CURRENT: L&D, Common Reproductive Concerns, L&D at Risk, 312 Exam 3
Shoulder Dystocia
Head is born, but shoulder cannot pass under pubic arch Factors: large fetus, prolonged 2nd stage, postterm pregnancy, contracted pelvic outlet
*Ruptured Membranes*
Rupture of membranes will occur sometime in 1st stage of labor Unless PROM *SROM* Spontaneous *AROM* Artificial What will you assess immediately? *Time, color, smell, amount, fetal response* What will you assess frequently? FHR & _*temperature* q2 hours
A school nurse is teaching a class about sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Which statement is correct regarding STIs?
STIs are most prevalent among teenagers and young adults.
Shoulder Presentation
Transverse Lie All breech presentations will be delivered via _*c-section*_
Breech Presentations
Occur in about 3% of all births Sacrum is landmark for breech births
Causes of Preterm Labor & Birth
50% who give birth prematurely No identifiable risk factors _*unknown*_ cause usually May be maternal _*infection*__ May be iatrogenic (25%) Labor begins b/c of pregnancy complications Inadvertently by medical procedure Due to SROM (25%)
A 24-year-old primigravid client who gives birth to a viable term neonate is prescribed to receive oxytocin intravenously after delivery of the placenta. Which of the following signs would indicate to the nurse that the placenta is about to be delivered?
The cord lengthens outside the vagina.
Diameters of Fetal Skull
*Anterior Posterior Diameter* Widest diameter of the skull *Transverse Diameter* Also called Biparietal Diameter Approximately 9.25 cm across
*Fetal Presentation: denotes*
Denotes body part that will deliver first Cephalic Breech Shoulder Determined by Fetal Lie & Fetal Attitude
Theories of Labor Onset: important facts
Important Facts: Progesterone relaxes smooth muscle Estrogen stimulates uterine muscle contractions Connective tissue loosens to allow softening, thinning & dilation of cervix
The third stage of labor ends
after delivery of the placenta
Signs & Symptoms of Impending Labor: bloody show
*Bloody Show* Pink tinged mucus secretion When mucus plug is expelled Occurs usually when cervix ripens & starts to dilate
Epidural Anesthesia & Analgesia
Anesthesia Loss of feeling Analgesia Pain control Anesthetic agent & an analgesic agent may be used together
Improper use of Pitocin can lead to....
Tetanic contractions Uterine rupture Trauma to mom and fetus if CPD exists
Fetal Presentation & Position: complete extension
*Complete Extension* Face presentation Back is arched
Preterm Labor & Birth
2nd leading cause of infant mortality Congenital anomalies is #1 cause of NB mortality Uterine contractions & cervical changes Between 20 weeks & <37 weeks gestation Documented cervical change, either: Effacement of 80% or more Dilation > 1 cm
Monitoring Oxytocin
Assess the following: Blood pressure, pulse, respirations every 30 - 60 minutes & every time increasing dose Contraction pattern Remember to watch for resting tone Fetal status using EFM device Concerned :TTOIV
Vacuum-Assisted Birth
Attachment of vacuum cup to fetal head Indications & prerequisites are same as they are for forceps With exception of breech birth Suction is removed after birth of head
First Stage of Labor: Latent Phase
Begins with the onset of regular contractions Mild and short contractions *Last about 30 - 45 seconds* Effacement occurs Dilation to 3-4 cm Can still walk & talk Avoid giving _*analgesia* at this time
Fetal Tachycardia
Causes: Early fetal hypoxia Compensation Fetal anemia Maternal dehydration Beta sympathomimetic drugs Terbutaline Intrauterine infection Maternal Hyperthyroidism
Fetal Bradycardia
Causes: Late fetal hypoxia Maternal hypothermia Maternal hypotension Prolonged umbilical cord compression Fetal arrhythmia (complete heart block)
A primigravida is admitted to the labor area with ruptured membranes and contractions occurring every 2 to 3 minutes, lasting 45 seconds. After 3 hours of labor, the client's contractions are now every 7 to 10 minutes, lasting 30 seconds. The nurse administers oxytocin as prescribed. What is the expected outcome of this drug?
Contractions will occur every 2 to 3 minutes, lasting 40-60 seconds, moderate intensity, resting tone between contractions.
Causes of Increased Variability
Early mild hypoxia (Compensation) Fetal stimulation
Ok to give analgesia when....
Good fetal heart pattern Contraction pattern is well established Cervix dilated: 4 - 5 in nulliparas 3-4 in multiparas Presenting part is engaged
*Healthy Fetus Systemic Response to Labor*
Heart Tones (FHT): Blood Flow is decreased to fetus with every contraction Should lead to an increase in heart rate Respiratory System: Labor process aids in maturation of surfactant by alveoli Labor puts enough pressure on lungs that it clears lungs of fluid
*When to medicate?-pregers*
If medications are given too early in labor, it will stop contractions/labor If medications are given too late in labor it will effect baby at delivery All systemic drugs used for pain relief during labor cross placental barrier Don't give maternal analgesia if: Preterm fetus Signs of fetal distress
Passageway
Is the woman's pelvis adequate for childbirth? Passage is route fetus must travel Includes: *Pelvis* *Cervix* *Vagina* *External perineum*
Footling Breech
May be single footling or double footling breech Single footling breech
Reasons for Inducing Labor
Reasons for Inducing Labor: PIH or preeclampsia Diabetes Postdate gestation Suspected fetal jeopardy Dystocia Increased distance of woman's home from hospital
A client treated with terbutaline for premature labor is ready for discharge. Which instruction should the nurse include in the discharge teaching plan?
Report a heart rate greater than 120 beats/minute to the health care provider.
Critical Forces in Labor
The P's: Passageway Passenger Power Position of mother Psychological Factors
Tocolytics: Uterine relaxants
Uterine relaxation Suppression of preterm labor
Fetal Monitoring
What are we looking for? _*fetal* well-being Monitoring can be done "continuous" or "intermittent"
A client at 40 + weeks' gestation visits the emergency department because she thinks she is in labor. Which is the best indication that the client is in true labor?
cervical dilation and effacement
What would be the priority when caring for a primigravid client whose cervix is dilated at 8 cm when the fetus is at 1+ station and the client has had no analgesia or anesthesia?
offering encouragement and support
The nurse is explaining the medication options available for pain relief during labor. The nurse realizes the client needs further teaching when the client makes which statement?
"I can have an epidural as soon as I start contracting."
TOCOLYTIC AGENTS:Terbutaline
Actions: relax smooth muscle (_*Uterus*__ & blood vessels) bronchodilation Side Effects Nervousness Restlessness Tremors Angina Tachycardia >110 Hyperglycemia (use cautiously with diabetic pt.) *DIABETES WILL INCREASE GLUCOSE LEVELS*
Clinical Manifestations of Anaphysical syndrome pregnancy.
Acute onset of: Hypoxia Hypotension Cardiac arrest & possibly DIC Can occur during labor, birth or within 30 minutes after birth Mortality rate is 61%
The membranes of a 26-year-old primigravida at 40 weeks' gestation admitted for induction of labor rupture spontaneously with evidence of meconium staining. After 1 hour of intravenous oxytocin, the nurse observes late fetal heart rate decelerations. What should the nurse do next?
Administer oxygen at 8 to 10 L by mask.
*Delivery of Placenta*
After delivery of baby, uterus begins to contract again Placenta begins to separate Bleeding begins Hematoma forms between placenta & uterine wall
Oxytocics: Uterine stimulant
Agents that stimulate uterine contractions to promote labor Induction/augmentation of labor Control of postpartum bleeding Induction of abortion Oxytocin (Pitocin)
Anaphylactoid Syndrome of Pregnancy (ASP)
Also called Amniotic Fluid Embolism Used to think: Particles of vernix, hair, skin cells.... became lodged in maternal pulmonary circulation Now believed: Foreign substance in maternal circulation... Cause anaphylactic/septic shock type of reaction
Atosiban:tocolytic
Atosiban:tocolytic Oxytocin: receptor antagonist Magnesium sulfate High dose does not prevent or delay preterm birth but does increase infant mortality Was previously used readily Low-dose magnesium sulfate may reduce the risk of cerebral palsy without increasing mortality
Preterm Birth
Before 37 weeks' gestation Leading cause of infant morbidity and neonatal mortality United States: 12.5% of all live births Premature births account for 75% of all neonatal mortalities and 50% of congenital neurologic deficits Most common neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
Terbutaline
Beta 2 Adrenergic Agonist Be careful of side effects!!
Cesarean Birth
Birth of fetus through transabdominal incision of uterus May be planned or emergent May be treatment of choice If there is evidence of maternal or fetal complications
Dinoprostone & Misoprostol
Both of these agents are "prostaglandins" Both of these agents can be used for cervical ripening AND induction of labor Both of these agents are applied intravaginally
COMMAND: induction of labor
C: cooks baloon O: oxytocin M: misoprostol (cytotec) M: membrane stripping A: Arom N: nipple stimulation D: dinoprostone (cervidil)
Nifedipine (Procardia): tocolytic
Can suppress labor for up to 48 hours Efficacy equals that of terbutaline, and safety is superior Calcium channel blocker May cause hypotension
Variable Decelerations
Cause Umbilical _*cord*_Compression More common after ROM Usually head or shoulder that compresses cord Could indicate a prolapsed cord SVE indicated to check for cord Intervention Continue monitoring (usually benign) Change maternal position Administer oxygen Administer amnioinfusion if ordered LR or NS
Early Decelerations...
Cause: _*head*_ compression Intervention: Does not require intervention Benign! May indicate Cephalo Pelvic Disproportion if they occur early in labor before engagement
Cervical Changes: Dilation
Cervix dilates to a total of _*10*cm As uterine fundus thickens, cervix thins & dilates Woman should not push & put pressure on cervix until it is completely dilated
A 34-year-old multigravida at 36 weeks' gestation is diagnosed with preterm labor. The client has experienced one infant death due to preterm birth at 28 weeks' gestation. On admission to the antenatal unit, the nurse determines that the fetal heart rate is 140 bpm. What should the nurse do next?
Continue monitoring the client and fetus.
Preterm Labor Management**Hospital Admission
Contraction & EFM is _*priority*_________ SVE or Sterile Speculum Exam Cervical/ Vaginal cultures Fetal fibronectin Assessment for Amniotic Fluid leaks Maternal VS, especially temp
Risk Factors for preterm
DEMOGRAPHIC: Nonwhite race Age Low SE status Poverty Single Substance abuse Continuous psychological stress BIOPHYSICAL: Hx PT labor/birth Infections Multifetal gestation 2nd trimester bleeding Malnourishment Diabetes Chronic hypertension Placental disorders Fetal disorders Polyhydramnios
FHR Accelerations: Nl Fetal Response to Stress
Fetal *movement*_ During Contraction Fetal Compensation
Forcep Delivery
Forceps should NEVER be used on a fetus that is unengaged FHR should be checked before & after forceps are applied Cord can be compressed between fetal head & forcep
Intermittent Fetal Heart Monitoring
Hand held doppler or fetoscope Auscultate FHR between, during & after uterine contractions Listen over fetal back for best sounds *Perform Leopolds maneuver to determine fetal positioning*
Characteristics of Transitional Phase
Hyperventilation Shaking Cramping in legs Increased sensitivity to touch Restless Apprehensive Irritable Requests for medication *Not usually a good time for analgesia* Hiccupping/ belching Nausea and/or vomiting Perspiration
Internal Electronic Fetal Heart Monitoring:
Internal Monitoring is only way to get a "true picture" Membranes must be ruptured, cervix dilated & head low enough to reach Can monitor fetal heart rate internally without monitoring contraction pattern internally
Care during Preterm Labor & Birth
Little or no systemic *analgesia/anesthetics* _ Left side, continuous monitoring Delay AROM until > 6 cm (Why?) Low dose pitocin, if at all Generous episiotomies or C/S delivery (????) Neonatologist/Peds present Third Stage Longer—small placenta does not readily separate
Choice of Incision type
Low transverse uterine incision is performed in more than 90% of C Sections Preferred because it doesn't compromise upper uterine segment, less blood loss, easier to perform & repair Decrease chance of rupture with future pregnancies
A nurse notices repetitive late decelerations on the fetal heart monitor. What is the best initial actions by the nurse?
Reposition the client, apply oxygen, and increase IV fluids.
Risks to infant &/ or mom: vacuum assisted
Risks to infant includes: Cephalhematoma Scalp lacerations Subdural hematoma Risks to mom includes: (rare) Perineal lacerations Vaginal lacerations Cervical lacerations
Short Term vs Long Term Variability
Short Term Variability: Beat to Beat Only accurately measured with _*internal*__electrode Long Term Variability: Rhythmic Fluctuations
Second Stage of Labor
Starts at full dilation--verified with SVE Urge to push & bear down is very strong Uncontrollable urge This stage usually lasts: About 2 hours for Primiparas 15 minutes for Multiparas Fetal Descent: Cervix retracts over presenting part Baby descends through pelvis
Beta2-selective adrenergic agonist: tocolytic
Terbutaline (Brethine) Beta2-selective adrenergic agonist Not approved by FDA for this use
The nurse is preparing a community education program about preventing hepatitis B infection. Which information should be incorporated into the teaching plan?
The use of a condom is advised for sexual intercourse.
Magnesium Sulfate
Used as a tocolytic Book states that it is no longer a recommended drug for tocolysis Drug of choice to treat Preeclampsia/Eclampsia CNS Depressant Relaxes Smooth Muscles Decreases calcium in the cells Watch for side effects of Mag Toxicity!!
Uterine Relaxants (Tocolytics)
Used to delay delivery Average delay: only 48 hours If used with glucocorticoids, the glucocorticoids can accelerate lung development Also used to buy time to treat infection
A client is experiencing pain during the first stage of labor. What should the nurse instruct the client to do to manage her pain? Select all that apply.
Walk in the hospital room. Use slow chest breathing. Lightly massage the abdomen.
The nurse is developing a community health education program about sexually transmitted infections. Which information about women who acquire gonorrhea should be included?
Women with gonorrhea are usually asymptomatic.
Signs & Symptoms of Impending Labor: cervix changes
_*cervix*__ Changes: Softening of cervix "Ripening" Collagen fibers are broken down Water content increases
The nurse is managing care of a primigravida at full term who is in active labor. What should be included in the plan of care for this client?
anesthesia/pain level assessment every 30 minutes
External monitoring of contractions and fetal heart rate of a multigravida in labor reveals a variable deceleration pattern on the fetal heart rate. What should the nurse do first?
change pt position
A 25-year-old woman who is in the first stage of labor receives a continuous lumbar epidural block when the cervix is 6 cm dilated. After administration of this anesthesia, which assessment would be most important?
fetal heart rate
In the first stage of labor, a client with a full-term pregnancy has external electronic fetal monitoring in place. Which fetal heart rate pattern suggests adequate uteroplacental-fetal perfusion?
fetal heart rate accelerations
A 31-year-old multigravid client at 39 weeks' gestation admitted to the hospital in active labor is receiving intravenous lactated Ringer's solution and a continuous epidural anesthetic. During the first hour after administration of the anesthetic, the nurse should monitor the client for which adverse reaction?
hypotention
A primigravid client at 30 weeks' gestation has been admitted to the hospital with premature rupture of the membranes without contractions. Her cervix is 2 cm dilated and 50% effaced. Which factor is most important for the nurse to assess next?
temperature.
A client is admitted to the facility in preterm labor. To halt her uterine contractions, the nurse expects the physician to order:
terbutaline.
A multigravida with a history of cesarean birth due to fetal distress is admitted for a trial labor and possible vaginal birth. After several hours of active labor, the primary care provider prescribes nalbuphine. The nurse evaluates the drug as effective when the client makes which stateme
the contractions dont seem as painful as before
A client who comes to the labor and delivery area tells the nurse she believes her membranes have ruptured. When obtaining her history, what should the nurse ask about first?
the time of memebrane rupture
A mother expresses concern that picking up the infant whenever he cries will spoil him. What is the nurse's best response?
"Babies need comforting and cuddling; meeting these needs will not spoil him."
*Anterior Fontanel*
Junction of coronal & sagittal suture line Also called "Bregma" Diamond in shape
*Posterior Fontanel*
Junction of sagittal & lambdoidal sutures Triangular in shape
Anesthesia with Cesarean Births
Spinal Epidural Preferred by women They can be awake for birth of baby General Frequently used for emergent C-Sections
Midline Episiotomy
Starts at posterior vaginal entrance & is directed straight back toward rectum *Advantage:* Heals more quickly Less blood loss Less discomfort
Mediolateral Episiotomy
Starts at same place Directed laterally away from rectum *Advantage:* If it tears, it won't tear into rectum
A primigravid client at 36 weeks' gestation with premature rupture of the membranes is to be discharged home on bed rest with follow-up by the nurse. After instruction about care while at home, which client statement indicates effective teaching?
"I should contact the health care provider if my temperature is 100.4°F (38°C) or higher."
Pharmacologic Treatment:Suppression of Uterine Activity
**_tocolytics* (See Pharmacotherapy Lecture for more info.) Only fairly effective at Preventing PT *birth*__ PREVENT birth for 24-48 hours to: Transfer to facility with a NICU Treat an infection/medical condition Administer corticosteroids to stimulate _*fetal lung*__ maturation _*betamethasone*_
*Fetal Presentation & Position* :attitude
*Attitude:* Describes degree of flexion fetus assumes as well as position of body parts in relation to each other *Full flexion*_ Best way for fetus to deliver Good "attitude"
Labor Assessment Acronym
*B*—Bladder (keep empty) *U*—Uterine contractions *R*—Rupture of Membranes *T*—Temperature *H*—Heart tones (fetal) *S*—Sterile vaginal exam
First Stage of Labor:Transitional Phase
*Dilation from 8 - 10 cm* Strong & long (60 - 90 seconds) Frequency of every 2 - 3 minutes *Usually a rapid phase of labor* Full dilation & complete effacement occur Very emotional, very moody!!! May begin to feel urge to push
*Internal* Contraction Monitoring:IUPC
*IUPC: Internal Uterine Pressure Catheter* Solid or fluid filled IUPC is introduced into uterine cavity Measures changes in uterine cavity pressure Very accurate Only accurate way to determine true _*intensity*_ of ctx's Average pressure during a contraction is 50-85 mm Hg
Uterine Contractions: *intensity*
*Intensity:* Determined by IUPC or by _*palpating* When palpating fundus, "indentability" is determined Mild contractions are easily indented Strong contractions cannot be indented *external monitor cannot determine intensity. ONLY internal monitor.*
Fetal Presentation & Position: Moderate flexion
*Moderate Flexion* Military Style Chin is not flexed forward Not usually problem for delivery
*Nursing Management for Epidurals*
*Most common complication is maternal _*hypotension* IV fluids are usually administered Have patient empty her bladder prior to administration Cannot walk after administration of anesthetic agent
Landmarks of Fetal Skull
*Occiput:* Area over Occipital bone *Sinciput:* Area over Frontal bone *Mentum:* Chin
Fetal Presentation & Position: partial extension
*Partial Extension* Brow presentation Head is in partial extension
Passenger
*Passenger is _*fetus* _*head*__ is largest diameter of body Ability for fetus to pass depends on skull's structure & babies' position when it enters pelvis
Nursing Management During Labor/Delivery: ROM
*Ruptured Membranes (ROM)*: Assess for color, odor Assess FHR If questionable rupture: Nitrazine Test Tape pH 5.0 - 6.0: membranes probably intact pH 6.5 - 7.5: membranes probably ruptured Ferning Vaginal swab
Signs & Symptoms of Impending Labor: braton hicks
*braxton Hicks*__ Contractions: Have been occurring throughout pregnancy Become increasingly more uncomfortable Often confused with real labor Braxton Hicks contractions do not cause cervical changes
Signs & Symptoms of Impending Labor: lightening
*lightening*_______________ When fetus settles into pelvis 10 - 14 days prior to labor for Nulliparas Unpredictable in Multiparas
Signs & Symptoms of Impending Labor:nesting
*nesting*___ Sudden Burst of Energy: Cause is unknown Often occurs 24 - 48 hours before labor starts Forewarn women to not *over-exert*
A primary care provider has prescribed nalbuphine hydrochloride 10 mg intravenously for a client in active labor. The pharmacy supplies a vial labeled as 50 mg in a 5-mL vial. How many milliliters should the nurse administer? Record your answer using a whole number.
1
*Four Methods to Determine Fetal Position:*
Abdominal Inspection & Palpation Leopold's Vaginal Examination Auscultation of Fetal Heart Tones _*Ultrasound-most reliable*_
Dystocia: Dysfunctional Labor
Abnormal uterine contractions hypotonic or hypertonic Possible causes: Too much Pitocin Maternal fatigue, dehydration, fear... Analgesics/ anesthetics Uterine abnormalities Overstretched, congenital anomalies (mom)
A multigravid client in active labor at term suddenly sits up and says, "I can't breathe! My chest hurts really bad!" The client's skin begins to turn a dusky gray color. After calling for assistance, which action should the nurse take next?
Administer oxygen by face mask.
Administration of Oxytocin
Administered through a secondary piggyback line Start with very small dose .5 - 2 mU/min Increase at small increments 1- 2 mU/Min every 15 to 60 minutes Increase to a maximum dose of 20 - 40 mU/min Reach a contraction pattern of: Duration of 40 - 90 seconds Frequency every 2-3 minutes
Amniotic Fluid will continue to be produced even after ROM
Amniotic Fluid will continue to be produced even after ROM Main concerns: _*infection*__ Prolapsed Cord
Effects of an "Aging Placenta"
Amniotic fluid volume declines to @ 800 ml by 40 weeks @ 400 ml by 42 weeks Can lead to cord compression/ fetal hypoxia Placenta starts to harden/ calcify Decreases oxygen & nutrients to fetus *Risk of meconium fluid & oligo.....what treatment could be done for either?* __*amnioinfusion*
Promotion of Fetal Lung Maturity
Antenatal Glucocorticoids Given to _*mom*___ -- IM injection Accelerates fetal lung maturity Can decrease intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants Standard of Care: Give if 24-34 weeks in preterm labor Goal: administer at least 24 hrs before delivery
amniotomy (artificial rupture of membranes)
Artificial Rupture of Membranes (AROM) Used to either augment or induce Only used to induce if cervix is ripe & *head*_ is engaged Labor usually begins within 12 hours of rupture Once AROM is performed, provider is committed to deliver
After AROM
Assess color, consistency of fluid, time Assess FHT Assess for signs of infection: Temperature every 2 hours Maternal Chills Fetal tachycardia
Nursing Management During Labor/Delivery
Assess ctx's Assess Fetal Status: FHR _*110*_ to _*160*__bpm Accelerations with contractions Continue to monitor fetal status throughout labor/delivery process
Dystocia: Hypertonic
Assessment: - contractions/FHT - IUPC if ROM (intensity) - I & O Management: Reduce _*anxiety*_ Keep pt. informed & give clear expectations Comfort measures Analgesics for _*sedation*__-- therapeutic rest IV fluids/I&O If pattern continues &/or fetal distress 🡺 C/S
Second Stage of Labor: Crowning
Baby needs to change positions several times to keep it's smallest diameter of presenting part with smallest diameter of pelvis _*crowning*_: When you can start to see baby's head with pushes
Drugs for Cervical Ripening
Before drugs can safely "induce" labor, the cervix has to be ripe. During pregnancy, the cervix is elongated, rigid and constricted. When ripening takes place, the cervix shortens, softens and dilates Dinoprostone (Prepidil, Cervidil) Dinoprostone gel Dinoprostone vaginal inserts (Cervidil) Misoprostol (Cytotec) Not approved for this use
Uterine Contractions: during labor
Beginning of labor: Contractions are usually mild, last about 30 seconds & occur ~every 5 - 7 minutes As labor progresses: Contractions are moderate to strong, last about 60- 90 seconds & occur every 2 - 3 minutes *Uterine Contractions are responsible for:* *Effacement of cervix* *Dilation of cervix* *Descent of fetus*
Third Stage of Labor
Begins at time baby is born & ends with delivery of __*placenta*_ Cutting Umbilical Cord: Cord is clamped at two places & cut in between two clamps Number of vessels are counted Cord blood sample is obtained
Nifedipine (Procardia)
Calcium Channel Blocker Decreases calcium in cells Commonly used as antianginal & Antihypertensive Agent Side Effect: May cause __*hypotension*_
Late Decelerations
Cause __*uteroplacental* Insufficiency Decreased blood flow during contraction\ *This FHR pattern is concerning!!!* - need to notify HCP *Interventions:* Does not necessarily warrant immediate delivery Does warrant close observation!! TTOIV... *Turn off Pitocin* *Turn patient on her side* *Oxygen-to mom* *IV Fluids-wide open*
Management of Inevitable Preterm Birth
Cervix with dilation > 4 cm is likely to deliver Transfer to High Risk Hospital is important Better outcomes!
A client with active genital herpes is admitted to the labor and birth unit. During the first stage of labor. Which type of birth should the nurse anticipate for this client?
Cesarean
Preterm Labor Management**Bed Rest*_
Commonly prescribed for Preterm Labor No evidence that this is effective There are negative effects of immobility What are they? Decreased muscle tone, weight _*loss*_, calcium loss, _*constipation*_ Isolation, _*depression*_, anxiety
Molding
Cranial bones overlap under pressure of contractions & passage through pelvis
Ruptured Uterus: Clinical Manifestations
Depends on extent of rupture Complete or incomplete Complete Rupture Sudden, sharp, abdominal pain Contractions will cease Hypovolemic Shock Fetal parts may be palpable through abdomen
Cardinal Movements of Labor
Descent Flexion Internal Rotation Extension External Rotation Expulsion
First Stage of Labor:Active Phase
Dilation progresses from 4 - 8 cm _*stronger* _ & longer ctx's* lasting ~ 60 seconds Frequency of contractions is usually about every 3 - 5 minutes Painful Cannot talk through ctx's *Good time to give *analgesics*
Interventions for Mag Toxicity
Discontinue Mag Sulfate Call provider Administer *Calcium Gluconate (antidote)* Monitor maternal and fetal status Monitor Mag Sulfate labs
A 30-year-old G3, T2, P0, A0, L2 is being monitored internally. She is being induced with IV oxytocin because she is postterm. The nurse notes the pattern below. The client is wedged to her side while lying in bed and is approximately 6 cm dilated and 100% effaced. What should the nurse do first?
Discontinue the oxytocin infusion.
First Stage of Labor: (usually longest)
Divided into three phases: 1. Latent 2. Active 3. Transitional
A postmenopausal woman is worried about pain in the upper outer quadrant of her left breast. The nurse's best course of action is to:
Do a breast examination and report the results to the physician.
Preterm Labor & Birth:Care Management
Education is Imperative! Early in pregnancy Most important factor is __*prevention*_ of preterm _*BIRTH*______ Educate: *Signs *of premature labor Early intervention is vital!
Initial Instructions for preterm birth and labor
Empty bladder Drink 2-3 glasses of fluid (more in CO) Lie down on side for 1 hr If ctx's q 10 min. or less after 1 hour - CALL Dr. When to Call Dr.: ANY vaginal _*bleeding* Leaking of _*fluid* Malodorous discharge
Other Nursing Considerations:First Stage of Labor
Encourage change of positions/ ambulation Encourage voiding Provide fluids/ ice chips Provide comfort and pain control (next slides) Support patient and coach Breathing Techniques Client teaching
A nurse notices that a client in the first stage of labor seems agitated. When the nurse asks why she's upset, she begins to cry and says, "I guess I'm a little worried. The last time I gave birth, I was in labor for 32 hours." Based on this information, the nurse should include which nursing diagnosis in the client's care plan?
Fear related to a potentially difficult childbirth
Do not use Pitocin if...
Fetal lungs have not matured Cervix is not ripe The patient had a previous C-Section or uterine surgery The patient has active genital herpes
First Stage of Labor: Latent Phase (first labor versus multiparas)
First Labor: Latent Phase will average @ 8.6 hours Multiparas Latent Phase will average @ 5.3 hours
*Stages of Labor & Birth*
First Stage: From onset of true labor to complete dilation Second Stage: From complete cervical dilation to birth of baby Third Stage: From birth of baby to birth of placenta Fourth Stage: We will discuss during Postpartum Lecture-recovery
Treatment of Shoulder Dystocia
Goal: Free anterior shoulder Suprapubic Pressure Maternal Position Changes Hands & knees, squatting... McRoberts Maneuver Legs are flexed apart, knees on abdomen Causes sacrum to straighten & symphysis pubis rotates
Pharmacologic Management of Pain During Labor:
Goals of Pharmacological Treatment: Relax & relieve discomfort Minimal effect on uterine contractions Minimal effect on ability to push Minimal effect on fetus
Pain Relief Therapies During Labor
Heat & cold application Therapeutic Touch Aromatherapy Effleurage Water Showers Hypnosis
Causes of Decreased Variability
Hypoxia & acidosis Drugs such as Demerol, Valium, Vistaril Depress fetal CNS Fetal sleep cycle LTV decreased Fetus of less than 32 weeks gestation
Cesarean Birth: incidence
Incidence: Cesarean Section birth rates were... 5% in 1965 20% in 1997 32.7% in 2015 31.9% in 2018 (CDC, 2020) Reasons for increase: Fetal monitoring Law suits Epidural Anesthesia Increased age with pregnancy
Tocolytics (inhibit uterine ctx's)
Indomethacin -rarely used due to fetal complications Nifedipine (Procardia) Magnesium Sulfate Terbutaline (Brethine) -Used as short term tx due to maternal complications
Labor Induction/ Augmentation
Induction: Chemical or mechanical initiation to... Contract uterus _*before*__ spontaneous onset of _*labor*_ Ripen cervix Augmentation: Chemical or mechanical _*BOOST*__labor process that has started naturally
_*variability*
Irregular waves or fluctuations in baseline fetal heart rate Does not include accelerations or decelerations
Precipitous Labor
Labor that lasts < 3 hours Pattern is > 5 contractions/10 minutes Risks: Maternal - lacerations of cervix, vagina, vulva Also, risk of PPH from exhausted muscle Fetal - hypoxia, trauma to fetal head, lack of immediate care r/t unattended birth
Dystocia
Long, difficult, or abnormal labor Caused by various conditions associated with 5 "Ps" Including psyche Includes clinical diagnoses: FTP Arrest of descent or dilation of cervix CPD Prolonged active phase Secondary arrest of dilation Malposition
Classic Incision: C-section
Made in upper body of uterus Contractile portion of uterus More blood loss Greater risk of uterine rupture with future pregnancies Allows for larger access into uterus Indicated for: Need for rapid birth Shoulder presentation Placenta previa Transverse lie Preterm breech presentation Massive hydrocephalus
A client with eclampsia begins to experience a seizure. Which intervention should the nurse do immediately?
Maintain airway
Prolapsed Umbilical Cord:management
Management Relieve _*pressure*_ on cord: Position mom in knee-chest or extreme Trendelenburg position Place fingers on presenting part & push forward If cord is evident, cover with warm, wet, sterile towel (**only if not in hospital setting)
Risks of Hypotonic Dysfunction
Maternal: - Prolonged labor - Prolonged ROM (🡹 infection) - 🡹 risk of postpartum what? Hemorrhage Fetal: - 🡹 risk of infection
Rupture of Membranes: PROM
May occur before onset of contractions Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) After PROM, 80% of women will start labor within 24 hours If labor does not start spontaneously in 12-24 hours... woman is often *induced*—if she is term
Suture Lines
Membranous space between bones Sagittal Suture Line Between parietal bones Coronal Suture Line Between frontal bone &two parietal bones Lambdoidal Suture Between parietal bones & occipital bone
Cervical Ripening Drugs
Misoprostol (Cytotec) Unlabeled use Cheap ($3.25/ 100 mcg tablet) Ripens Cervix (softens & thins) Available in tablet form Dinoprostone (Prepidil, Cervidil) Prostaglandin Agent applied to cervix Ripens Cervix (softens & thins) Available in gels or suppositories Both medications lead to: Higher success rate for oxytocin induction Need for lower doses of oxytocin Shorter induction times
Hypotonic Uterine Dysfunction
More common than hypertonic Initially makes good progress in labor Contractions then become weak & ineffective Easily dent when palpate contraction
*epidural*
Most commonly used method for pain relief 2/3 or all births in US are with epidurals Epidural Anesthesia Blocks nerve pathways Temporary loss of sensation Women are not aware of their contractions, or may feel just slight pressure Will not alter uterine contractions May effect urge to push
Dinoprostone
Most widely used for cervical ripening Shortens duration of labor, allows reduced dosage of oxytocin, decreases need for cesarean section Can also induce abortion
Post Term Pregnancy: Maternal Risks
Mostly related to birth of a large infant... Increased risk for: Dysfunctional labor Perineal lacerations Postpartum hemorrhage Postpartum infection Forceps/ vacuum extraction
Oxytocin
Natural hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland Pitocin is the synthetic form of Oxytocin Oxytocin targets the uterus Uterus sensitivity to oxytocin increases as the gestation increases The number of oxytocin receptors in the uterus increase as the pregnancy progresses Increases force, frequency and duration of uterine contractions. Does NOT ripen the cervix Administered IM or IV Water intoxication is a possible adverse effect if used in large doses
Nursing Interventions - PTL
Need to deal with anxiety & educate Bedrest in side-lying (lateral) position, avoid sitting Hydration Tocolytics, assess for side effects Help patient cope with enforced bedrest (exercises, back rubs, diversional activities)
Misoprostol
Not approved for cervical ripening More convenient and less expensive than dinoprostone Higher incidence of uterine tachysystole
LOA______ means:
Occiput is on maternal left side, pointing anterior Fastest deliveries are ROA or LOA *Posterior Deliveries are longer & more painful!*! ROP or LOP (sunny-side up) What nursing action could be performed? apply counter pressure
Magnesium Sulfate for preterm labor
Other treatments while on Mag.: Draw Mag levels frequently Monitor for side effects of Mag Toxicity Watch _*VS*____ closely during loading dose & maintenance dose Commonly Used as Tocolytic CNS Depressant Relaxes Smooth Muscles Decreases calcium in cells
Causes of Hypotonic Pattern
Overdistension of uterus from: 🡹 AF, multiple gestation, multiparity Malpresentation CPD (cephalopelvic disproportion) Excessive narcotics, analgesics, anesthetics in early labor, esp before 3-4 cm dilation
Oxytocin Administration
Oxytocin hormone produced by posterior pituitary gland Used to either Induce or Augment labor *Contraindications*: Cephalopelvic disporportion (CPD) Prolapsed cord Transverse lie Placenta previa Prior classic uterine incision Active genital herpes infection Invasive cancer of cervix
Hypertonic Uterine Dysfunction
Painful, frequent, ineffective contractions Pain is out of proportion r/t effectiveness Contractions usually uncoordinated Usually occur when cervix is < 4 cm Force of contraction: midsection rather than fundus
FHR Decelerations
Periodic decreases in FHR from normal baseline Categorized as: *Early* *Late* *Variable*
*U*terine Contractions development
Power is from _*fundus*__of uterus Contractions starts at top & sweep to bottom As contractions continue, top half of uterus becomes thicker & bottom half becomes thinner & more pliable
Carboprost tromethamine (Hemabate)
Preferred agent for controlling postpartum hemorrhage Causes intense uterine contractions Adverse effects GI reactions Vomiting and diarrhea Fever Vasoconstriction Constriction of the bronchi
Post Term Pregnancies
Pregnancy extends past end of week 42 294 days Clinical Manifestations: Maternal weight loss Decreased uterine size Meconium stained fluid Advanced bone maturation of fetal skeleton Exceptionally hard fetal skull
The nurse is caring for a primigravida client who has been admitted to the labor and birth unit. Assessment reveals fetal malpresentation, green amniotic fluid, and a fetal heart rate (FHR) of 98 beats/minute. What is the nurse's priority intervention?
Prepare for an emergency cesarean birth.
**engagement*_
Presenting part is settled into pelvis & is at level of ischial spines (zero station) Descent to this point means that pelvic inlet is adequate Does not guarantee that midcavity or outlet are adequate
Clinical Management of Ruptured Uterus
Prevention: Avoid VBAC (TOLAC) with previous classic incision Avoid inductions with previous C/S pts. Watch Pitocin & contraction patterns closely Treatment: Emergency Laparotomy for delivery Hysterectomy if complete rupture Repair tear if incomplete rupture
Prolapsed Umbilical Cord
Prompt recognition is critical Fetal hypoxia > *5 minutes* can cause CNS damage or fetal death What will fetal monitor show with cord prolapse? Emergency! Occurs 1/400 deliveries If presenting part not engaged when ROM, cord can be carried downward
Ruptured Uterus
Rare 1 in 1500 - 2000 births Most commonly from: VBAC (Vaginal birth after cesarean) Uterine trauma Congenital uterine anomaly Too much Pitocin Overdistended uterus
_*Station*_
Relationship of presenting part of fetus to level of ischial spines When presenting part is at level of ischial spine, it is at "0" station Above or below spines is measured in centimeters Minus 5 = head is floating Plus 5 = head is at the outlet
Fetal Presentation & Position: quadrants of the womens pelvis
Relationship of presenting part to a specific quadrant of woman's pelvis Three notations are used to describe fetal position Maternal Pelvis: Right or Left Landmark of fetal presenting Part Occiput = O Mentum = M Sacrum = S Scapula = Sc Maternal Pelvis Anterior, Posterior or Transverse
Signs of Magnesium Toxicity
Respirations < 12 per minute Significant drop in maternal pulse/ blood pressure Hyporeflexia or absent reflexes Urine output < 30 ml/hour Serum mag levels > 9.6 4 - 7 is the therapeutic level Fetal tachycardia or bradycardia
Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes (PPROM)
Rupture of membranes before labor starts—at least 1 hour May be either gush or leak Risks of PPROM Chorioamnionitis: Potentially life threatening for mom & fetus Cord Prolapse Management—may attempt to prevent delivery
Indomethacin (Indocin):tocolytic
Second-line tocolytic Inhibits prostaglandins NSAID Higher risk for neonatal complications Prolonged renal insufficiency, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, necrotizing enterocolitis, and periventricular leukomalacia
Variable Decelerations:
Sharp _*drop*__ from baseline & sharp return to baseline shoulders on the strip
*Nursing Management: Second Stage of Labor*
Support & Coach Help mom to "push" Assess well being of mom & baby Prepare mom for position of birth Assist with perineal cleansing Agency Protocol will determine procedure
*Episiotomy*
Surgical Incision made to prevent a tear Incision can either be a *Midline Episiotomy* *Mediolateral Episiotomy*
Cervical Changes: *Effacement*
Thinning & shortening of cervix Results from uterus "drawing up" internal os & cervical canal into side walls of uterus Cervix changes from being very thick, to paper thin Subjective assessment determines percentage of effacement Complete effacement is said to be 100% 50% effacement is about ½ inch thick
Systemic Narcotic Analgesic
This intervention has been declining Epidurals more commonly used Narcotics that can be administered.... Fentanyl, Dilaudid, Stadol, Nubain, Demerol.... Can be given IM or IV May cause fetal CNS depression May need to have Narcan available Premature babies cannot handle this effect
Electronic Monitoring: *Uterine* Contractions
Transducer detects pressure— Not always accurate Look for normal uterine activity pattern Contractions should occur every 2-5 minutes & should last less than 90 seconds Should have at least 30 seconds of rest from end of one contraction to beginning of next
*Fetal Heart Rate Measurement*
Transducer emits sound waves that bounce off of fetal heart Always compare maternal radial pulse with fetal heart rate Not always an accurate tracing due to movement & artifact
FHR Accelerations
Transient increases in heart rate normally caused by fetal movement & contractions Accelerations are a sign of fetal _*wellbeing*__ & adequate _*oxygen*_____ reserve
Preoperative Preparation
Try to maintain a "Family Centered" Approach Preparation is similar to any abdominal surgery _*informed consent* __, pre-op history/ physical, lab work, nose to toes, foley catheter, removal of dentures, jewelry, fingernail polish........ Support person is encouraged to remain with woman if possible Nurse must provide support to support person & patient Especially for Emergent Cesareans Communicate as much as possible
Modified Ritgen Maneuver
Used to control birth of head Attempt to prevent an episiotomy Hands are used to control head as it is born Provider will put pressure on perineum & guide during delivery
*How to Deliver Placenta*
Usually takes about 5 minutes for delivery of placenta *Signs of Placental Separation:* Lengthening of umbilical _*cord*_ Slight gush of vaginal blood Change in shape of uterus *Expulsion of Placenta:* Mom starts to gently push Provider tugs gently
True Labor:
Uterine Contractions: Regular contractions Increase in frequency Increase in intensity Increase in duration Cause cervical _*dilation*_ & _*effacement*__ Do not decrease with walking, showering...
Sterile Vaginal Examinations (SVE):
What does nurse check for when doing a vaginal examination? NEVER DO if there is significant vaginal _*bleeding*_!! 1: centermeters dilated 2: percentatge. +/- effaced 3: fetal head in related to icial spine of the pelvis
Relationship of Fetal Skull with Pelvis
When fetus is entering pelvis, Biparietal Diameter (9.25 cm) of fetal skull must fit with anterior/posterior diameter (9.5-11.5cm) of pelvis.
Fetal Heart Rate range
_*fetal*_ heart rate in range of 110 - 160 beats per minute Document as a single number, not as a range Less than 110 is fetal bradycardia More than 160 is fetal tachycardia
*Uterine Contractions*3 steps*
_*frequency* Time between beginning of one contraction to beginning of next *Duration* Measured from beginning of contraction to completion _*Intensity* Strength of contraction
An infant diagnosed with Hirschsprung's disease is scheduled to receive a temporary colostomy. When the nurse is initially discussing the diagnosis and treatment with the parents, which action by the nurse would be most appropriate?
encouraging them to ask questions
A client with intrauterine growth restriction is admitted to the labor and birth unit and started on an IV infusion of oxytocin. Which aspect of the client's care plan should the nurse revise?
instructing the client to ambulate as tolerated
A client in the first stage of labor is being monitored using an external fetal monitor. After the nurse reviews the monitoring strip from the client's chart (shown above), into which position would the nurse assist the client?
left lateral
Assessment of a primigravid client in active labor who has had no analgesia or anesthesia reveals complete cervical effacement, dilation of 8 cm, and the fetus at 0 station. The nurse should expect the client to exhibit which behavior during this phase of labor?
loss of control
The nurse is caring for a primigravida in active labor when the client's membranes rupture spontaneously. The nurse should assess the client for which condition?
prolasped cord
A client at 28 weeks' gestation is complaining of contractions. Following admission and hydration, the physician writes an order for the nurse to give 12 mg of betamethasone I.M. This medication is given to:
promote fetal lung maturity.
A nurse is developing a care plan for a client in her 34th week of gestation who's experiencing premature labor. What nonpharmacologic intervention should the plan include to halt premature labor?
promoting adequate hydration
A couple seeks information about natural family planning. Which of the following should the nurse inform the couple about natural family planning? Select all that apply.
requires some period of abstinence uses calculations of menstrual cycles determines ovulation from basal body temperature
A primigravid client at 32 weeks' gestation with ruptured membranes is prescribed to receive betamethasone 12 mg intramuscularly for two doses 24 hours apart. When teaching the client about the medication, what should the nurse include as the purpose of this drug?
to accelerate fetal lung maturity
What interval should the nurse use when assessing the frequency of contractions of a multiparous client in active labor admitted to the birthing area?
beginning of one contraction to the beginning of the next contraction
The nurse is interviewing a client with newly diagnosed syphilis. In order to prevent the spread of the disease, the focus of the interview should include which approach?
obtaining a list of the client's sexual contacts
A 21-year-old primigravid client at 40 weeks' gestation is admitted to the hospital in active labor. The client's cervix is 8 cm and completely effaced at 0 station. During the transition phase of labor, which is a priority nursing problem?
pain
The membranes of a multigravid client in active labor rupture spontaneously, revealing greenish-colored amniotic fluid. How does the nurse interpret this finding?
passage of meconium by the fetus
A primigravid with severe gestational hypertension has been receiving magnesium sulfate IV for 3 hours. The latest assessment reveals deep tendon reflexes (DTR) of +1, blood pressure of 150/100 mm Hg, a pulse of 92 beats/minute, a respiratory rate of 10 breaths/minute, and a urine output of 20 ml/hour. Which action should the nurse perform next?
Stop the magnesium sulfate infusion.
A client with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is being treated by a colposcopy. The client asks the nurse if this procedure is really necessary. The nurse can tell the client that if the HPV infection is not treated which health problem is likely to occur?
cervical cancer
Assessment of a primigravid client reveals cervical dilation at 8 cm and complete effacement. The client has severe back pain during this phase of labor. The nurse explains that the client's severe back pain is most likely caused by the fetal occiput being in which position?
posterior
During a preparation for parenting class, one of the participants asks the nurse, "How will I know if I am really in labor?" What should the nurse tell the participant about true labor contractions?
"True labor contractions are felt first in the lower back, then the abdomen."
After instructing the client in techniques of pushing to use during the second stage of labor, the nurse determines that the client needs further instructions when she says she will need to do which action?
Hold the breath throughout the length of the contraction.
A full-term client is admitted for induction of labor. When admitted, her cervix is effaced 25% but has not dilated. The initial goal is cervical ripening prior to labor induction. Which drug will prepare her cervix for induction?
dinoprostone
A client who's being admitted to labor and delivery has these assessment findings: gravida 2 para 1, estimated 40 weeks' gestation, contractions 2 minutes apart, lasting 45 seconds, vertex +4 station. Which nursing intervention would be the priority at this time?
preparing for immediate delivery
Two hours ago, examination of a multigravid client in labor without anesthesia revealed the following: cervical dilation at 5 cm with complete effacement, presenting part at 0 station, and membranes intact. The nurse caring for the client now observes that the client feels a strong need to have a bowel movement. What is the client most likely experiencing?
the second stage of labor
Following an epidural and placement of internal monitors, a client's labor is augmented with oxytocin. Contractions are lasting greater than 90 seconds and occurring every 1½ minutes. The uterine resting tone is >20 mm Hg with an abnormal fetal heart rate and pattern. Which action should the nurse take first?
Turn off the oxytocin infusion.
Accompanied by her partner, a client seeks admission to the labor and delivery area. She states that she's in labor and says she attended the facility clinic for prenatal care. Which question should the nurse ask her first?
what is your exspected due date
While a 31-year-old multigravida at 39 weeks' gestation in active labor is being admitted, her amniotic membranes rupture spontaneously. The client's cervix is 5 cm dilated, the presenting part is at 0 station, and the electronic fetal heart rate pattern is reassuring. What should the nurse do first?
Note the color, amount, and odor of the amniotic fluid.
A client plans to travel to a country where hepatitis B is common. What should the nurse advise the client about the most effective way to prevent the disease?
Observe safe sex practices.
For a primigravid client with the fetal presenting part at -1 station, what would be the nurse's priority immediately after a spontaneous rupture of the membranes?
check fetal heart rate
A multigravid client is admitted at 4-cm dilation and is requesting pain medication. The nurse gives the client an opioid agonist-antagonist. Within 5 minutes, the client tells the nurse she feels like she needs to have a bowel movement. What should the nurse do first?
complete SVE
A client at 42 weeks of gestation is 3 cm dilated and 30% effaced, with membranes intact and the fetus at 12 station. Fetal heart rate (FHR) is 140 beats/minute. After 2 hours, the nurse notes that, for the past 10 minutes, the external fetal monitor has been displaying an FHR of 190 beats/minute. The client states that her baby has been extremely active. Uterine contractions are strong, occurring every 3 to 4 minutes and lasting 40 to 60 seconds. Which piece of data would indicate fetal hypoxia?
excessive fetal activity and fetal tachycardia
When assessing the fetal heart rate tracing, a nurse becomes concerned about the fetal heart rate pattern. In response to the loss of variability, the nurse repositions the client to her left side and administers oxygen. These actions are likely to improve:
fetal hypoxia
A primigravid client at 8 weeks' gestation tells the nurse that since having had sexual relations with a new partner 2 weeks ago, she has noticed flu-like symptoms, enlarged lymph nodes, and clusters of vesicles on her vagina. The nurse refers the client to a primary health care provider because the nurse suspects which sexually transmitted infection?
herpes genitalis
Which behavior should cause the nurse to suspect that a client's labor is moving quickly and that the physician should be notified?
increase sense of rectal pressure
When assessing the fetal heart rate tracing, a nurse assesses the fetal heart rate at 170 beats/minute. This rate is considered fetal tachycardia if
the fetal heart rate remains at greater than 160 beats/minute for 10 minutes.
When caring for a client in the first stage of labor, the nurse documents cervical dilation of 9 cm and intense contractions lasting 45 to 60 seconds and occurring about every 2 minutes. Based on these findings, the nurse should recognize that the client is in which phase of labor?
transitional phase
The nurse is working with four clients on the obstetrical unit. Which client will be the highest priority for a cesarean section?
client at 38 weeks' gestation with active herpes lesions
A young adult woman tells the nurse she has a slight yellow vaginal discharge. The nurse should tell the client to contact her health care provider if she has which additional symptoms? Select all that apply.
vaginal discharge that has a fishy odor abdominal pain a temperature above 101ºF (38.3ºC)
Which fetal presentation is most favorable for birth?
vertex position
The nurse is gathering data from a female client that states she has had difficulty conceiving. Which statement made by the client would the nurse find most significant related to the difficulty getting pregnant?
"I had gonorrhea that went untreated for about 3 months."
A primigravida in active labor has been diagnosed with chorioamnionitis. After explaining this condition to the client, the nurse determines that the client understands the teaching when the client makes which statement?
"If left untreated, my baby might be born with an infection."
A pregnant client's partner coaches her with breathing and relaxation techniques as they were taught in birth preparation classes. When the client reaches 8-cm dilation, she screams out, "I can't do this anymore!" Which suggestion would be most helpful for the client's partner?
"Maintain direct eye contact and breathe with her."
A multigravid client admitted to the labor area is scheduled for a cesarean birth under spinal anesthesia. Which client statement indicates that teaching about spinal anesthesia has been understood?
"The anesthetic may cause a severe headache, which is treatable."
An adolescent with pneumonia shares fears of having contracted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The adolescent wants to be tested but does not want parental involvement. What should the nurse say?
"The healthcare provider will run the test confidentially."
A nurse recognizes that labor is divided into how many stages?
4 Labor is divided into four stages: first stage, onset of labor to full dilation; second stage, full dilation to birth of the baby; third stage, birth of the placenta; and fourth stage, 1-hour postpartum.
Due to a prolonged stage II of labor, the client is being prepared for an assisted vaginal birth. What information related to the mother and neonate's care must the nurse consider?
A vacuum extractor causes less trauma to the neonate and the mother's perineum than forceps.
The primary care provider prescribes a tocolytic for a pregnant client with premature rupture of the membranes who begins to have contractions every 10 minutes. The drug has had expected effects when the nurse observes which finding?
Contractions cease.
A 31-year-old client, G3, T0, P2, Ab0, L0 at 32 weeks' gestation, is being admitted to the hospital with contractions of moderate intensity occurring every 3 to 4 minutes per the client report. The client is crying on admission; the history reveals that the client has previously had two nonviable fetuses at 30 weeks' gestation. What nursing action would be the highest priority for this client?
Assess maternal contraction and fetal heart rate pattern.
Which information would the nurse include in a teaching plan about treatments for sexually transmitted infections?
Ceftriaxone sodium may be used to treat Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections.
The nurse is caring for a multigravid client in active labor with continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring. As the client begins to push, the nurse observes that the fetal heart rate shows a deceleration pattern that mirrors the contractions. What should the nurse do?
Continue to monitor the client and fetus.
A client is admitted to the labor area for induction with intravenous oxytocin because she is 42 weeks pregnant. What should the nurse include in the induction teaching plan for this client?
Continuous fetal heart rate monitoring will be implemented.
During labor, a client's cervix fails to dilate progressively, despite her uncomfortable uterine contractions. To augment labor, the physician orders oxytocin. When preparing the client for oxytocin administration, the nurse describes the contractions the client is likely to feel when she starts to receive the drug. Which description is accurate?
Contractions will be stronger and more uncomfortable and will peak more abruptly.
A client is induced with oxytocin. The fetal heart rate is showing accelerations lasting 15 seconds and exceeding the baseline with fetal movement. What action associated with this finding should the nurse take?
Document fetal well-being.
An adolescent presents to a community clinic for treatment of vulvar lesions associated with type 2 herpes simplex. Which intervention is appropriate to do at this time? Select all that apply.
Escort the adolescent to a private examination room. Provide the adolescent with literature about type 2 herpes simplex.
The nurse at the gynecologic clinic is teaching the client about the results of her Papanicolaou test, which demonstrated dysplasia. Which represents the nurse's best intervention?
Explain that results show alteration in the size and shape of cells, which requires follow-up.
A multigravid client at 34 weeks' gestation who is leaking amniotic fluid has just been hospitalized with a diagnosis of preterm premature rupture of membranes and preterm labor. The client's contractions are 20 minutes apart, lasting 20 to 30 seconds. Her cervix is dilated to 2 cm. The nurse reviews the physician orders (see chart). Which of the following orders should the nurse initiate first?
Initiate fetal and contraction monitoring.
Two clients arrive at the labor and delivery triage area at the same time. The first client states that her water has been leaking, but that she hasn't had any contractions. The second client says she's having 1-minute contractions every 3 minutes and that she feels like pushing. How should a nurse prioritize these clients?
The nurse should assign priority to the second client. Her signs and symptoms indicate that her baby's birth is imminent.
The nurse is speaking to a group of women about early detection of breast cancer. Which screening does the nurse recommend to women age 50 and older?
annual mammogram
A client is attempting to give birth vaginally despite the fact that her previous child was born by cesarean birth. Her contractions are 2 to 3 minutes apart, lasting from 5 to 100 seconds. Suddenly, the client complains of intense abdominal pain and the fetal monitor stops picking up contractions. The nurse recognizes which complication has occurred?
complete uterine rupture
Examination of a primigravid client having increased vaginal secretions since becoming pregnant reveals clear, highly acidic vaginal secretions. The client denies any perineal itching or burning. The nurse interprets these findings as a response related to which factor?
control of the growth of pathologic bacteria
While performing continuous electronic monitoring of a client in labor, the nurse should document which information about uterine contractions?
duration, frequency, and intensity
A 49-year-old woman has sought help from her primary care provider because of "intimacy problems." Upon questioning, the woman reveals that she is experiencing sexual desire, but that intercourse causes significant pain. In the absence of sexual activity, the woman states that she does not have any significant vaginal discomfort. What would the clinician recognize that this client is most likely experiencing?
dyspareunia
A nurse is evaluating the external fetal monitoring strip of a client who is in labor. She notes decreases in the fetal heart rate (FHR) that start with the beginning of the client's contraction and return to baseline before the end of the contraction. What term does the nurse use to document this finding?
early decelerations
What should the nurse include in a community health program designed to control sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?
education about safe sex practices
The nurse is working on a birthing unit that has several unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP). The nurse should instruct the UAP assigned to several clients in labor to notify the nurse if the UAP notes any of the clients have which finding?
evidence of spontaneous rupture of the membranes
A sexually active male client has burning on urination and a milky discharge from the urethral meatus. What documentation should be included on the client's medical record? Select all that apply.
history of unprotected sex (sex without a condom) length of time since symptoms presented history of fever or chills presence of any enlarged lymph nodes on examination allergies to any medications
A nurse is preparing a change-of-shift report and has been caring for a multigravid client with a normally progressing labor. Which information should be part of this report? Select all that apply.
interpretation of the fetal monitor strip analgesia or anesthesia being used prior birth history amount of vaginal bleeding or discharge support persons with the client
A multigravid client at 34 weeks' gestation with premature rupture of the membranes tests positive for group B streptococcus. The client is having contractions every 4 to 6 minutes. Her vital signs are as follows: blood pressure, 120/80 mm Hg; temperature, 100°F (37.8°C); pulse, 100 bpm; respirations, 18 breaths/minute. Which medication would the nurse expect the primary health care provider (HCP) to prescribe?
intravenous penicillin
A pregnant client arrives at the health care facility, stating that her bed linens were wet when she woke up this morning. She says no fluid is leaking but complains of mild abdominal cramps and lower back discomfort. Vaginal examination reveals cervical dilation of 3 cm, 100% effacement, and positive ferning. Based on these findings, the nurse concludes that the client is in which phase of the first stage of labor?
latent phase
What assessment data of a laboring woman would require further intervention by the nurse?
maternal heart rate 125 beats/minute All data are normal except for the maternal heart rate of 125 beats/minute. Normal maternal heart rate is 60-100 beats/minute. The elevated heart rate is a possible signal of developing complications.
The client with preeclampsia asks the nurse why she is receiving magnesium sulfate. The nurse's most appropriate response to is to tell the client that the priority reason for giving her magnesium sulfate is to
prevent seizures.
After the nurse explains about the second stage of labor, which client statement would indicate to the nurse that the client understands the information discussed?
push with each contraction
Which statement describes the term fetal position?
relationship of the fetus's presenting part to the mother's pelvis
Which group has experienced the greatest rise in the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) over the past two decades?
teenagers
The nurse is caring for a multigravid client in active labor when the nurse detects variable fetal heart rate decelerations on the electronic monitor. The nurse interprets this as the compression of which structure?
umbilical cord
The cervix of a 15-year-old primigravid client admitted to the labor area is 2 cm dilated and 50% effaced. Her membranes are intact, and contractions are occurring every 5 to 6 minutes. Which intervention should the nurse recommend at this time?
walking in the hallway
A laboring client at -2 station has a spontaneous rupture of the membranes, and a cord immediately protrudes from the vagina. What should the nurse do first?
Place gentle pressure upward on the fetal head.
Umbilical cord prolapse occurs after spontaneous rupture of the membranes. What should the nurse do immediately?
Place the client in a Trendelenburg position.
A 39-year-old multigravid client at 39 weeks' gestation admitted to the hospital in active labor has been diagnosed with class II heart disease. Which measure will the nurse encourage to ensure cardiac emptying and adequate oxygenation during labor?
Remain in a side-lying position with the head elevated.
A 17-year-old high school senior calls the clinic because she thinks she might have gonorrhea. She wants to be seen but wants assurances that no one will know. Which is the most appropriate response by the nurse?
"We can see you without your parents' consent but have to report any positive results to the public health department."
A nurse needs to obtain a good monitor tracing on a client in labor The client lies in a supine position. Suddenly, she complains of feeling light-headed and becomes diaphoretic. Which action should the nurse perform first?
Reposition the client to her left side.
A nurse is conducting a physical assessment on an adolescent who does not want her parents informed that she had an abortion in the past. Which statement best describes the information security measures the nurse would implement in this situation?
Respect the adolescent's wishes and maintain her confidentiality.
