewer technical conventions than traditional ballet

-dancing without telling a story -including its expressive qualities is the central focus

value

-describes the lightness or darkness of a color. its range is from white to black and the value of the color is changed by either adding black or white. artists use value to create mood -ex: dark colors in a composition can suggest melancholy, gloom, mystery, foreboding -deep rich red vs pastel pink

texture

-describes the way a composition might actually feel, or the way it might appear to feel with our eyes -texture depicted in 3D art has a tactile quality that can be physically touched (ie sculpture and architecture) -texture depicted in 2D art gives you a sense of how an object might feel when touched, but you cannot physically touch the object -ex: collage or other works of art where artists creatively use color, line and shape to simulate the object -ie rough texture via speckling

George Balanchine

-director of the NYC Ballet and the modern American ballet, Broadway and Hollywood shows, a new style of moving with emphasis on speed and mobility, lean body types, importance of the female dancer

Shakespeare

-evolved through several periods, beginning with comedies and histories then tragedies

twentieth century

-fauvism (early- Wild Animals): influenced by technology of the early 20th century, expansion of color- right from the tube in assertive brush strokes, discord of color, non-western themes (Matisse) -Cubism (early): traditional subject matter portrayed by overlapping geometric forms (reduced to cubes), fragmentation of form, influenced by African tribal arts, masks and sculpture, move toward abstract art (exploration of space and color) -multiple images of one subject on a 2D surface: ex: Picasso, Braque, development of collages, "found" sculpture -Surrealism (1920s): evolved from Dada art (reaction against commonplace and WW1), workings of the subconscious mind through fantastic imagery, Dali: dreamscapes, uncontrollable nature of time -abstract impressionism (1950s): "dribbles, splatters, splashes", everyday objects to apply art (ie brooms), influenced by Navajo sand paintings, ex: Pollock, de Kooning, Kandinsky, usually not a subject, ie emphasis through contrast -pop art: "why is it art?" reaction against abstract painting (soup cans, comics), Warhol, Lichtenstein (iconic art), acrylics -American regional art (from 1930s/rural art): everyday life, expanded on landscape painting of the 1870s, ex: American Gothic

eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

-formal dancing spread to the continent, expansion of professional dancing masters, professional choreography at the Paris Opera (opera and dance), costuming, intro of the waltz (1-2-3) rhythm, court dance -ballet developed throughout Europe, this led to virtuoso dancing, expressive capacity of the body, pointe footwork and the heel-less shoe -Era of Romanticism (early 1800s): the continued evolution of ballet, emphasis on emotions and fantasy, true pointe work, evolution of lightness in flight, this differed from other dance forms in placement and alignment of the body as well as in training -focus on the ballerina, the male dancer was secondary

baroque (1600-1700)

-foundations in Italy and Germany but with regional differences (ie Rembrandt), influenced by Scientific Revolution (Newton, Galileo), Age of Enlightenment, Counter Reformation (against Protestantism- paintings of faith/martyrdom), Age of Absolute Monarchs (Louis XIV) -characteristics (diversified sylistically but often very grand): complex style, appeal to senses / spectator involvement / drama, strong emotion. emphasis on depth/ space, genre scenes (landscapes without people), movement with grandeur -Rococo (1750s-1800s): influenced by the French Revolution and the IR, salons, carefree lifestyle / high fashion, moved away from Baroque heroic subjects and dark color, moved to move delicate / pale colors, theme of romantic love -revolt against Rococo: movement toward naturalism and Romanticism (1850s) beauty of nature- senses over intellect, love of ruins and exotic cultures, new sense of nationalism, uniqueness, not conformity (ie Goya)

brass

-french horn, trumpet, trombone, tuba -produce sound through breath as the vibrations from the players' lips buzz against a metal cup-shaped mouthpiece -can play louder than any other instrument section -moss brass instruments have valves attached to their long pipes, which look like buttons that open and close and produce higher or lower sounds of pitch -earliest brass instruments made from tusks, horns, shells, or wood. today there are made of brass -designed like long pipes that widen at their ends into a bell-shaped opening. their curves make them easier to hold and play

folk dances

-generally rooted in the traditions of commoners within a culture and were historically learned informally or passed down from parents to children -ie clogging, morris dance, square dancing -chain dance: was done by commoners in medievial europe. started as folk dance but got adopted by nobility

Late 20th century dance

-growth of contemporary dance, post modernism of 1960s, movement toward simplicity and less sophisticated technique, no manifesto, a frequent rejection of costumes and stories

strings

-guitar, viola, violin, bass, cello, harp -curvy, wooden-shaped bodies that are the largest family or the orchestra. strings stretch over the body and neck of the instrument and attach to small ornamental heads where they are tuned by turning pegs -smaller instruments (violin and viola) make higher pitched sounds, and larger instruments (cello and double bass) produce low rich sounds -usually played with a bow, but can be plucked -2 other string instruments that are not considered part of the string section of the orchestra (harp and guitar)

wizard of oz for children

-has a large cast of characters, many speaking parts, and opportunities to involve large groups in musical numbers -vocab simple and easy to memorize -creative costumes and set design for teaching stagecraft -appropriate for a diverse set of students

pitch

-how low or high a note is, based on the frequency of a sound, not related to volume -refers to hearing a note and being able to reproduce it either vocally or with an instrument -vocal cords and musical instruments produce vibrations in the air, as the frequency of these vibrations change, the pitch changes. the faster the vibration, the higher the note. the slower, the lower the pitch -intonation refers to whether the pitch of a particular note is played in tune, sharp (higher) or flat (lower)

elements of dance: force

-how potential energy is released to kinetic energy (bend knees, extend legs to jump) -Quality of energy: sustained (smooth), suspended (light), swing (under-curve), sway (over-curve), collapsed (loose), percussive (sharp), or vibrate (shudder) -Degree of energy: strong, weak, heavy, light, dynamic, static, flowing, or tense

Baroque Era (1600-1750) music

-importance of scientific investigation, New World exploration and empire, ornate and extravagant, painters including Rubens, Rembrant and El Greco, composers included Monteverdi, Handel and Bach -heavily ornate style, counterpoint (technique of combining several melodic lines into a meaningful whole), melodic line, emphasis on contrast and volume, imitative polyphony (many sounding melodic lines are presented by one voice or instrument and then restated immediately by another), homophonic style (chords under a melodic line), also theme and variation (recurring patterns) -secular music advances, "court" composers, keyboard music for the harpsichord and organ -opera, orchestra, ballet and sonata

Asian dances

-in Asia dance, drama, and opera all developed as part of a singular entertainment form, as opposed to developing separately like in the west -because of the emphasis on honoring tradition, people focused on perfecting existing forms of dance -in Japan there are dances called noh dance and Kabuki: integrates theater, dance, music, used to entertain nobility

orchestra (play)

-in an ancient Greek theater, the open dancing area in front of the stagehouse -in modern usage, the orchestra is the lowest and usually most expensive array of seats directly in front of the stage -should not be confused with orchestra pit

Impressionism (1860s-1900): Origins of modern art

-influenced by science (principles of harmony, contrast of colors, reaction of eye in viewing composition), concern for light and color on object -experience of the fleeting moment, new techniques allowed for painting outside, rejected themes of the French Salon (not grand subjects but daily life), emphasis on primary colors and small brush strokes, side-by-side placement of primary colors (optimal mixing), little white or black (broad brushstrokes) -not trying to create something realistic, trying to give a general impression -atmospheric perspective creates depth, clouds and water have more greens and yellows, ships have more blue -Manet, Monet, Renoir, Cassatt, Degas -sculpture: Rodin- rebel against the perfect body type (David), rough-hewn -Neo-Impressionism (Pointillism): Tiny dots of primary colors to produce secondary colors, colors placed in scientifically measured dots (ie George Seurat)

Martha Graham and psychodrama

-intense movement often depicting pain, fear, and love, dance forms sculptured by human body positions, contraction and release of the torso, fall and recover, angular gestures, school and dance companies

dance movements

-may be axial or locomotor -axial movements: occur in place such as a pirouette (spin in place) -locomotor movements: dancer moves to a new location such as a grand jete (great jump) -some movements may combine both such as grand jete en tournan (jump and spin iin the air)

other directions post 1960s

-more eclectic, ballet and ethnic used in the same performance, all-male groups, intense theatrical effects in lighting, costumes and sets

concepts of music notation

-music notation involves representing elements of music symbolically (how long we hold note, pitch of note) -for exam, what elements of this piece make it good for children?

pattern

-objects in a composition that are repeated. regular patterns appear as predicted designs with easily identifiable features so that the viewers can visually recognize what may appear next -when there's no exact predicted design, but the viewer can generally predict what may appear next, the artist is using random patterns. artists create patterns by repeating shapes, colors, or lines -ex: French impressionist Claude Monet uses patterns of water lilies floating on a pond in Water Lilies

implications for teaching music in the classroom

-offers a valuable opportunity to build active listening skills -helps to shape the cognitive and mental processes in children -has its own forms, time periods, and cultural characteristics -can be used to enhance other subject areas, particularly visual art -extends beyond knowledge and skills -can be a form of therapy that offers a unique medium for self-expression -Musical instruments can be created from material from the environment, and children can create instruments in the classroom

complementary colors

-pairs of colors that sit opposite one another on the color wheel and do not share any common characteristics -ex: purple is directly opposite from yellow. if mixed together, they produce a neutral color such as grey. -artists use complementary colors to create contrast that can be interpreted as vibrant and stimulating

percussion

-piano, xylophone, bass drum, snare drum, timpani, triangle, cymbals... tambourine, chimes, celesta, bells, maracas, etc -include any instrument that produces a sound when it is being struck, hit, shaken, rubbed or scraped. some instruments require tuning (timpani) while others are untuned (cymbals and castenets) -percussionist often plays many different instruments during one composition.

Elements of Dance: Levels

-planes of movement in which dance takes place, such as en baus: low movement ie crawling or enhaut: high movement ie leap, ie high, medium, low plane of movement -Direction: forward, backward, up, down, sideways (horizontal or vertical), diagonal, straight, circle, out, in, zigzag, or spiral -Form and shape: angular, rounded, twisted, bent, crooked, symmetrical, or asymmetrical -Level: high, medium, or low -Range: wide, narrow, big, or little -Pathway: floor, elevated, or air patterns -Focus: gaze, floor, or away

play and sing movement

-primary school children love to play and sing with movement in simple sing along dances of London Bridge, Hokey Pokey, etc

tone

-refers to the sound produced by an individual instrument or singer -each family of instruments and type of instrument is distinct from all others -ex: the tone of a brass instrument is easily distinguished from the tone of string, woodwind, etc

Early Twentieth Century

-revolutionary aspects of Ballets Russes (Russia) stretched the boundaries of classical ballet, new movements "turn out" -revolutionary aspects of early modern dance, appreciated the qualities of the individual, primitive expression and emotion, "new freedom" of movement, choreography of Isadora Duncan and Martha Graham and their harsh break from restrictive classical ballet and tutu, broadening the minds of the public, explosion of modern dance in the early 20th century. during this period ragtime emerged and the flapper era influenced fast moving dances like the Charleston

ballroom dances

-social dances which are based on a learned system of movements and cues which a leader may use to communicate with the partner who follows -include waltz, hustle, swing, salsa, tango, mambo

20th Century Theatre

-social upheaval from WW1 and 2 -Early 20th century: new movements such as realism, naturalism, symbolism, and impressionism (of average man, actors portrayed likeness to life) -commercial theaters (Ziegfield Follies to musical Oklahoma!, opera Porgy and Bess and musical the Phantom of the Opera -series drama (playwrights Eugene O'Niell, Arthur Miller, and Tennessee Williams) -comedy (playwright and screenwriter Niel Simon) -Actor's Studio (Elia Kazan and Lee Strasberg) -experimental theater (against naturalism) -community theater and ensemble theater

middle ages/ medieval (500-1400) music

-spread of Christianity, development in Europe, the Crusades, the rise of universities, the influence of Islam, this was the longest period -musical styles: the Church dominated society for most of the era (900 years), sacred music was the most prevalent (liturgical), Gregorian chant, named after Pope Gregory (590-640) was a melody set to sacred Latin texts. this monophonic style of music (meaning one melodic line and no accompaniment) was the official music of the Roman Catholic church. musical notation originally consisted of just the pitch and the notes, notated rhythm was added at the end of the 12th century -polyphonic style: (two or more melodic lines) appeared at the end of the 12th century, as did notation (system of writing music) and chromatic scale (octaves of 12 notes). most composers were anonymous. secular song developed by the end of the 12th century, popular songs were not bound by the traditions of the church and were performed by troubadours

4 main categories of instruments

-string, wind (woodwind and brass), percussion, keyboard -can be some overlap (piano has keyboard and string)

performance dances

-such as ballet, jazz and tap are dances designed for an audience, which does not interact with the dance -may also require years of study + choreography

Denominator of Time Signature

-tells us what kind of note receives one beat (ie a half note vs a quarter note)

fraction in the beginning of the line of music: demomenator

-tells you how many beats a whole note gets -usually its a 4, meaning the whole note gets 4 beats

Elements of dance: Space

-the area surrounding the body in which a dancer moves, the set in which they may be dancing on, things they interact with on the set, other dancers -Locomotor (traveling through space) -The 8 basic steps: walking, running, leaping, jumping, hopping, galloping, skipping, and sliding (Chasse) -Nonlocomotor (staying in one place "on spot"): stretching, pushing, twisting, bending, kicking, sinking, or curling -Combined locomotor (often traditional folk steps): two-step, paddle, grapevine, step-hop, chug, and spinning -Individual, group, or class (solo, duet, or ensemble) -Space between dancers (side-by-side, supported, far, or near) -Interactions between dancers (leader, follower, mirror, unison, or parting)

Dance

-the art of movement and expression, involving rhythm and set to music -helps children organize physiological energy to communicate an artistic form of expression from internalized structures of their surrounding world -foundation of the elements of dance begins prior to entering school as children first express movement through play

music

-the art of sound and silence, can be used to express both ideas and emotions -an ingredient of the world of sound, and all sound begins with the vibration of an object (ie musical instrument or voice) -rests: telling us to pause at a certain time vs note: telling us to play a certain pitch -the art of music is the organization of sound in time

alignment

-the body placement (line) or stance of the dancer's body to increase body health and efficiency

hue

-the characteristic feature by which we distinguish one color from another, but it does not distinguish a color's value (dark from light) or intensity (bright from dull) -refers to a particular point on the color spectrum -hue colors, like the rainbow are in sequenced order. the colors on the rainbow are primary and secondary colors: ROYGBIV

time value

-the duration for which a note or rest is held -placing a dot to the right of a note increases its value by half

body movement

-the foundation of dance. includes locomotor (dynamic movement of direction and rhythm) and non-locomotor (static movement that is executed around an axis of the body such as twisting, bending and swaying)

texture (music)

-the overall sound quality of a piece, as is typically effected by how voices are or are not combined -textures include: -monophonic: one voice without accompaniment -polyphonic: multiple voices, each with an independent melody -homophonic: multiple voices, one leading and the others forming background accompaniment -heterophonic: multiple voices performing same melodic line with slight variations

structure (music)

-the overall way in which a piece of music is arranged, types of instruments used, melodic line, etc -often structure is based on the conventions of a preexisting form such as a sonata or fugue -can categorize song ie western, blues, etc

tempo

-the pace of a beat: the speed at which a composer desires his musical composition to be performed -the speed or pace of a piece's rhythm, may be described with terms allegro, presto, lento, largo -measured by beats per minute -a metronome is a machine that helps musicians adjust rates of speed (tempi) for faster or slower beats. the faster the tempo, the more beats per min -tempo is an important component to change the expressiveness of character and mood of the musical composition -ex: if the tempo is fast, the mood changes to reflect more energy, aggression or vitality. most marches are performed at a rate of 120 beats per minute -Italian terms that define tempo --presto: very fast, adagio: slow, allegro: fast, largo: very slow, moderato: moderate, lento: slow

rhythm

-the repetitive timing or beat of music -the pattern of musical movement through time- what makes music move and flow -measured in units of time and organized by sets or patterns that can be repeated -the way sounds beat within diff lengths and accents that combine into patterns -a steady pulse (beat), but it can also have a diff kinds of beats (ie some stronger or longer) -the first beat of a bar is typically a strong beat. it is typified by a waltz in 3/4 time

unity

-the sense that all components of a composition belong together. the intention of every successful artist is to master unity -the elements of art such as shape, line, and color appear to fit together as the viewer gazes upon the piece of art, with nothing left to complete, delete or change -unity creates a sense that the artwork is self-contained and has a life of its own, whole and complete

dynamics

-the softness or loudness of a sound in terms of volume, can be described by words such as piano or forte -the volume or intensity of a tone. -music can be played loudly (forte) or softly (piano)

timbre

-the unique tonal quality of a musical sound. the tone "color", the unique sound produced by a specific instrument or voice -can be described as bright, shrill, brittle, or light, or dull, harsh, forceful, or dark -not only does each type of instrument have a distinct tone, but they can have a diff tone from other similar instruments. timbre makes one instrument sound diff from another. for this reason, timbre has a great effect upon the mood of the music -ex: all violins have the same tone qualities, as do all clarinets and trumpets, yet each instrument, due mainly to its manufacturer, has a diff timbre or tone quality

American Gothic, Grant Wood

-the vertical lines extend upward toward the sky or toward the heavens (in the pitch fork) -a chronicle of history of midwestern moral values of the Great Depression. -these rigid, uptight characters were a symbol of the bond b/w god and hard work. -horizontal church roof, "house of god" and farmer holding a pitchfork. horizontal lines on the roof are symbolic of the inseparable stability that the church and god can provide during difficulty socioeconomic times

articulation

-the way in which notes are separated or blended together within a rhythm and may be described in terms of staccato (notes are distinct and separate) or legato (notes are flowing into one another)

harmony

-the way sounds of different pitches are arranged in relation to one another -2 or more tones played simultaneously that support the melody and give music texture or mood. a group of notes that are played behind the melody -ex: when you play several diff notes at the same time on the piano, you are using harmony. you can change how music sounds by changing the harmony

music expression

-to ellicit an emotional response, music must be expressive. composers use various symbols to indicate the expression they intend -one component of expression is articulation (how the notes are separated into very distinct units or blended together)

acting

-try to embody characters they are portraying -development and communication of characters in formal or informal productions or improvisations, can sometimes have no formal training -techniques include physical and vocal warm-ups, pantomine and minme, improvisations, voice and dictation exercises, theater games, performance, monologues, and script reading -sensory elements are movement, sound, and spectacle -expressive qualities are mood, emotion, ideas and dynamics -sometimes employ techniques (internal: psychological acting, tries to believe they are the character or external: mechanical style)

environmental staging

-use whole environment as stage -The form of physical relationship between audience and performers in which there is little or no clear distinction between the space dedicated to each, characters can move / interact throughout audience -The conventions of environmental staging dictate that audience and performers use the same space during the course of the experience

Proscenium staging

-usual style, typical in traditional styles, archway where curtain is pulled across, separates characters from audience

dissonance

-when pitches are arranged out of order, dissonance is produced -the combination of tones that produces a quality of tension

basic dance teaching techniques

-when teaching dance to children, beginning exercises should involve easy to remember movement patterns -taught to teach children about various cultures to enhance aesthetic appreciation for movement forms, including how movements may be symbolic and how movement may be used to communicate emotion (ie jumping up and down to represent joy)

representing pitch in music (treble clef)

-where a note falls vertically on the staff indicates pitch -FACE (bw lines) and Every Good Boy Does Fine (under lines) -eight notes (octave): one E to the next E you must go EFGABCDE, we are repeating letters

quarter note

1 beat

using your knowledge of music, identify at least 3 of the categories of musical families. Discuss the uniqueness of each category, and give 2 examples of instruments in each category

1. The strings category is composed of instruments that produce their tones by the vibrations of one or more strings. These vibrations are caused by plucking, scraping, or bowing the strings. 2 instruments include the violin and cello. 2. The woodwind category got its name because its instruments were originally made of wood. Now some also are made of metal. Woodwind players produce sounds by blowing through a reed or reeds over a hole. 2 woodwind instruments are the clarinet and the oboe. 3. Brasses are another category. The player places his/her lips against the mouthpiece in such a way that they vibrate when the player blows, thus producing sound. Sounds are exchanged by tension of the lips, opening or closing a valve, or sliding a piece of tubing. 2 examples are the trumpet and trombone. 4. Percussion instruments produce sound by being shaken or struck. 2 examples are the snare drum and the tambourine. In an orchestra, the piano is usually included.

worth

1. involves a value judgment 2. includes assessment of the knowledge, insight, wisdom, or feeling imparted by a work

effectiveness

1. involves the degree to which a dramatic work succeeds 2. includes the evaluation of the work's success in such things as entertaining, informing, illuminating, persuading, inspiring, amusing, engaging, shocking and instilling awe

structure

1. involves the interaction of all elements 2. includes, but is not limited to design, rhythm, climax, conflict, balance and sequence

4 elements of dance

1. space 2. time 3. levels (dynamic) 4. force (energy)

eighth note

1/2 beat

sixteenth note

1/4 beat

half note

2 beats (ie 2/4)

Meter

2/4 time, 3/4 time

whole note

4 beats

6/8 time signature

6 beats per measure, eighth note gets the beat

realism

A 19th century artistic movement in which painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be -Hopper: attention to detail in shading, textures of buildings, man framed within frame in a modern building, contrasted with buildings across him, modern color is white, browns of older buildings, feeling alone in modern world

kabuki

A classical Japanese theatre form that combines colorful song and dance, flamboyant characters, and extravagant plots in a popular art that has retained its wide popularity since the early 17th century

movement

A large section of a lengthy composition

oratorio

A major orchestral piece with solo voices and chorus

measure and bar lines

A measure is formed by bar lines (vertical lines on the staff) and contains a set number of beats as determined by the time signature

rondo

A musical form whose main feature is the return of the main theme, which alternates with secondary themes For example: -Simple rondo: ABABA -Second rondo: ABACA -Third rondo: ABACABA

lighting plot

A plan of the stage showing the location of each lighting instrument, its size and characters, and the area of the stage where its light will fall

one-act play

A play of short duration (usually less than an hour) that can be presented without an intermission and without major changes in scenery

Using your knowledge of music, identify the elements and symbols noted in the musical notation and describe the function of these symbols

A refers to the staff that is the series of 5 parallel lines. Musical notes are written on and between the lines. Notes can also be written above and below the staff using ledger lines that are indicated here by B. The pitch of the notes written on the staff is designated by a clef sign, marked here as C. In this example, the treble clef G clef sign is used, which denotes higher pitches than that of the bass clef (F clef sign). D refers to the meter signature or time signature- 3/4. The lower number, 4, indicates the unit of measure (the note that receives the beat) while the upper number 3 indicates how many of these units comprise a measure. The measure (also called a bar) is noted by vertical bars that break the musical notation into pieces. The measure or bars are noted here by E. The 3/4 time is commonly associated with the rhythm pattern used for a waltz. F refers to a key signature, which in this cafe shows that there is one flat on the note B, indicating the key of F. G refers to the note F, which in this case is a dotted half note. The double bar at the end of the H indicates the end of the music.

syncopation

A rhythmic effect produced when the expected rhythmic pattern is deliberately upset

Modern dance (contemporary dance)

A type of expressive dance that started in the 1900s as a rebellion against the rigid rules that were characteristic of formal dance. Dancers are often barefoot and movements draw from the elements of ballet and jazz dance.

opus

A work, usually identified by a number

Creative drama can be used to help children develop awareness of feelings and personal interactions through an emphasis on: A. character development. B. stage technique. C. dramatic plotting. D. body awareness.

A. character development.

28. Which of the following activities would be most effective for helping sixth-grade students learn to analyze and make judgments about works of dance? A. having groups of students develop three different solutions to a given dance problem, then decide which they think is the best solution and explain why B. having students watch dance works from a variety of styles of dance, then write an essay about their favorite dance style C. having students improvise solutions to a given dance problem, then watch a videotape of a good solution to the problem D. having groups of students develop three unique dances together and perform them for the other groups in the class

A. having groups of students develop three different solutions to a given dance problem, then decide which they think is the best solution and explain why

When choosing a song for young, inexperienced singers, it is most important to consider which of the following elements of music? A. range B. tempo C. dynamics D. phrasing

A. range

orchestra

An instrumental ensemble composed of strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion

organic shape a. city scape b. boat c. bowling pins d. horse

An irregular, non-geometric shape. A shape that resembles any living matter. Most organic shapes are not drawn with a ruler or a compass. d. HORSE

Using your knowledge of visual and performing arts: briefly describe the development of ritual dance as practiced by Native American Indian tribes and include your answer the function of ritual dance and the characteristics of fertility and hunting

Ancient Native American dance is rich in symbolism and continues to influence traditional Native American culture. All ritual Native American dances are sacred in nature and have a ceremonial meaning. Native Americans continue to honor their ancestors through dance as a physical manifestation of the sacred mysteries of life. The function of ritual dance among Native Americans is important for celebrating, healing, preparing for events (battle, harvest, rainfall), and honoring the deceased. These wonderful rhythmic dances are accompanied by chants, costumes, prayer and ceremony. They are often performed at a powwow. The ceremonial dance of fertility was symbolic of the mystery of the giving of life and a celebration of the joy of living. Fertility dances were performed by many Native American tribes through the ages. Although ritual dances varied by region, these dances represented the most basic of human concerns and recognized human dependence on the natural world while honoring nature's elements: earth, air, water, and sun. Ritual dance represented the natural rhythm of the seasons and was an attempt to assure prosperity for present and future generations. Some dances were intended to create hunting magic. Male dancers, dressed in animal skins and adorned with body paint, would dance and chant to create the proper magic for good hunting. The animal dance was the link between the natural and supernatural worlds. Their gods were called upon to protect the hunters and provide game for a successful hunt.

xylophone

Asian instrument

in the drawing above which area of shading best represents a halftone?

B (shaded lines pointing up), middle value

The Third-Class Carriage Honore Daumier In this work, the artist's use of strong value contrasts has the effect of: A. imparting a sense of continuous movement. B. establishing the dominance of the two women in the foreground. C. creating an impression of expansive space. D. merging the painted environment with the real environment of the viewer.

B. establishing the dominance of the two women in the foreground.

As part of a theatre exercise, a fourthgrade teacher asks students to react, without talking, to given scenarios. The scenarios include situations such as stepping in gum, hearing a loud noise, and walking in a cold wind. This exercise is most likely designed to help students develop an understanding of: A. the value of being attentive to everyday events. B. how movement is used to communicate feelings. C. the importance of verbal communication. D. the similarities among all types of people.

B. how movement is used to communicate feelings.

Which of the following is the simplest technique for creating a feeling of spatial depth on a flat surface? A. linear perspective B. overlapping C. atmospheric perspective D. chiaroscuro

B. overlapping

In works of visual art, as in other art forms such as music and dance, the intentional, regular repetition of a given element most commonly serves to create a feeling of: A. dissonance. B. rhythm. C. contrast. D. dominance.

B. rhythm.

Other than in musical style, briefly compare and contrast an opera and a musical.

Both operas and musicals are staged stories. Both employ costumes, scenery, soloists, dancers and chorus. Certainly music is the medium that connects all elements in both. However, there are major differences between the 2 theatrical forms. In an opera, there may be spoken dialogue, but usually the music is continuous. The emphasis on an operatic stage performance is less upon dialogue, instead the vocal skills are the singers are displayed. A musical is a form in which there is much spoken dialogue, highlighted with songs. The focus is upon the acting and story line, rather than the singer. Since its beginnings, musical theater has integrated drama, music, chorus dancing and soloists.

Compare the two sculptures and contrast them

Both sculptures are similar in that they are missing parts. The first sculpture is missing arms while the second is missing its head. They are obviously different in the parts they are missing. By their appearance, these missing body parts do not seem to be intentional, which indicates that the creators did not anticipate their sculptures losing these body parts. Therefore, both sculptures are similar in that they are now different in appearance than they were when originally created. Both are standing upright, although one is posed balancing on one foot (possibly dancing), while the other seems more stable on human feet. Each figure appears to be based on a female body, although one is part human. The wings on the second clearly indicate that it is part angel. Notice the difference in attire. The first appears barely clothed while the second is wearing some sort of a toga or dress.

in the musical notation above, what is the note labeled as x? a. A b. B c. C d. D

C -in a treble clef staff, the lines are identified from bottom to top as EGBDF (every good boy does fine), the spaces are FACE

When writing realistic dialogue for a play, which of the following guidelines is most helpful to follow? A. Follow the rules of basic grammar. B. Work toward a ratio of one question for every two statements. C. Use a minimal number of adjectives. D. Allow characters to voice complete thoughts without interruption.

C. Use a minimal number of adjectives.

Which of the following classroom instruments would be most appropriate for third graders to use in performing this ostinato? A. guitar B. triangle C. xylophone D. autoharp

C. xylophone

technical support tools

Costumes sets, lights, props, makeup, and sound

The American Indian cultures of California developed which of the following art forms to a high level of technical and aesthetic excellence? A. beadwork B. weaving C. coil pottery D. basketry

D. basketry

In dance, the term form most commonly refers to the: A. relationship between dancers and space in a work. B. theme on which a work is based. C. rhythmic pattern to which a work is set. D. structural organization of a work.

D. structural organization of a work.

extension (leg)

Describes the dancer's ability to raise and hold a leg in the air in a straightened position.

Later Middle Ages (1000-1400)

Gothic art - religions, flat, shape of human body, spatially flat, shape of human body was used to communicate emotions, manuscript illumination Gothic architecture - Christianity, Age of Chivalry, rapid growth of commerce, majestic cathedrals (Notre Dame, Chartres, Cologne), gothic window (stained glass), flying buttress (higher, lighter)- towering movements to God Frescoes (egg tempera as binder, illuminated manuscripts veg oil)

the first known European theaters were in which of the following countries?

Greece

chorus

In Greek and Roman drama of the classical period, a group of characters in a play who comment on the action, frequently speaking directly to the audience -the function of the chorus is usually that of an intermediary b/w the audience and the major characters -bc they are often given a collective role, the individual members of the chorus seldom have separate names or characters. instead, the group as a whole serves as a surrogate "audience" to the degree that it is detached from the dramatic action and can view with horror or amusement the action of the major characters, at the same time the chorus can participate directly in the action, advising the protagonist, arguing with the antagonist and praying to the gods for guidance

upstage

In a proscenium staging, the portion of an acting area that is farthest from the audience

stage left

In a proscenium theatre, the actor's left, while facing the audience. "audience right"

director

In the modern theatre, the major interpretive figure, whose job it is to bring to life the vision of the playwright or otherwise provide artistic meaning to the theatre experience

sitar

Indian string instrument

Kabuki theater

Japanese tradition involving elaborate colorful makeup and costumes, melodramatic plots and skillful actions and dance -actors overacted on stage to have people see better

chamber music

Music played by one to twenty performers

in the early 1900s most movies were made in

NYC

Samba

Originated in Brazil

social dance and mass culture

Rock 'n' roll; MTV; hip-hop; ballroom dancing, tango.

chord

Several notes sounded together

guitar

Spain and early middle eastern influence

How can stage lighting create mood and atmosphere in a modern theater production?

Stage lightning dramatically enhances the artistic effect of any dramatic presentation. Modern theaters are generally designed to be "light tight". The lighting director or designer can fully illuminate, partially illuminate, or withhold light to focus attention on a specific actor and control the visual focus of the audience. Front light, sidelights, and toplights in back are interconnected in order to provide a coordinated visual and sensory effect for a scene. Front lights illuminate the actors' faces. Sidelights give the action dimension, and top lights in back pull the actors away from the set. Theater lighting has the capacity to transform white light into a mood-altering array of colors. The proper use of mixing of light can manipulate emotions and allow the audience to more fully experience the depth of a character and the mood of a piece.

six categories of instruments

Strings, Woodwinds, Brass, Percussion, Keyboards, Electronics

abstract dance

The art of pure movement. The choreography does not show a narrative story like other forms of dance.

center stage

The exact center of the floor of the stage

the axis line in a painting a. an imaginary line connecting only the strongest and weakest figures b. the median line within a figure c. used only when dealing with circular objects d. an imaginary line that controls the path of eye movement through a composition

The imaginary line that controls the path of the eye movement through the composition

Numerator of Time Signature

The number of these beats that make up one measure

downstage

The portion of the proscenium stage that is closest to the audience

stage right

The right side of the stage from the perspective of an actor facing the audience. "audience left"

tempo (theater)

The speed with which incidents that make up the action take place

Using the painting reproduction above, identify the probable historical period from the subject matter and style and briefly discuss the design techniques (such as background, texture brush strokes and balance)

The subject matter and style are representative of the Renaissance period. The main figure is placed flatly against the background. The picture is balanced on each side by an equal amount of space. The illusion of depth is weak inspite of the distant trees. The figure is placed strongly in the foreground, and there is no indication of a middle ground. The background serves merely as a decorative drop to create balance to fill in space. The eye of the viewer follows the figure in a continuous style, starting and ending on the figure's face. The repetitive linear texture of the velvety dress complements and aligns with the flowing structure of the robe. The figure is modeled in light and dark values so that it appears solid, round, lifelike.

sonata

Typically, a multi-movement instrumental work for solo keyboard, or keyboard and another instrument, or small chamber ensemble -beetovens sonata and other sonatas: similarities in terms of composition and the instruments used

A PITCHER PREPARING TO THROW A BALL

Use a forward stride position sideways to the target, bend trunk slightly forward, center of gravity base of support, square shoulders toward target, swing arms down and out and up to ready position

en pointe

a ballet position in which the dancer stands balanced on the ball of the foot or the tips of the half toes

Waltz

a ballroom dance in triple time with a strong accent on the first beat, Germany

line

a continuous mark that can change direction, length, and width -lines joined together form a shape. line can also create an outline, silhouette or contour -artists often use line to define the edges of a form to lead your eye in a certain direction -lines can be real or implied, and their possibilities are endless (straight, curved, jagged, diagonal, etc) -horizontal lines can suggest a state of rest, continuity and stability or give a sense of space -vertical lines suggest a sense of strength, rigidity or height, or spirituality -diagonal lines often suggest an opposition or movement, while curved lines suggest a sensual or softening quality

improvisation

a creative, cooperative, spontaneous, and flexible response to changing and unexpected dramatic stimuli -embraces problem solving without preconception of how to perform, and allows anything within the environment to be used during the experience

attitude

a dance pose modeled after the statue of the winged Mercury by Giovanni Bologna, in which the knee is bent and the working leg is lifted behind the body (croisee derriere) or in front of the body (Croisee devant)

opera

a drama, either tragic or comic, that is sung to an orchestral accompaniment -often based in biblical stories -typically large scale composition with vocal soloists, a chorus, and orchestra

character

a figure portrayed in the play, the sum total of the actions that define a person so portrayed

jete

a leap from one foot to the other in which the working leg is thrown away from the body and into the air -the pose achieved in the air differs, as does the direction the leap takes -a grand jete is a large leap

flashback

a manipulation of time in the plot in which a scene from earlier in the story is shown after those that occur later. rather rare in traditional playwriting, flashbacks are common in films

plie

a movement in which a dancer bends the knees and straightens them again, usually with the feet turned out and heels firmly on the ground.

lift

a part of pas de deux (dance for two partners) in which one dancer lifts the other off the ground

An arabesque is fundamental in ballet. By definition, an arabesque is: a. a pose in which one leg is extended with a straight knee and pointed foot directly behind the body b. a pose in which one leg is raised and bent either behind or in front of the dancer c. a movement in which a dancer jumps straight up and rapidly crosses his or her legs before and behind each other d. a movement in which a dancer completes a full turn on one foot

a pose in which one leg is extended with a straight knee and pointed foot directly behind the body

barre

a railing attached to the wall horizontally, about 3 1/2 feet above the floor. in ballet, dancers hold on to the barre during the introductory (warm up) portion of the class. the barre is also used for leg stretches

motif

a reccuring group of notes, such as the four notes played at the beginning of and restated throughout Beethoven's 5th Symphony

Syncopation

a rhythmic pattern produced when a deliberate pattern is upset

expressionism

a style of painting, music, or drama in which the artist or writer seeks to express emotional experience rather than impressions of the external world. -ie Munch: skeletal nature makes us think of death, ocean and lake swirls emphasize panicking, blood red colors emphasize death, linear perspective: lines converge at end of dock

scale

a succession of notes arranged in ascending order. -seven of the 12 pitches (tones) that create an octave in western music are named after the first 7 letters of the alphabet: A, B, C, D, E, F, G. this sequence repeats itself over and over

lied

a type of German song

color

a visible light reflected off objects. artists use color to imitate the colors of reflected and refracted light. color can be used in composition to create a symbolic representation of mood and emotion -ex: the colors red, orange, yellow are warm colors. when gazing at a composition with warm colors, people often feel their body temp rise since they are symbolic of sun, heat, fire. the opposite is true with the colors green, blue, purple. people tend to feel relaxed, calm, peaceful

storyboard

a visual display of the plot of a play or film in which each scene (or shot) is represented by a single picture or short description. the pictures or notecards are then arranged on a wall or bulletin board in such a way to depict the flow of the plot

promenade

a walk. an adagio movement in which the dancer pivots slowly around on one foot while maintaining a pose with the working leg. -basic move for square dance and English country dance

which of the following would be the least appropriate play for which to use a thrust stage? a. a production that calls for elaborate setting and scene changes b. a modern drama that deals with an internal problem/ solution c. a script that requires audience-actor interaction d. a play that includes a dramatic soliloquy

a. a production that calls for elaborate setting and scene changes -a thrust stage extends into the audience's seating area, allowing the audience to surround it on 3 sides

the PE framework for CA recognizes the importance of human growth and development in curriculum planning. Which is the most important for understanding the body type variations of endomorph, meso and ecto?

a. an understanding of body type variations can help students accept their individual capabilities and limitations

an interior with a woman drinking primary technique used to achieve keyhole effect? a. the viewer is pulled into the piece by the use of perspective and light b. the eye of the viewer focuses on the darkened interiors c. the emphasis on everyday life is enhanced by natrual light d. the asymmetrical composition achieves unity through a defined central focus

a. the viewer is pulled into the piece by the use of perspective and light

a choreographer must consider incorporating the elements of dance when putting movements together in a dance competition. in dance the term force refers to

a. use of energy while moving

A string quartet most typically consists of which combinations of instruments?

a. violins, viola, cello

time signature

aka meter signature, represented as a fraction -the numerator tells us the number of beats in a measure -the denominator tells us what kind of note receives one beat (ie a half note vs a quarter note) -can identify time signature by counting how many beats there are in a measure

lyre

an ancient harp

symphony

an elaborate musical composition, many of which are between 20-45 mins -a classical symphony usually consists of 4 movements that are intended to stir up a wide range of emotions through contrasts in tempo and mood

space

an element of dance that refers to the immediate area surrounding the body. it is the general area where the dancer can move in direction, size, and place

primary goal of improv assignment?

b. allowing students to portray a variety of characters and emotions

in this folk dance, the boy flings his sombrero at a girls feet. the symbolism in this dance is most associated with

b. courtship in traditional societies

In the evolution of elementary school PE programs in the US the most significant effort to address fitness has been a. to emphasize games and sports as a means to improve overall physical fitness b. to establish a uniform fitnessgram to assess health related fitness c. to impement the FITT program to address health related fitness d. to implement federal mandates to provide the least restrictive environment for children with disabilities

b. to establish a uniform fitnessgram to assess health related fitness

dance activities begin with

body awareness and warm-up exercises, including posture, balance, flexibility, strength, and coordination

Specific grade-level skill areas support the goals of PE. Which of the following is the best example of hand-eye coordination at an upper-primary school grade level? a. kicking a soccer ball after it has been deflected off another player's legs b. bouncing a rubber ball 5 times but only catching the ball 4 times c. dribbling a ball around a series of cones placed exactly 5 feet apart d. punting a football during punting and kicking practice

bouncing a rubber ball 5 times but only catching the ball 4 times

which of the following is a percussion instrument? a. trombone b. viola c. chimes d. harp

c. chimes

A 6th grade PE instructor in a culturally diverse school is preparing to introduce a dance unit that focuses on creative expression. The instructor chooses a west african dance to engage the students. Th activity is best designed to promote students awareness of how:

c. dance is a key component of understanding people of diverse cultures, especially as it relates to the local community

Which of the following best describes the instructional resources available to an elementary school physical education program? a. Instructional resources should reflect the background skills of the student population b.Instructional resources should first address the key goals and then subordinate the non-key goals to available time in the curriculum c. Instructional resources should reflect grade-level guidelines put forth in the state framework d. Instructional resources should incorporate team sports, tumbling, and gymnastics in a comprehensive PE program

c. instructional resources should reflect grade-level guidelines put forth in the state framework

what style of jazz music was developed in America in the late 19th century that combines western european music and african music? a. swing b. bossa nova c. ragtime d. bebop

c. ragtime

Which of the following is the best rationale for modifying activities to reflect the growth patterns of boys and girls in elementary school PE? a. the rate of growth for boys and girls is rapid in elementary school and this allows for increased opportunities to improve motor skills b. when height and weight are plotted, girls bw the age of 8-12 grow faster than boys c. the center of gravity for children K-1 is higher than it will be in later elementary school years d. a child's physique is the most important criterion in meeting the goals for health related fitness

c. the center of gravity for children K-1 is higher than it will be in later elementary school years

in scriptwriting developing the character of the protagonist involves all of the following except a. the ability to evoke empathy b. the antagonist must be a formidable opponent c. the main character needs to be likeable or heroic d. the antagonist can be both internal and external

c. the main character needs to be likeable or heroic

which of the following factors would have been rejected by the impressionist art movement? a, the experience of reality b. the freshness of a quick sketch c. the prominent use of secondary colors d. the influence of light and color

c. the prominent use of secondary colors

which is the best example of a technique used to emphasize the shape of an object? a. contour b. pattern c. unity d. contrast

contour

Which of the following is the best example of positive social development in a 4th grade PE setting? a. a shy student creates an individual movement pattern involving time, space and flow b. a poorly coordinated student is chosen as team captain for an upcoming volleyball game c. an aggressive student considers participating in a conflict resolution approach to solving a disputed call d. students in a small group help one another improve their object manipulation skills

d. students in a small group help one another improve their object manipulation skills

proscenium stage: Ancient greeks primary feature?

d. the audience viewed the performance through a large arch

Which of the following is the most appropriate indicator that a 3rd grade student should be assessed for placement in an adaptive PE program?

d. the student is unsuccessful at mastering specific motor skills, even when the teacher has regularly adapted and modified activities to accommodate the student

intensity

describes the brilliance or dullness of a color -ex: brighter colors in a composition are often associated with stronger emotions and heightened energy, while subtler, dull colors are associated with a weaker, anesthetized state of energy

staccato

distinct in sound or style

emphasis

draws your eye to a visual focal point. artists use emphasis to help an object stand out and grab your attention. it is the center of interest

Beat

even or uneven

the dance form in the picture above can best be characterized as

extemporaneous movements that present abstract subject matter

Tempo

fast or slow speed

which technique does the artist use to give an illusion of depth?

geometric perspective

major vs minor

give you different moods or feelings, -major is a full note -minor is one of the notes in the harmony that's being created (diminshed or flattened note)

which of the following would not be considered a functional folk instrument? a. spoons b. harmonica c. jug d. washboard

harmonica -functional folk instrument: a familiar household item that is used to make music

which is not a percussion instrument? a. timpani b. harp c. castanets d. xylophone

harp

comedy

historically, comedy is any play that ends happily -more specifically, it is the genre of dramatic literature that is lighter in tone than drama but more series than farce -comedy differs from drama in that the characters are less developed, the theme is less weighty, the language is usually wittier, and the ending is invariably happy -comedy is often difficult to distinguish from farce, in the latter the humor is more physical, the characters are more broadly drawn, and the plots are more contrived

blocking

how you position the actors on the stage and how you map their movements, divides stage into square

3 main qualities of color

hue, value, intensity

flats

if the music is marked with flats (b), count the number of flats and remember Farm Boys Eat Apple Dumplings Greedily -the first letter of word is key signature (ie A flat)

sharps

if the music is marked with sharps (#) count the number of sharps and remember Go Down And Eat Breakfast First -the first letter of word is key signature (ie A sharp)

action

in a character-character interaction, the total array of purposeful activity, both external (physical) and internal (psychological) by which characters attempt to achieve their objectives

in drama the playwright can take the major ingredients of human experience and give them clarity. the audience sees these elements of real life presented a. in an unusual setting that gives meaning to the less significant elements b. in a meaningful form with the significant elements emphasized and the unimportant omitted c. as an endless stream of thoughts and feelings without direction d. create a calm and quiet atmosphere as she directs each of their movements

in a meaningful form with the significant elements emphasized and the unimportant omitted

mood

in lighting, the use of elements of stage lighting to evoke or support particular emotional states in the audience of a play -as an element of theater, that is the place on the humorous-serious scale that a play is expected to occupy

positions (of feet)

in modern ballet, there are 5 basic foot placements on the floor: 1st position through 5th. positions are fundamental techniques to ballet

force

in the basic body mechanics, the force of energy that is released from the body (potential energy) causes a change in the body's physical motion (kinetic energy)

grand jete en tournant (tour jete)

in this grand (broad) ballet leap, the dancer's body turns halfway in midair so the dancer lands facing the direction in which the movement started

inciting incident

in traditional dramatic structure, the first incident in the chain of events is called rising action -it is the inciting incident that throws the world of the play into disequilibrium (destroying stasis), the remainder of the play is an attempt to reestablish the balance. the inciting incident may be deceptively simple: the arrival of a new person in the community, the delivery of a latter, a piece of news emerging in casual convo, etc

climax

in traditional dramatic structure, the point of the play that completes the rising action. the contending forces, having raised the conflict to the highest point possible, face one another in a confrontation so inescapable that only one can emerge victorious -at this point, frequently a new piece of info is made public that tips the balance one way or another -the climax is followed by a denouement

rising action

in traditional dramatic structure, the portion of the plot that begins with the inciting incident and continues until the climax. the incidents that make up rising action are expected to build in intensity and frequency, often alternating good and bad news, in such a way to increase suspense

antagonist

in traditional dramatic theory, an element, usually a character, that resists the protagonist. conflict results from the efforts of the protagonist to achieve his or her objectives in spite of the obstacles introduced from the antagonist

denouement

in traditional dramatic theory, the portion of action that immediately follows the climax of the play. the last remaining loose ends are "tied up", including the disposition of any unresolved conflicts and the re-establishment of stasis (a condition of balance and harmony)

design

include sets, lighting, props, makeup, costumes

treble clef

indicating higher range of notes -children's voices are usually in treble clef

bass clef

indicating lower range of notes

increase the level of activity to reach a target HR... frequency, intensity, or time?

intensity

intent

involves the objective, purpose, theme, or basic idea od a work of drama

drama

involves the reenactment of life situations for entertainment and human understanding -dramatic expression does not necessarily require a live-formal audience

the objecting in evaluating elementary school theater arts programs

is to emphasize the appreciation for a supportive, creative environment of practical and experiential expression. can be accomplished by considering aesthetic perception, creative expression, historical context, theatrical applications and intended audience

western styles of music

jazz: American, improvisational style, use a lead sheet with basics of rhythm classical: orchestral pieces such as Beethoven, Motzart, more simple melodies then became more complicated folk: music of the commoners, classical sometimes adapted from this, passed down orally blues: came from old spirituals, influences rock, country

bass cleff

lines: GBDFA (good boys do fine always) spaces: ACEG (all cows eat grass)

the Cubanists viewed objects from different angles. which of the following is not characteristic of the Cubist movement of the early 20th century? a. making use of linear perspective rather than reassembled space b. incorporating sharp edges and straight lines, depicting nature in geometric terms c. using themes from the dimensional art of primitive peoples d. depicting subjects with solid shapes and detailed textures

making use of linear perspective rather than reassembled space -the Cubanists used geometric planes and allowed objects to be depicted from several vantage points at the same time. the work is disassembled into geometric shapes, interpreted and reassembled in abstract form

Asian styles

many traditional Asian and middle eastern styles are microtonal, meaning more nuanced variation bw pitches, in US music there are 12 steps in the octave -in Arab music there are 17 steps, indian music 22 steps -most traditional eastern music does not have harmony, heterophonic -koto instrument gives variation

the vertical lines on the staff in the diagram above are called the bar lines. the bar lines are used to: a. mark off the grouping of beats b. show the relative duration of the notes c. show the distance between the notes d. indicate the pitch of the notes

mark off the grouping of beats

in art, contour lines move across the form of an object to indicate? a. distance and speed b. mass and volume c. solid and void d. strength and stability

mass and volume

rest symbol

means stop music

bagpipe

mediterranean and middle east origins

oud

middle eastern string instrument

Which of the following would be considered an atypical stage direction? a. exit stage right toward the audience's left b. move upstage and away from the audience c. move up center to a position in the center area of the stage farthest from the audience d. move downstage right to the area of the stage closest to the audience and to the audience's right

move downstage right to the area of the stage closest to the audience and to the audience's right

heterophonic

multiple voices performing same melodic line with slight variations -asian musical styles, bluegrass -creating different embellishments

polyphonic

multiple voices, each with an independent melody -ie in pop music the people backing up main singer will be singing refrain over and over, lead singer is singing separate melody

homophonic

multiple voices, one leading and the other forming a background accomaniment -harmonious sound, most western musical styles, barber shop quartet

Rhapsodic Rhythms

non-metric (ie breath, water, wind)

monophonic

one voice without accompaniment, one single melody -can be one vocalist or christmas carolers using one melody

secondary colors

orange, green, violet -created when mixing two primary colors

Rumba

originated in Cuba

Flamenco

originated in Spain

the above scale is a

pentatonic scale -has 5 different notes in an octave -much African music and spirituals known by early jazz musicians were based on this

theater in the round

people are sitting all around the stage, more natural movement of actors

keyboard

piano, organ, harpsichord -can use other elements of instruments

elements of music

pitch, rhythm, timbre, texture, dynamics, structure

primary colors

red, yellow, blue -the foundation for the color wheel (hue) and are the only colors that can be mixed to make secondary colors

spotting

refers to a dancer's eyes focusing on one point in the distance in order to keep balance while turning. The head is the last to leave the turn, and the first to arrive as the body completes the turn.

classical dance

refers to a romantic ballet, a style of dance as taught in the original academies that started during the Renaissance -also refers to the supreme ballets created during the days of Imperial Russia, such as the Nutcracker

social dance

refers to dances in which socializing is the main focus, therefore a dance partner is essential. the popularity of competitive social dancing has helped many of these dance styles become household names. social dance styles include hip hop dance, ballroom, waltz, foxtrot, tango, rumba, jive, and swing

contrast

represents 2 things that are opposite. artists use contrast to help a composition depict 2 dramatic differences. this helps to make objects become apparent to the viewer. -contrast can be used to give a feeling of depth (chiaroscuro) -ex: contrasts can be heavy and light, curved or straight, or positive or negative, shapes

G note

second line

Which of the following was the most important purpose that many dances served for the Native Americans? a. providing recreation for the tribal leaders b. seeking special favors from the gods c. separating boys from men as warriors d. discouraging enemies from attacking the villages

seeking special favors from the gods

legato

smooth and blended notes

creative movement (improvisation movement)

spontaneous and imaginative dance movement with an emphasis on body mastery for expressive and communicative purposes. Creative movement should be an integral part of elementary school dance instruction

staff

staff (staves) is a set of 5 horizontal lines and 4 spaces. this is where notes are positioned -the higher the note of the staff, the higher the pitch -lines that go vertically are dividing it into measures. if you count the beats in each measure it is the same. can be a half note and a quarter note = 3/4, or 3 quarter notes, they all come out to 3/4

open staging

stage juts out into audience, audience surrounds stage and that changes aspect of staging, performers need to turn in diff directions, sets and props need to not block

which of the following sections includes the largest number of instruments in a traditional orchestra? a. brass b. string c. percussion d. woodwind

string -the string section of a standard orchestra usually has a minimum of 10 first violins, eight second violins, six violas, four cellos, two basses

symphony orchestra

string, woodwind, brass, percussion

three quarter note

take half of the notes value and add it back to the note's original value -image but in white -if it's originally a half note with a dot next to it, we take half of a half which is a quarter, then we add the quarter back to the half.. 1/2 + 1/4 = 3/4

illumination

the act of casting light upon an otherwise darkened stage

consonance

the combination of tones that produces a quality of relaxation

choreography

the composing and arranging of movements, steps and patterns of dance for a performance

a third grade teacher decides to prepare a dance lesson. of the following, which is the most probable reason that she decides to teach a square dance? a. it is a very simple dance requiring few movements, is easy to learn, and doesn't require partners b. students can improvise in this unstructured environment c. the dance is structured, requiring concentration and teamwork d. most students are already familiar with this type of dancing

the dance is structured, requiring concentration and teamwork

elevation

the dancers ability to jump high in the air and give the appearance of remaining suspended at the apex of the jump long enough to perform various movement or poses

dramatic question

the first an most important element in rising action. as soon as conflict has been established, the next question must be, "how will it turn out?" -then raises the issue of which of the conflicting parties will prevail and in doing so begins to develop suspense

theater

the formal presentation of a scripted play. incorporates elements such as acting, directing, designing and managing -organizational principles: plot and conflict, setting, character, language, rhythm and unity

melodrama

the genre of theatre that is normally placed b/w tragedy and drama. largely serious in tone, placing its major figures in great jeopardy, but unlike tragedy, saves them at the end. -the moral is always clear, the good characters are very good and bad characters very bad

The Banjo Lesson, Henry O Tanner Which of the following statements best describe's the artist's use of color value in order to communicate the emotional mood? a. the intensity of the bright glow of light behind the banjo players' heads b. the dark shadows on the floor in front of the painting c. the contour shapes of the banjo players d. the diagonal slant of the banjo in contrast to the wall

the intensity of the bright glow of light behind the banjo players' heads

right handed volleyball serve for 5th graders

the player stands facing the net with the left foot slightly forward and upon serving the ball transfers weight to the front foot, the ball is lined up with a straightforward swing of the right hand when hitting the ball

exposition

the playwriting device of providing info to the audience. retrospective exposition usually occurs early in the action and gives the audience important info about what has occurred before the play begins, current exposition provides info about events offstage happening during the play

the vanishing point in a drawing or painting is

the point at which parallel lines appear to converge in the distance

form

the relationship of all the parts of plays of a certain type considered apart from any single example of that type, as in the form of farce and the form of the well-made play. what emerges is a model or ideal of a theatrical experience that can be used to describe specific examples

kinesthetic awareness

the sensory feeling and awareness of one's own body muscles. Also called proprioception

the length in time that a note lasts is designated by a. the shape of the note b. the size of the note c. the position of the note d. the pitch of the note

the shape of the note

Which of the following is least associated with the initial stages of blocking? a. scene by scene placement of characters on stage b. the gross movements of actors in a stage space c. the speed in which specific scenes take place d. the positioning of actors so that perspective is achieved by both upstage and downstage placement

the speed in which specific scenes take place

stage

the structure where all drama and theater takes place -many structures have similar components -ex: proscenium theaters, arenas, and amphitheaters are a permanent part of the structure. in a black box theater, the acting area is undefined so that each theater may adapt specifically to a particular production. there may also be offstage spaces that are adaptable

in the late 1920s, what dramatically changed the film industry? a. films became longer and more detailed b. films changed from black and white to color c. movie theaters became more elaborate d. the talking film was invented

the talking film was invented

conventions

the temporary "rules" of the performance. the conventions of the theater are specific to particular cultures, styles of theater, and even individual productions

lunge

the transfer of one's body weight forward by moving and bending one leg and placing at least of of one's body weight on that front leg while dancing

Carriages at the Race: which of the following statements best describes the main artistic technique Degas uses to portray a realistic landscape? a. the use of a natural setting with trees and houses b. the use of atmoshpheric perspective with cropped margins c. the use of a subtle color value in the sky, which occupies most of the space in the painting d. the use of a line form

the use of atmoshpheric perspective with cropped margins

John Mecray's Courageous: which of the following artistic techniques best describes the artist's attempt to suggest the force of nature in relationship to the boats? a. the use of texture to depict the size and shape of the waves b. the use of space to depict the sea's vastness c. the use of emphasis and line as depicted in the tilt of the ship d. the use of color value to depict dark, foreboding clouds

the use of emphasis and line as depicted in the tilt of the ship

meter

the way in which lines of music are divided into rhythmic units comprised of both stressed and unstressed beats (grouping of beats)

melody

the way in which sounds of different pitches are arranged sequentially ie da da da da da

dramatic criticism

the work of a drama critic. it consists of commentary on a play or script intended to enrich the experience of seeing the play or reading the script of others. can appear in written form in periodicals, as media presentations, or in public talks

woodwind instruments are named so because

they were once all made of wood

rhythm is the flow of music in a. time b. space c. form d. harmony

time

block (verb)

to decide upon the gross movements of actors upon the stage, assign the physical relationship of actors and the locations of entrances and exits, create stage "pictures" -frequently, early rehearsals (blocking rehearsals) are devoted to this task

D note treble

under 1st line

theatre

utilizes both language and body movement in stage activity -helps students develop poise, confidence, ease, and versatility both verbally and physically -drama develops creative, critical, and communication skills and should be a regular offering at all grade levels

form (art)

visible aspects of a structure or design -overlapping creates depth in a painting -illusion creates depth: vanishing point is a feature of linear perspective -atmospheric perspective: as things get further away from us there's less contrast, lose warm colors and get cool colors -illusion of flatness, depth, static: well defined lines (appears to be standing still) or dynamic effect: blurred lines, abnormal positioning (appears to be moving) -scale: things can appear larger than others

content

what is portrayed in theater, namely the interaction of at least one other character with some aspect of his or her environment endowed with human qualities, the content of theater is character-character interaction

key signature

when determining key signature (staff signature) first determine if the piece is marked with sharps (#) or flats (b) -if staff shows no sharps or flats the key signature is C major (or A minor, its relative minor)