Culture and identity 5.8-Socio Cultural

Which of the following is an example of a sojourner? A young man who moves to the Czech Republic because he has met the woman (or man) of his dreams. A manager of a company who has been sent to work in India for four years. A student on a three week holiday in Thailand. An asylum seeker who is moving to the UK to escape political persecution in her home country.

A manager of a company who has been sent to work in India for four years.

sojourner

A sojourner is a person who resides temporarily in a place.

______ is when an individual abandons their original culture and adopts the cultural behaviours and values of their new culture

Assimilation

______ is not complete when you are five, thirteen or even fifty years old. It is a constant process that reinforces your identity as a member of your culture.

Enculturation

What is the key difference between enculturation and acculturation? The culture that is enculturated can never change. Enculturation happens through direct instruction; acculturation happens through observational learning. Enculturation takes place in the culture you grow up in; acculturation is the result of interacting with another culture. Enculturation is a process that finishes by a person's early teens; acculturation is a life-long process.

Enculturation takes place in the culture you grow up in; acculturation is the result of interacting with another culture.

Fagot (1989)

Longitudinal study of direct tuition. Observed parents encouraged sex-typed behavior and discouraged sex-inappropriate behavior even before the age of 2. Boys reinforced for playing with gender appropriate boys (e.g. bricks) and punished for playing with dolls, Girls reinforced for staying close to parent and punished for rough and tumble play. Fagot (1985):Observational study of behavior of children aged btw. 21-25 months. They found that boys made fun of boys who played with dolls (& vise-versa). Similar pressures among older children, group in/out.

One of the problems of studies of acculturation of immigrants is a high attrition rate. What does this mean? Many participants may use drugs and alcohol to cope with acculturative stress. Many of the immigrants do not speak adequate English or the language of their new country. Many participants may refuse to participate because of fear that it would compromise their right to live in the country. Many participants may drop out of the study over time.

Many participants may drop out of the study over time.

The term Berry used for when it is not possible to adopt the behaviours of a new culture because of discrimination or a lack of acceptance of individuals into the new culture. Integration Separation Marginalization Assimilation

Marginalization

____ ___: This is when the individual strengthens his or her ethnic or racial identity in response to discrimination.

Reactive identification.

What does it mean to say that Samoan society has a "very high power distance index?" Samoans put much more focus on the importance of leisure time than on work. Samoans focus on the future and think that it is very important to save for potential problems. Samoan culture puts a high value on personal achievement. Samoans have a strong respect for authority and do not challenge people who are of a higher societal rank.

Samoans have a strong respect for authority and do not challenge people who are of a higher societal rank.

Acculturation

The adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another.

Which of the following is an ethical consideration in the study of immigrants? The data obtained by the researcher must be anonymized. Many immigrants drop out of the study over time. It is difficult to generalize the findings to all immigrants. The study would best be carried out in the language of the participant.

The data obtained by the researcher must be anonymized.

Values Enculturation

When we discuss the effect of enculturation on cognition, we are referring to attitudes about social relationships, gender roles, time orientation, beliefs about health and illness, and beliefs about morality.

Which of the following is not an example of acculturative stress which might happen if you were to move to a new country? You have problems sleeping or have a general lack of energy. You start developing stereotyping about the new country's people and seeing them from a negative perspective. You have strong longing for your home country or culture. You have diffculties learning the language of your new culture.

You have diffculties learning the language of your new culture. Although acculturative stress may play a role in making language learning difficult, it is not in and of itself an example of acculturative stress.

_____ ____: These are generational differences in acculturation and how this leads to conflict within the family. Immigrant parents and their children live in different cultural worlds.

acculturation gaps.

____ ___- the psychological, somatic, and social difficulties that may accompany acculturation, often resulting in anxiety, depression and other forms of mental and physical stress. It is a reduction in the mental health and well-being of ethnic minorities that occurs during the process of adaptation to a new culture. ____ ____ is often referred to as "culture shock."

acculturative stress ,Acculturative stress

Enculturation can occur through ____ _____ - that is, your parents tell you what you are supposed to do.

direct tuition

attrition rate

dropout rate; loss of subjects before the study is completed; threat of mortality

______ - maintaining one's cultural identity - and _____, changing one's culture in order to fit in.

enculturation,acculturation,

When there is an interest in adopting the behaviours and values of the new culture, while still maintaining the original culture, this is called ____

integration.

______ result when it is not really possible to maintain one's original culture, but because of exclusion or discrimination, it is not possible to assimilate into the new culture.

marginalization

Social Cognitive Learning Theory - or ______ _____ - plays a key part in this development.

observational learning

psychologists call _____ _____ is also important. In this type of learning, children engage in an activity and then transfer that learning to later situations

participatory learning

____ _____: that may influence the extent to which an individual acculturates and the effect that this will have on mental health.

protective factors

Assimilation

the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another

____ _____ ____ - that is, the stress suffered by some people when they return home after a number of years living outside their country of origin.

reverse culture shock

When migrants maintain their own culture and minimize contact with the new culture, this is called ______.

separation

Which of the following is not one of the way's that we are enculturated? Through contact with other cultures - for example, over the Internet Through direct instruction from gatekeepers - like teachers or parents Through observational learning Through participatory learning

through contact with other cultures - for example, over the Internet This is a definition of acculturation - not enculturation.