CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY
The most collectivistic states of the United States are
Hawaii and Utah
A key belief of the Sambia is that?
Boys become men by acquiring semen, from older boys and men.
A group of Japanese and North Americans are in a restaurant late at night. Some people ordered for themselves, and some people ordered for friends who had not yet arrived. Because the restaurant was about to close, it had run out of everything they ordered. Instead, they had to choose between the only two dishes that remained, both of which were deemed to be average dishes by everyone. Which of the following is the most likely to result from this scenario?
The "average dish" that the Japanese would end up liking more is the one they ordered for their friends compared to the one they did not order for their friend
Ryosuke, a Japanese-Canadian born in Vancouver, Canada, is high on bicultural identity integration. This means that, due to his high bicultural identity integration, he
is able to quickly switch between his Japanese frame and his Canadian frame.
according to Henrich's mathematical model, why would complex cultural knowledge deteriorate, as was the case in 18th-century Tasmania
shrinkage in the population leads to a lack of skilled models for people to copy
You are introduced to a person who is said to have an independent view of self. Based on Markus and Kitayama's model, which of the following would you LEAST expect the person to say?
"I am a member of a ballet dance group."
Which of the following is reliably associated with reduced acculturative stress?
cultural fitness
You meet a new Chinese friend, Huang. You find that Huang is responsible, optimistic, and trustworthy. After having just learned about Chinese personality constructs in class, you decide to figure out on which construct he scores highly. Which of the following constructs best encompasses the three traits that you know about Huang?
dependability
Celebrating birthdays is a functional universal. This means that in two cultures, the purpose of birthdays is _____________ across the cultures and how important birthdays are is _____________ across the cultures?
different; the same
A child observes a model using a new tool to crack open an acorn. The child does not copy exactly what the model does, nor understand that the model wanted to crack acorns. The child simply sees that the tool can be used to crack acorns and tries to figure out on his own how to use the tool to crack acorns. What is the child exhibiting?
emulative learning
If a child wants to be a great ice hockey player and chooses to learn from Wayne Gretzky as the prestigious model, what aspect(s) of Wayne Gretzky is the child most likely to imitate
everything that wayne Gretzky does, both related and unrelated to hockey
The finding that the prevalence of parasites in a region correlates positively with the degree that people value physical attractive-ness is argued to be evidence for
evoked culture
according to the social brain hypothesis, which of the following is TRUE
evolution favors those who do well in maintaining social relationships
Your research team found evidence that people in multiple cultures walk with their shoes on their heads; but this "shoe-on-head" way of walking is activated for different reasons across cultures. This would be evidence of?
existential universal
The findings from acculturation research are less coherent than many other topics largely because
people's circumstances vary so much that it makes it difficult to identify common patterns.
Among people who immigrate before they are adults, self-esteem is related to acculturation in that
people's self-esteem comes to approximate the self-esteem norms in the host culture as they acculturate.
It is not at all unusual for the officers at Police Station 54 to observe their colleagues using confrontational interview techniques. Even though they do not personally like the technique, many officers believe that the practice is widely approved of by others and expected of them. This is an example of
pluralistic ignorance.
which of the following statements is FALSE?
primate species that rely heavily on fruit in their diets have larger neocortex ratios than do primate species that do not rely much on fruit
You work for an international charity foundation and are in charge of seeking donations from Americans and Poles. Based on Cialdini's research on the importance of consistency with the self and with peers, which of the following would you use to secure the most donations from the two populations?
remind Americans of their past donations, but remind Poles of their peers' donations
You want to persuade your friend to help you. You recently learned about cognitive dissonance in your psychology class, and you want to try out the effectiveness of using that to persuade others. How might you implement cognitive dissonance in persuading someone to help you?
remind the target that he or she had helped you before
After some people are told their DSM diagnoses, their "symptoms" appear to stay the same or even get worse. Many theorists would attribute this to the development of: self-fulfilling prophecies Therapies that have received clear research support are called: evidence-based 48/50
self-fulfilling prophecies
Varun is a Fijian immigrant to Canada. After observing him over time, his friends felt like he was not really participating in Canadian culture, nor did he seem to have much to do with his Fijian roots. Which of the following best describes Varun?
separation strategy
among three newly discovered species of primates, Species A's diet is based fully on fruits, Species B's diet is based fully on food the requires extractive foraging methods, and Species C's diet is highly social. Which species should have the largest encephalization quotient (EQ)
the answer cannot be determined with the available information
which of the following is an example of pluralistic ignorance
the binge drinking habits among underage college students
the considerable cultural differences between the larger Nuer tribes and the smaller, less powerful Dinka tribes of Southern Sudan indicates that
the effects of transmitted culture are substantial.
One difference between Americans and Hindu Indians is that in the United States
the male identity is essentialized, whereas among Hindu Indians the female identity is essentialized
Jee-Yeong is a bicultural Korean-Canadian who is high in bicultural identity integration. Compared with other bicultural Korean-Canadians who are low on bicultural identity integration, Jee-Yeong
will engage in more frame-switching.
When completing the Twenty-Statements Test, people from non-Western cultures, in contrast with people from Western cultures, are more likely to put down which of the following?
"I am a student."
In an African Studies research paper that you are writing for publication, you used the word "culture" to refer to a South African people. Which of the following is NOTa challenge to using this definition of culture to indicate "South Africans"?
All South Africans share the same political and environmental contexts, leading them to have very similar experiences
Why do motivations for self-consistency appear weaker among East Asians than among Westerners?
In the West, self-consistency correlates more strongly with subjective well-being and with being liked by others than it does in East Asia.
You decide to start a new research project investigating the universality of drinking alcohol. To do so you investigate two different cultures from two different continents (Netherlands and Canada) you find evidence of people in both countries drink beer to the same extent and for the same reasons. Which of the following conclusions can you make about drinking alcohol?
No definite conclusion can be made
The proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between devout religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that:
People who are more devout are also psychologically healthier.
Given Bosterup's thesis about agricultural methods centuries ago affecting gender attitudes now, what is this type of relationship between agricultural methods and gender attitudes an example of?
distal cause
Takeshi discovers a lot of tips and tricks to give him an easier time playing his favorite computer game, which he proceeds to tell all of his gaming buddies. Which of the following does this best illustrate?
horizontal transmission
Imagine that Georgi moved to Canada from Bulgaria about a year ago. We might expect that he
is struggling, as he feels a bit homesick and has not yet made many Canadian friends.
How does one find an animal's encephalization quotient (EQ)
it is the ratio of an animal's brain weight to the brain weight predicted for a comparable animal with the same body size
Which of the following levels of psychological universals was NOT proposed by Norenzayan and Heine?
statistical universal
Comparisons of men and women from East Asia and the United States reveal that
women and men are similar in most factors underlying individualism and collectivism
he boss of a company in the United States and you have instituted a new policy requiring all interactions between workers, who are predominantly white Americans, to take a culture-blind approach. This means that?
you want the workers to treat each other as individuals, with individual experiences and individual histories
Which of the following is an example of ethnocentrism?
"Those people from Culture X are weird. Rather than using forks to eat like we do, like people are supposed to, they like to pick things up using sticks to eat."
Whereas _____________ describe(s) explanations using factors that occurred a long time ago, _____________ describe(s) expla-nations using factors that have direct and immediate effects.
1) distal 2) proximal
According to the definition offered in the textbook, which of the following would NOT be a good example of "culture"?
A child given a new puzzle she has never seen before discovers a novel solution by herself.
What did the cognitive revolution NOT entail?
A revival of cultural psychology
Participants are sitting in their own separate testing rooms and have been asked to write statements about what they think about themselves. After a while, a mirror magically appears on a wall in each room. Comparing their self-descriptions before and after the mirror appeared, how much do they differ?
American participants viewed themselves more negatively after the mirror appeared, and Japanese participants did not change their views after the mirror appeared.
When Americans and Japanese evaluate themselves in front of a mirror,
Americans have more negative views of themselves than they normally do
Which of the following statements about the Big Five model of personality is FALSE?
As people age, they tend to become more neurotic
Which of the following is true in comparing biological evolution with cultural evolution?
Biological evolution is faithful, while cultural evolution is not unfaithful
Given current research on acculturation and health, which of the following would you expect?
Candice has acculturated to the host culture with poor diets, which means she may develop unhealthy habits that lead to adverse health outcomes.
Which of the following people is most likely to experience an L-shaped acculturation curve?
Crystal-Joy, who has moved to a culturally homogeneous society
How does cultural distance differ from cultural fit?
Cultural distance refers to culture-culture matching of variables, whereas cultural fit refers to person-culture matching of variables.
A key difference between "cultural" psychologists and "general" psychologists is that?
Cultural psychologists believe that the mind is interdependent with context and content, whereas general psychologists believe that the mind is independent from context and content
Which of the following is true about cultural change?
Culture changes as people adapt in different time periods and in to different environments.
Which of the following statements is NOT true about animals and culture?
Culture is found in several species of primates, but not in other animals.
You review all of the studies that you've done in your career and realize that they all use WEIRD samples. Based on this characteristic of your samples, what challenges are the MOST applicable to your work?
Determining universality
Emulative and imitative learning can be contrasted in that:
Emulative learning does not require imitating a model's behavioral strategies.
When humans engage in the prestige bias , they also tend to copy everything that a prestigious model does, because humans?
Engage in imitative learning
While chatting over coffee with your friend, you overhear someone say, "I don't understand how those Hindus let cattle wander around their cities and not eat them. Where I come from we eat burgers, blah, blah, blah."?
Ethnocentrism
You grew up learning that nodding your head means "yes," and most people you know do the same; however, you recently learned that people in some cultures nod their heads when they mean to say "no." Nodding your head would thus be characterized as a(n)?
Existential Universal
People from all cultures use umbrellas, yet in some cultures umbrellas are used only to block the rain, whereas other cultures use umbrellas to only block sunlight. The use of umbrellas across cultures would thus be classified as a(n)?
Existential universal
Miley is an extremely agreeable person who is very considerate and polite to others. She thinks that her agreeableness will make her well-suited for adjusting to any culture to which she goes. Based on research, how true is her rationale
False—Miley's agreeableness will only be useful for host cultures that generally endorse being agreeable
Foot-in-door is a persuasion technique whereby the requester makes a relatively small request of a target. Once the target says yes, the requester will make more, and incrementally more costly, requests. This works because people are motivated to be self-consistent. Your friend is a big fan of this technique, and thinks that this sales tactic is equally effective everywhere, no matter where he goes. Based on research by Cialdini and colleagues, is this true or false?
False—the foot-in-the-door technique would work better in the United States than in Poland
Ambrose has an independent self, and Hayden has an interdependent self. Which of the following is true about Hayden?
He is more likely to activate the same brain regions when thinking about himself and his mother.
Lurrr comes from the planet Omicron Persei 8. The culture there fosters an incremental theory of self, with a focus on seeing oneself from a first-person perspective. Lurrr currently describes himself as extraverted, conscientious, and a lover of cats—attributes that Lurrr wants to change. Based on this, if Lurrr is asked to describe what he will be like in the future, which of the following is he most likely to say?
He will be neither extraverted nor conscientious
Idra, a European university student, has moved to another country indefinitely to start a new career. He is currently experiencing anxiety, helplessness, and homesickness. Based on research on acculturation curves, what do you expect to happen with Idra next?
He will maintain these feelings if the host culture is homogenous.
Which of the following is NOT a proposed explanation for the Flynn Effect ?
IQ scores have been increasing around the world over the last century
Jack was talking to his friend Jane about all his positive characteristics. In the middle of the conversation, he took a prescription pill for a sore throat. This pill has an interesting side effect—it alters the way Jack thinks. After taking the pill, he no longer talked about his positive characteristics; instead, he talked about how he needed to improve on his shortcomings and the disappointment that his mother has about many of his qualities. Which of the following most accurately characterizes the side effect of this pill?
It gives him more objective self-awareness
Assume that the act of giving gifts to neighbors has been documented in every culture that exists in the world. Which of the following is definitely true about the act of gift giving?
It is not universal
Which of the following statements about ethnocentrism is true?
It means that behaviors that do not seem normal tend to be viewed as less desirable
Given the current research on personality and acculturation, you can predict that
Jaedong, who is introverted, will acculturate more successfully in an introverted country than Sehoon, who is extraverted.
Yamazonia is a society dominated by homosexual women. Based on this information alone, which of the following people living in Yamazonia is most likely to identify with his or her group membership?
Jared, a male worker
Based on Ma and Schoeneman's study with Americans and Kenyans, which of the following would be expected?
Kenyan undergrad: "I am a resourceful person." Kenyan tribesman (e.g., the Samburu): "I am a member of an association."
Which of the following was NOT found in Suh's research on Koreans and Americans?
Koreans who are more consistent across situations have lower subjective well-being than Koreans who are less consistent
According to Dunbar, why would larger social groups be associated with the evolution of larger brains
Larger groups had greater social complexity, driving the evolution of larger brains to handle such complexity
which of the following (historically inaccurate) examples best demonstrates the process of the ratchet effect
Marx creates a new political ideology, Lennon builds on this ideology, and Stalin further expands on it
A chimpanzee learns from his human zookeeper to wash carrots in the artificial river in his habitat before eating them. Based on the definitions of culture, is this an example of culture?
No, because he learned the practice from a member of a different species
You want to raise your children so that they will not be susceptible to the Müller-Lyer illusion. Based on what the textbook discusses as being the reason for some individuals being more susceptible to this illusion than others, what should you do to make your children less susceptible?
Raise her in an environment without corners
Homer sharpens a rock and uses it to shave. Schick adds a handle to the rock for better grip. gillette then changes the rock to a titanium blade for durability. the progression of improvements made to the shaving utensil is an example of
Ratchet Effect
Which of the following people is the best example of blending?
Sarah gained a much more interdependent self-construal after spending the last ten years in China, albeit less than that shown by the Chinese.
Who is credited with laying out the theoretical foundations for cultural psychology?
Solomon Asch
After measuring the neocortex ratio of two species, it was determined that Species A has a ratio of .25, whereas Species B has a ratio of .20. Based on the evidence discussed in the textbook, which of the following can one most likely conclude about these two species?
Species B lives in a smaller social group than Species A.
A team of scientists observes that a new species (Species X) tends not to copy exactly how a model uses a new tool; instead, they are very adept at figuring out on their own how to best use the tool. conversely, another new species (Species Y) does tend to copy exactly how a model uses a new tool, paying attention to the behavioral strategies of the model. based on this observation, what trajectory should we expect their respective cultural development to be like
Species X will likely not have cumulative culture and Species Y will likely have cumulative culture
You have saved up a lot of money over the last few years and have decided to travel the world. In interacting with people from different cultures all over the world, which of the following are you most likely to find?
The Big Five explains personality adequately everywhere, but does especially well explaining personality in the West
Kartika is a professor in Germany who is trying to decide which applicant to accept as a graduate student. She wants a graduate student who will come up with creative ideas. Which of the following applicants should have the most creative ideas?
The attributes listed cannot predict which of these applicants will have the most creative ideas.
Yuan, a Chinese mother, and Alexis, a Euro-Canadian mother, both decided to read their children's diaries. How might the memories of Yuan's child differ from the memories of Alexis's child?
The memories of Yuan's child have more third-person imagery than the memories of Alexis's child
The First Nations tribe that has been most successful (of the ones studied) at adjusting to mainstream Canadian settler traditions has been the
Tsimshian.
According to research using the Sex Role Ideology inventory, which of the following situations does NOT agree with the research findings?
Uruguay, a country south of the equator, has more egalitarian gender values than Estonia, a country north of the equator
An infant of Species X sees a model use a new tool to achieve a goal. Which of the following demonstrates that the infant is engaging in imitative learning?
When given the tool, the infant mimics exactly how the model used the tool.
A cat teaches another cat in the same alley to hold a mouse a certain way so that the mouse can be more easily eaten. Based on the definitions of culture used in the textbook, can this example be said to be "culture"?
Yes, because the information was passed on by social learning between cats;Yes, because the cats belong to a group of cats from the same alley
Amy's daughter, Sophia, is going to be an architect. In order to increase her creativity, Amy wants Sophia to live temporarily in a few other countries for a year in each place, living among the citizens, before starting her job. Based on research on the relationship between multiculturalism and creativity, will Amy's plan for Sophia work?
Yes, because this plan will lead to greater integrative complexity, which partially leads to higher levels of creativity.
Your friend Basdeo would like to become more creative. Which of the following would you recommend to him?
You would not recommend any of these choices
your friend is doing a series of visual tasks. in one task, she had to track an object sliding across the screen (slide task). in another task, she had to track an object that popped up on the screen and then disappeared (pop task). According to a brain scan taken during the tasks, her left inferior parietal lobule and right precentral gyrus showed greater activation during the slide task than during the pop task. What does this mean?
Your friend found that the side task more difficult than the pop task
Your friend immigrated more than a decade ago. While walking on the streets with your friend, he suddenly encounters a store that reminds him of his heritage culture. Which of the following is likeliest to result from that?
Your friend is more likely to think in ways consistent with his heritage culture, at least temporari
Based on research about cultural transmission, which of the following YouTube advertisements is the LEAST likely to be spread to other people?
a car commercial that was extremely weird and did not feature any cars
what child(re) below demonstrate(s) the existence of theory of mind
a child who hides his toys so his mother won't find them
Your friend Pedram is planning to immigrate somewhere and wants to go to a place where he will have the best chance of adjusting to the new culture. Which of the following should you recommend as being the best place for him?
a society that espouses values that match Pedram's personality
suicide prevention, substance abuse treatment, and eating disorder clinics are MOST similar to which kind of market? a large market that offers many different types of foods, a store that specializes in one type of food, a mom & pop store that carries old fashioned food, a high-end market that serves only the wealthy
a store that specializes in only one type of food
After an exhaustive study, you find no cultural variation across all samples explored in terms of sleeping in a tree at night. This finding would best be labeled as a(n)?
accesibility universal
Shuang is a Chinese mother. Compared with Shuang, Alex, and Americam mother , is more likely to
acknowledge her children's perspectives and discuss her children's successes
Quang Giáp is from a society where people tend to attribute the behaviors of others as being the result of external pressures. After living in the United States for many years, however, Quang Giáp often finds himself increasingly attributing the behaviors of others as being the result of internal factors. What is this an example of?
blending
why isn't there NOT much cumulative culture among chimpanzees
chimpanzees aren't very good at imitative learning
Based on Ma and Schoeneman's study with Americans' and Kenyans' self-descriptions, which of the following is the most accurate in describing the Samburu?
collectivistic
According to the textbook, which of the following has NOT been noted as a result of becoming more acculturated to North American culture?
decreased risk of coronary heart disease
The Big Five personality traits
do not cover the full extent of personality traits in other cultures, but is still cross-culturally robust
Ecology and sex roles are related in the sense that:
egalitarian sex roles are more common where food is plentiful and easily acquired
All cultures congratulate their members' achievements to make them feel good about themselves, but some cultures are much more willing to do this than others. According to Norenzayan and Heine, what is this an example of?
functional universal
Bjorn is a nonvisible minority member, while Trang is a member of a visible minority. Trang is more likely than Bjorn to
have separation acculturation strategies.
Yuexi, a Chinese mother, wants to use strong parental control with her child. Based on the textbook, which of the following would MOST LIKELY occur as a result?
her child is less happy than children raised with less parental control
which of the following is NOT direct evidence for the social brain hypothesis
humans have a large encephalization quotient
Which of the following scenarios would most likely lead to Basdeo using frame-switching more than Mel?
if Basdeo were a bicultural and Mel were a monocultural
Jaden has a strong sense of his own identity and does not see any sort of divide between strangers he has just met and his family members. What is this characteristic of?
independent theory of self
You are chatting with a stranger in a coffee shop. Every time you ask him something about himself, he talks about associations to which he belongs and clubs he has joined. He rarely talks about his own attributes. Which of the following best describes him?
interdependent view of self
In the Sambian context, the cultural emphasis on boys experiencing rituals such as piercing their noses and being thrashed with sticks suggest that, for the Sambia?
masculinity is something that boys gain from certain behaviors
Stereotype threat is
measured using dependent variables such as task performance and physiological sign
According to the Sambia ?
men can produce semen, while boys must acquire it
Xing scores high on the Chinese personality trait of "dependability." Based on Cheung, Cheung, Leung, Ward, and Leong's findings about Chinese personality constructs, with what would Xing's "dependability" score be correlated?
neuroticism
Stereotype threat occurs because
people are at risk for sometimes acting in ways consistent with stereotypes and thereby proving the stereotype and creating a self-fulfilling prophecy.
The Russian cultural-historical school emphasized that?
people interact with their environments via culturally acquired tools
In a gardening competition, the Martian's steel tools allowed them to easily defeat the Earthlings, who used wooden tools. Which of the following best describes why the Martians defeated the Earthlings?
proximal cause
Jarad wants to make sure that he does not raise children who are susceptible to the muller-lyer illusion. As such, he should ?
raise his children in places where corners are uncommon
on planet X, you observe that a primate-like species is undergoing rapid evolution, with their brains having grown significantly in volume. based on the textbook's discussion about a similar process that took place in human evolution, what physiological changes to this alien species would you NOT expect to accompany this growth in brain volume? assume that body size has not changed
shorter fingers and limbs
If I told you that Jamie, an African American from New York (i.e., a member of a visible cultural minority within the United States), experienced identity denial yesterday, this means that, of the following situations, he experienced
someone of European descent not believing that Jamie was born in New York, insisting that he must have been born somewhere in Africa.
The Kingdom of Zorblax is about to colonize a bunch of aboriginal tribes living on a foreign continent. The culture of Zorblax is characterized by a system in which people live on collective farms and take what they need from those farms. Which of the following foreign aboriginal tribes will experience the LEAST amount of acculturative stress under the Kingdom of Zorblax?
the Poranga, a tribe that heavily engages in communal sharing
Your friend subscribes to the notion that people interact with their environments through the human-made ideas that have been passed down to them across history. Your friend is most likely to be associated with which of the following?
the Russian cultural-historical school
you and a small handful of people have split off from a large and technologically advanced society to settle on another island. according to hornet's mathematical model, what will most likely happen to the development of cultural technology in your splinter group
the cultural technology of your group will likely devolve due to a lack of skilled models
which of the following statements is TRUE regarding chimpanzees living in the wild
they do not show conclusive evidence theory of mind
what theory is best supported for why primates evolved such large brains
they tend to live in large social groups, which requires intelligence to function effectively
a 2.5-year old human child, a chimpanzee, and an orangutan are presented with the same problem-solving task - they must figure out how to use a tool to reach up to the top of a cabinet and nudge a wooden block that will knock over a banana. based on hermann and colleagues' findings, which of the three participants will outperform the others
they will all perform equally well
Your friend recently entered a few chess competitions, but lost them all really badly. If he has an entity theory of self, what is he most likely to do?
think he has bad chess "genes"
Someone with an incremental theory of the self
thinks that he or she will be a different person in the future than he or she is now
an infant of Species X sees a model use a new tool to achieve a goal. which of the following scenarios best demonstrates that the infant is engaging in emulative learning
when given the tool, the infant figures out on her own how to use the tool to achieve the same goal
When will you NOT see an adjustment phase after experiencing culture shock?
when the person moves to a homogenous society
