CTS-D, Chapter 16: Networking for AV

Domain Name Three Parts

- A computer name or alias - The domain itself - The top-level domain (TLD)

AV Network Protocols

- AVB/TSN - EtherSound - CobraNet - Dante - Q-SYS - HDBaseT

IANA IPv4 Categories

- Global - Local - Reserved

Types of VPNs

- Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol - Internet Protocol Security - Secure Sockets Layer

IP Addressing Components

- Network ID Bits - Host ID Bits - Subnet Mask

DHCP Server Address Pool Factors

- Size of the subnet the device is connecting to - Number of addresses already in use - Number of addresses reserved for another purpose

IPv4 Subnet Mask

A 32-bit number used to ID the network.

HDBaseT

An audio and video network protocol.

Dynamic Domain Name System

DDNS

IANA

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

Local Addresses

LAN accessible addresses.

Physical and Logical

Network Topology Types

Open Systems Interconnection

OSI

IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Standard Classes

- 10 Mbps Ethernet - 100 Mbps Ethernet - 1 Gbps Ethernet - 10 Gbps Ethernet - 40/100 Gbps Ethernet

Wireless Connection Versions

- 802.11a, 5 GHz, 27 Mbps, 72 Mbps - 802.11b, 2.4 GHz, 5 Mbps, 11 Mbps - 802.11g, 2.4 GHz, 22 Mbps, 54 Mbps - 802.11n, 5 GHz/2.4GHz, 144 Mbps, 600 Mbps - 802.11ac, 5 GHz, 866 Mbps:2.5 Gbps, 6.7 Gbps

Most Common LAN Physical Transmission Methods

- Copper, as Voltage - Fiber, as Visible Light - Air, Radio Frequencies

DHCP Server Tracked Data

- The network's address range - Which addresses are currently available - Which addresses are currently in use by which devices - The remaining lease time on each address

Broadcast Messages

A network message that goes to all devices on the network.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

A network that connects multiple LANs often separated by geographical location.

Logical Topology

A network's signal path topology.

Client

A node that allows a user to work and interface with a network.

Thin Server

A server that offers only one service. Typically used with larger networks.

Managed Switch

A switch that allows for configuration of network communication settings.

Unmanaged Switch

A switch that offers only plug and play functionality.

Automatic Private Internet Protocol Addressing

APIPA

CobraNet

Another networked audio solution, but rarely used any more.

Node (Network)

Devices that send and receive data.

Subnetting

Divides a network into smaller networks. The first and last number of a subnet is unavailable.

Domain Check

Domain A: Task 2, 3, 7, 8, and 9 Domain B: Task 6 and 8 Domain C: Task 1, 2, and 4 44% of Exam (Approximately 55 Questions)

Partial Mesh Topology

Each node connects to several other nodes, but not all.

IPv6 Subnet Mask

Eight full hexadecimal words, but the first three are always all 1s and the last four are always all 0s. As a result IPv6 subnet is shown as a single hexadecimal word. Format - c000, can also be displayed using CIDR notation.

Mesh (WAN)

Every LAN Connects to every other LAN in the WAN.

Static Addressing

Manually assigned permanent IP addresses for devices.

Q-SYS

Network audio protocol developed by QSC. Requires 1 Gbps or better end-to-end network infrastructure. - 2.5 to 4.5 ms or better - Clock Data Highest Qos - Audio Streams Assured Forwarding QoS - Control Data Best Effort QoS

- Layer 7 - Application - Layer 6 - Presentation - Layer 5 - Session - Layer 4 - Transport - Layer 3 - Network - Layer 2 - Data Link - Layer 1 - Physical

OSI Model (Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away)

Network Switch

Provides a physical connection between multiple devices.

Session Initiation Protocol

SIP

Physical Topology

The physical layout of a network's devices and infrastructure.

Virtual Private Network

VPN, provides a tunnel between two or more LANs for remote monitoring, troubleshooting, and control.

- Hub and Spoke - Common Carrier - Mesh

WAN Topologies

AVB Basic Parameters

- AVB/TSN data maximum seven hops. - No more than 2 milliseconds of latency. - Occupies top two levels of QoS - Can reserve up to 75% of network bandwidth

IP Functions

- Addressing - Packaging - Fragmenting - Routing

Network Componets

- Client and Server - Network Interface Cards (NICs) - Switches, Routers, and Gateways - Wired or Wireless Link - Protocols - Applications

Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol Characteristics (VPN)

- Client devices must have client software installed. - It can transport both IP and non-IP data. - It monitors data integrity, authenticates data origin, and protects against data "capture and reply" - It can introduce significant latency. - It is not commonly used in newer systems.

Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) (VPN)

- Client devices must have client software installed. - It is an IP-based protocol, and it provides security for any IP transport protocol. - It can authenticate and encrypt, or just authenticate, based on need. - It assigns remote devices an internal address upon connection, making them effectively on the LAN. - Remote clients have access to the same devices and resources they would on-premise. - Client software may manage clients by requiring them to have antivirus software or a host-based firewall. - It is commonly used for site-to-site connections.

AVB Standards

- IEEE 802.1AS Timing and Synchronization in Bridged Local Area Networks - IEEE 802.1Qat Stream Reservation Protocol - IEEE 802.1Qav Forwarding and Queuing for Time Sensitive Streams

Network Types

- Local Area Network (LAN) - Wide Area Network (WAN) - Campus Area Network (CAN) - Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) - Personal Area Network (PAN)

Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) (VPN)

- No client software is needed - the client accesses the VPN via a web browser. - It requires a dedicated SSL VPN server. - It's an IP-based protocol (TCP only). - It does not require an internal address. - It acts as a proxy allowing only authorized users to access only approved resources; access can be configured on an individual user basis. - It's common for mobile user to site connections.

Port Types

- System Ports - 0 to 1023 - User Ports - 1024 to 49151 - Dynamic Ports - 49152 to 65535

Gateway

A bridge between two networks.

NIC (Network Interface Card)

A component of a device that allows it to connect to a network.

Server

A computer or computer program that manages access to a centralized resource or service in a network.

Blended Device

A device that has the ability to perform the functions of a switch, router, and/or gateway.

Extended Star Topology

A star topology with additional layer of hierarchy.

Sliding Window

A type of data window in which block sizes are variable. Window size is continually reevaluated during transmission, with the sender always attempting to send the largest window it can to speed throughput.

Audio Video Bridging

AVB, also known as TSN (Time Sensitive Networking)

Star Topology

All nodes connect to a central point.

Loopback Address

An IP address that indicates your own computer and is used to test TCP/IP configuration on the computer.

Broadcast Address

An address assigned to communicate with all hosts on the LAN.

Dynamic Addressing

Automatically assigned temporary IP addresses for devices. Addressed can be permanent if the DHCP server has reserved an address for a specific MAC address of a device.

Classless Inter-Domain Routing

CIDR, a shorthand method of expressing an IPv4 subnet.

IPv6

Consist of eight, 16-bit groups, or bytes. Format - FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210

IPv4

Consist of four, 8-bit groups, or bytes. Format - 0.0.0.0:255.255.255.255.

OSI Layer 5 - Session

Controls the dialogues, connections, between computers establishing, managing, and terminating the connections between the local and remote application.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

DHCP, is an IP addressing scheme that allows network administrators to automate address assignment.

Domain Name System

DNS, A service that allows you to use a friendly name instead of an IP address for access. e.g. a web address

Packet-Switched Network

Data is broken into packets allowing for multiple nodes to send information on the same channel at the same time. Only restriction is channel bandwidth.

Hub and Spoke (WAN)

Each LAN of the WAN connects to a central locations. May have several layers of hierarchy.

Common Carrier (WAN)

Each LAN of the WAN runs a spoke to an ISP backbone.

Mesh Topology

Each node connects to every other node.

OSI Layer 6 - Presentation

Establishes context between application-layer entities.

EtherSound

First networked audio solution, but rarely used any more.

Router

Forwards data between devices that are not directly physically connected. The border between a LAN and a WAN.

Global Addresses

Internet accessible addresses.

OSI Layer 7 - Application

Is the layer which interacts directly with the end user. Software application.

Media Layers

Layers 1-3, Physical, Data Link, and Network

Host Layers

Layers 4-7, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application

Media Access Control

MAC, the hardware address of the NIC. Uses a 48-bit number expressed as six groups of two hexadecimal numbers.

Multi-Protocol Label Switching

MPLS, a "2.5 Layer" technology that combines L2 flexibility with IP network functionality.

Maximum Transmission Unit

MTU

Network Address Translation

NAT, any method of altering IP address information in IP packet headers as the packet traverses a routing device.

Circuit-Switched Network

Once a connection is established data is sent in a continuous stream and no other node can use the connection.

OSI Layer 2 - Data Link

Provides node to node data transfer, a link between two directly connected nodes.

OSI Layer 4 - Transport

Provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable-length data sequences from a source to a destination host, while maintaining the quality of service functions.

OSI Layer 3 - Network

Provides the functional and procedural means to transferring variable length data sequences, packets, from one node to another connected in a different network.

Quality of Service

QoS

Resource Record

RR

Transmission Control Protocol

TCP, provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of packets on the internet. TCP is tightly linked with IP and usually seen as TCP/IP in writing.

Segmentation

The L4 process of breaking up IP packets into smaller chunks that fall within the MTU of a network connection.

Dante

The dominate audio network solution, fully routable. 100 Mbps or better, with at least 1 Gbps backbone.

OSI Layer 1 - Physical

The layer responsible for the transmission and reception of unstructured raw data between a device and a physical transmission medium.

Connections (Network)

The means of travel between nodes.

Encapsulation

The process in the OSI model that allows each higher layer of the first three layers to carry the previous layer's information.

User Datagram Protocol

UDP. Used for information that requires no response.

Virtual Local Area Network

VLAN, a LAN that is logically created while utilizing shared physical resources.

Virtual Leased Lines

VLLs, a L2 protocol that uses IP tunneling to create a virtual point to point connection.

Virtual Private Routed Networks

VPRNs, a L3 protocol that imitates private IP-based leased-line wide area networks.