CST.110 CHP 15

What are several strategies to reduce your anxiety or CA when delivering a speech?

1) Practice your presentation often 2) Employ relaxation techniques 3) systematic desensitization 4) visualize success 5) is to think about your speech as a conversation with one individual in the audience at a time, instead of as a presentation in front of an entire room full of people at once.

Adam is running his words together and speaking too quickly for his audience to understand. Which two vocal delivery elements should Adam work on before his next speech?

Articulation and rate

When you need to display discrete categories, use a _______. When you need to display categories on a continuum, use a _______.

Bar graph; histogram

What are some things you could do to encourage a dialogic environment when delivering a speech?

Check Pronunciations before You Speak, Engage with Your Audience, Practice, Choose Presentation Aids to Increase Understanding, Choose Interesting Vocal Delivery Methods

PowerPoint Guidelines Do . . . Don't . . . show diagrams, charts, graphs, maps, photographs, and other visual elements that complement your message. fill your slides with excessive text, the outline of your speech, or entire paragraphs of writing. choose large (at least 28 point), serif fonts that are easy for your audience to read. use small, serif, or script fonts that are difficult for your audience to read. include blank slides in your presentation when you are not directly incorporating a slide. use filler slides with distracting images, animations, or anything else that takes away from your message. choose visually appealing color schemes and use a high level of contrast between your background and text colors. use colors that clash, have low contrast between the background and text, or choose colors that are commonly confused by those who are color blind. use animations that make images and text appear at th

Do, Don't, Do, Don;t, Do, Don't, Do, Don't, Do, Don't, Do, Don't

What is true about eye contact during delivering a speech?

It is one of the most important parts of physical delivery, its helps the speaker build rapport, Helps the audience feel like the speaker cares about the message and their response

What are good practices when using a video in your presentation?

Keep it brief Introduce the clip Have a backup link ready

If something in my speech is either too small for my audience to see or too large for me to being in the classroom, I should consider using which of the following presentation aids?

Model

What is the final element for delivering a successful speech?

PRACTICE

What are all the nonverbal components that you should coonsider when delivering a speech?

Physical appearance, Posture, Facial expressions, Gestures, and eye contact

What are several different components of vocal delivery when speaking?

Pronunciation, Articulation, Volume, pitch, Rhythm, Rate, Tone, Vocalized pauses

Cameron convinced herself that she was going to deliver an effective speech and visualized her success on the days leading up to the presentation. This, in fact, led to well-delivered speech. Which strategy to reduce communication apprehension was Cameron employing?

Self-fulfilling prophesy

In order to encourage dialogue, speakers should use presentation aids...

That help the audience understand something complicated

What are the 2 components that impact the level of CA you feel?

Trait CA, State CA

Lauren is a naturally anxious person. Which of the following components likely has the biggest impact on the apprehension she feels about giving a speech?

Trait communication apprehension

True or False? There are several ways to practice your speech. You can practice your speech by yourself in front of a mirror. This will give you a chance to become comfortable with your speech and make any needed changes while also giving you an initial opportunity to check your appearance. You can also practice your speech in front of a small group of friends or family. This is a good opportunity to get feedback from others, make additional revisions in your speech, and become more comfortable speaking in front of others. Finally, you could record a practice session of your speech and then watch it to see how you appear. This is an excellent way to identify what you are doing well and in what ways you can improve your content and delivery.

True

true or false: In order to make your practice sessions as effective as possible, there are several strategies you should consider. You should time yourself with a stopwatch every time you practice your speech. Your speech will be a little bit different every time you deliver it, and you will want to make sure the length stays within the expected time frame every time. Practice with your presentation aids, as you want to become as comfortable as possible using them. If practicing in front of friends, family, or others, give them some guidance about the type of feedback you would like to receive. You might give them some questions to consider as they listen, or even give them a grading rubric to fill out so they can help you make sure you are not missing any important elements. You could ask your audience to focus primarily on the organization of the ideas during the earliest stages of practice, on your support materia

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presentation aids

are additional resources that engage one or more of the audience members' five senses (sight, sound, touch, taste, smell) to help them better understand the message.

Vocalized pauses

are filler words that many speakers use when they feel like they should be saying something but do not have anything to say. Common vocalized pauses include "umm," "like," and "y'know." It is normal to use occasional vocalized pauses when speaking, but too many can interfere with your speech and hurt your credibility.

objects

are physical items you discuss in your speech.

models

are scaled physical representations of things.

Gestures

are the movement of your hands and arms and should be used to add emphasis to important points and illustrate relationships between ideas. Gestures should appear to be natural, and you should work on incorporating them into your speech when you begin practicing. Excessive or repetitive gestures can be distracting, and too few gestures can make it look like you are not engaged in your speech or failed to practice. This is especially true if your gestures are limited because you are using your hands to hold your notecards where you can read them for most of your speech.

facial expressions

convey emotion and engagement through the position of your facial features, which might include a smile, raised eyebrows, a glare, a smirk, a grimace, a frown, or many other expressions. Your facial expressions should reflect the emotional tone of the occasion and what you are saying in your speec

What are the 2 components that delivery can be broken down into?

elements of speaking that deal with the voice, which we call vocalics, and elements of speaking that deal with the body, or physical delivery.

bar graphs

have two axes and either horizontal or vertical bars that show the total number of items or levels of achievement in each category.

Physical delivery

includes all of the physical signals your body sends to your audience during your speech, and there are several elements you should consider.

Vocal delivery

includes everything that affects how your voice sounds when you speak

Physical appearance

includes your apparel and grooming and is the first element of physical delivery your audience will notice, even before you say a word. You should be dressed appropriately for the occasion, whether it is in class or at a wedding or funeral, but, generally, you should dress at least as formal, if not more formal, than your audience

demonstrations

involve actually enacting the process you are trying to teach your audience.

scatterplot

is a graph that shows the relationship between two continuous variables.

Extemporaneous speech

is a practiced, polished speech that makes use of a limited speaking outline.

impromptu speech

is a presentation with little or no preparation.

pie graph

is a round graph that has slices that represent how large the proportion of that particular category is compared to the whole.

Histogram

is a type of frequency chart that shows the proportion of individuals that obtained a certain level of achievement along a continuum.

Communication Apprehension

is defined by communication scholar James McCroskey as "the fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with another or others."

Rate

is how fast or slow you speak.

pitch

is how high or low your voice sounds when you speak. Lower voices tend to carry through a room more easily than higher pitched voices, so if your voice has a high pitch, you might have to work even harder to increase your volume and project your voice.

Volume

is how loud or soft the sound of your voice is when you speak. When giving a speech, you should speak loudly enough that your audience can easily hear you.

Eye contact

is perhaps one of the most important elements of physical delivery. Establishing and maintaining good eye contact allows you to maintain your audience's attention, build rapport, and help your audience feel like you care about your speech and their response to your message. Instead of speaking to the wall in the back of the room, staring at one or two individuals through your entire speech, looking at the floor, or reading from your notes, try making eye contact with each of your audience members for a few seconds at a time. This allows you to treat your speech as many small conversations with individuals in your audience, instead of a presentation to a room full of people.

Rhythm

is the cadence or pattern of movement in your voice.

Posture

is the position of your body when you are speaking, and can either communicate confidence and respect or nervousness and disinterest. When you speak, you should stand up straight, in a relaxed and natural pose. While you speak, stand on both feet; do not shift back and forth from one foot to the other or cross your feet, as this will make you look unbalanced. If there is a podium, you may rest your hands occasionally as you speak, but you should not lean on the podium.

Articulation

is the process of physically shaping the sounds that make the word. Articulation errors occur when you run words together or improperly shape vowels or consonants. While this is common in everyday, casual conversation, it can hurt your credibility in a formal speaking situation.

Pronunciation

is what a word should sound like when it is spoken according to regional rules and standards. If you mispronounce words in your speech, you might sound like you did not practice, and will thus lose credibility with your audience.

best description for theses form of delivery: Allows you to maximize eye contact and gestures, allows for audience adaption, used when interviewing for a job, used by news broadcasters when they read from teleprompters.

memorized, Extemporaneous, Impromptu, Manuscript

What are 4 forms of delivery?

memorized, manuscript, extemporaneous, impromptu

What can presentation aids include?

objects, models, demonstrations, charts and graphs, photographs, video, or audio clips.

Tone

refers to how variable your voice is and how "warm" your voice sounds. If you vary your voice while you speak, you will more easily convey emotions and interest, but if you speak in a monotone voice, your audience will struggle to maintain interest.

charts

show numeric data in a series of rows and columns

Memorized speech

the speaker commits the entire speech to memory and does not use any notes while delivering the speech.

mauscript speech

the speaker writes out his or her speech word for word in an essay format and reads the entire speech from that manuscript.

true or false: . If you are giving an extemporaneous speech, you have practiced your speech often enough that you are familiar with the content of the speech and have nearly memorized the material, but you probably say the speech a little bit differently each time you deliver it. Speakers have a notecard with limited notes, such as a key word outline with source citations and statistics, but do not have their full preparation outline or a manuscript in front of them. Extemporaneous speeches allow you to use natural verbal and physical delivery, make eye contact with your audience throughout your speech, and adapt to audience feedback throughout the speech. An extemporaneous speech does, however, take time to prepare and practice.

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true or false: A key element to creating dialogue is facing the audience and making eye contact with them. This helps create the perception you are talking with them, not at them, and thus makes them less likely to look away and more likely to pay attention. Standing up straight and looking people in the eye are signs of respect from a speaker, and so it is important to do so when giving a presentation. Even when using a visual aid, face the audience when explaining the aid instead of looking at the image.

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true or false: Audio clips. Another presentation aid you might use is a simple audio clip. For instance, you might want to play excerpts from two different pieces of music to demonstrate the difference between Baroque and Romantic styles. Sound can be highly valuable in helping your audience understand that topic and others like it. The guidelines for using audio in your speech are similar to those for using video in your speech: (1) keep the audio clips brief, typically under 30 seconds; (2) test and preset the equipment, so all you have to do is press play or begin to produce the sound; and (3) preview the audio to tell your audience what to listen for, and then summarize what they heard afterward.

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true or false: CA can impact people in a variety of contexts, such as speaking in one-on-one interpersonal conversations or speaking in a small meeting, but many people experience this anxiety in public speaking contexts. This is not particularly surprising; most of us have less experience speaking in front of a large group than in an individual speaking context, and research tells us that we are more likely to feel anxiety when we are being evaluated, which is usually the case in a public speaking context. Everyone has some level of CA, ranging from very low anxiety to very high anxiety

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true or false: Charts allow your audience to see general trends in data and are especially useful if your audience might need to be able to look up a specific value. Charts can quickly become overwhelming, however, and can be difficult to absorb quickly. If it is important to your audience to get a sense of the overall impact of the data or quickly see relationships among numbers, one of the other graphs in this section might the best choice.

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true or false: Demonstrations often involve using objects or models to show the audience how to do something. For example, a cyclist might bring their bike and cycling shoes to demonstrate how to clip into SPD pedals, and show how the use of clips increases the power that can be generated while cycling. Additionally, some demonstrations might primarily involve the use of the speaker's body. For example, an exercise instructor might demonstrate the proper form for a squat, a hip-hop dancer might demonstrate several common hip-hop moves by dancing for the audience, and a physical therapist might demonstrate the proper way to push off from a chair when standing by demonstrating that specific movement.

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true or false: Every culture has its own nonverbal gestures. For example, making the "OK" sign with your fingers in the United States means "OK," while in Japan it means "money" and in France it means "zero." It is important to be careful using gestures in speeches because you do not know that everyone in the audience hails from the same culture. For example, in Great Britain during World War II Prime Minister Winston Churchill made the "V for Victory" sign with his hand, which now connotes "peace." The fact is, if that same sign is made with your palm facing in when in England it means "Up yours."

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true or false: For example, you are giving an impromptu speech anytime you are called on to answer a question or elaborate on an idea in class. You will also be giving an impromptu presentation when you interview for a job. Politicians also often give impromptu speeches in response to questions asked during town hall meetings, and pageant contestants deliver impromptu speeches when they are asked on-stage questions. Impromptu speeches can be intimidating, since you cannot prepare and might not even know whether you will be speaking in advance.

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true or false: If you bring an object to class, you bring the actual thing you are discussing into class, not a representation of it. Objects can be an excellent tool for helping your audience experience something firsthand, because an object can allow your audience to engage multiple senses at once. Using the physical object you are discussing as a presentation aid helps your audience more easily understand what you are talking about and makes it easier to visualize the processes you might be describing. In some cases, objects can also give your audience a chance to touch, taste, and smell what you are talking about; however, if you plan to use an object your audience will need to taste, touch, or smell, you should think carefully about how to best let your audience come into contact with the object, so they can experience it when you want them to during the speech. Additionally, there are some objects you should no

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true or false: It is common for political speeches, news broadcasts, and many commemorative speeches to be delivered from a manuscript. Manuscripts allow the speaker to carefully word every sentence of the speech. Manuscript speeches are difficult to adapt to the audience and context, however. It is also nearly impossible for a speaker to make eye contact with individuals in the audience or to use effective gestures when reading from a hard copy of a manuscript. Finally, unless you have a great deal of experience and training in speaking from a manuscript, your verbal delivery will probably sound unnatural and choppy.

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true or false: Line graphs are especially useful for showing trends, losses, or growth, and are especially good for allowing the audience to compare trends for two or more groups over a particular time frame. The line graph in Figure 15.2 makes it easy to see that the number of full-time students enrolled increased over the last eight years, while the number of part-time students decreased during that same time frame.

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true or false: Not only does pronouncing a word or name wrong damage your credibility, but it also can leave the audience with the impression you did not care enough to check the correct pronunciation, making them less interested in engaging with or even respecting you. As you practice, if you encounter names or words you are not entirely sure how to pronounce, check with a dictionary or even another person to learn how to properly pronounce the name or word

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true or false: Nothing makes an audience interested in a topic and predisposed to listen to a speaker more than a presenter who is interested in the topic and who is engaging with the audience. This excitement comes across through vocal delivery that is enthusiastic, interesting, and varied. Share your interest with the audience and they will respect you for it. Often, audiences contain people who may not care about the topic initially, but through the expression of your excitement and enthusiasm you may actually reach them and ignite an interest in them for the topic. Dialogue requires presentness, and nothing makes it easier to be present with someone than interest and enthusiasm.

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true or false: Photographs. Photographs can also be a valuable presentation aid for showing your audience an image of something that cannot actually be brought into the classroom. You might use a photograph to show a picture of someone or an historical event, or an object you can-not easily bring into the classroom. If you use photographs or images as presentation aids, it is most effective to show the photograph or image to your entire audience at once, perhaps by using a PowerPoint slide, a projector, or a large poster. If you try to pass a photograph or image around so that each audience member can look at it closely, it can become a distraction and will not as effectively support your speech, since each audience member will see it at a slightly different time during your speech.

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true or false: Pie graphs show the proportion of individuals out of 100 percent that have a particular characteristic, and are especially useful for showing demographic data or indicating preferences among a group

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true or false: Scatterplots are useful for helping your audience understand the relationship, or correlation, between two variables. The scatterplot in Figure 15.6 has an upward slope and shows a positive relationship between height and weight, meaning that the taller people are, the more they tend to weigh.

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true or false: Some of the advantages of memorized speeches are that you will be able to give your speech the same way every time, and you will be able to use eye contact and gestures to their maximum effect since you will not be holding a notecard in your hand or looking at your notes or manuscript during your speech. However, the disadvantages of memorized speeches far outweigh the advantages for most speakers. It takes a substantial amount of time to memorize a speech, and, even if you have spent hours trying to memorize your speech, you still might forget what you intended to say. It is not uncommon for speakers who have memorized their speeches to freeze in the middle of their speech or forget a couple of words, causing them to completely lose their place or repeat a phrase over and over until they remember what was supposed to come next. Finally, it is very difficult to adapt your speech to the audience and occ

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true or false: Sometimes, the object you are discussing is too small for your audience to easily see, or is too large to carry easily to where you are giving your presentation. In these cases, it can be useful to have a larger or smaller representation of the object that can be easily seen or used to demonstrate the process you are trying to show. For example, most eye doctors use a much larger model of an eye to explain how the eye works and how certain conditions interfere with or damage your vision. Many architects build smaller-scale models of the projects they have designed to allow their clients to more easily visualize the building, boat, landscape, or other project.

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true or false: There are a variety of ways you can enhance a presentation and help an audience understand a certain concept. These can be visual, audial, or both. In this part of the chapter, we will explore some of these additions to your speech that can help an audience better understand a complicated subject.

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true or false: Unless you are delivering an impromptu speech where practice is impossible, you owe it to your audience to prepare your presentation well in advance. If you come across as having done this at the last minute, people will not feel you took them, or the topic, seriously and will be less likely to engage you during or after the presentation.

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true or false: Use presentation aids judiciously and with the purpose of helping the audience, not making your speech more entertaining. To that end, if you choose to use PowerPoint or Prezi, make sure the meaning is what comes across, and that the visuals are not distracting. Also, do not feel the need to have a slide or representation for everything—only use a presentation aid for those things that may require more than words to help the audience appreciate or understand.

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true or false: Videos. Many people also like using videos within their presentations. When you need to demonstrate something that is impossible for you to exhibit on your own in the classroom, a brief video clip can be an excellent way to briefly show an idea to your audience. If you plan to use video during your speech, make sure you test the video equipment in the room before you begin your speech. You should also preset the video, so all you have to do is press play when you reach that part of your speech. Have a backup link ready to open in case someone accidentally closes your video. You should briefly introduce the video and tell your audience what to focus on beforehand, and then debrief the video for a few moments afterward to summarize what you just showed them. Finally, you should make sure the videos you plan to use are brief and do not occupy a huge part of the body of your speech.

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true or false: While there is very little you can do to change your Trait CA levels, the good news is that you can reduce your overall CA by working to reduce your State CA. Some of the symptoms of communication apprehension include sweating, feeling like you have butterflies in your stomach, slightly increased blood pressure, shortness of breath, dry mouth, flushed skin, and difficulty remembering what you planned to say. While these symptoms are hard to ignore as a speaker, in most cases, your audience probably will not even notice them

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true or false: With that in mind, good delivery can encourage a dialogic environment and invite audiences to engage you in a civil, yet critical, manner.

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true or false: ar graphs are especially useful for helping the audience compare the levels of several different subcategories within a larger category in order to demonstrate the relative degrees of impact of each of those subcategories.

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true or false: histograms do not break between the columns because the categories are continuous.

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true or false? multimedia technology: PowerPoint, Prezi, Keynote, or other types of slide show presentation technologies can be highly effective ways to display presentation aids for your audience. For example, you might decide to put a chart, graph, map, or photograph on a slide so your entire audience can easily see it at the same time. You might embed a video clip or audio clip into another slide so it is ready to play at the appropriate time in your speech and then easily move on to your next graph. If used poorly, however, PowerPoint and other similar technologies can distract from your speech. For instance, many speakers put too much text on their slides, choose fonts and color schemes that make the slides difficult for the audience to read, or put extraneous information on the slides that distracts the audience from the purpose of the speech. Table 15.1 shows a few guidelines for using PowerPoint and other sli

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line graphs

use lines along two axes to show changes in values over time.

State CA

which is anxiety that is related to the context in which you are communicating.

self-fulfilling prophecy

which is convincing yourself that something is going to happen before it does, thus leading to the occurrence of what you originally expected.

Trait CA

which is the amount of communication anxiety you were born with and naturally have due to genetics.

systematic desensitization

which is the process by which a person is slowly introduced to something they fear so that each time they overcome the fear, the intensity of the fear is decreased.