DAA Lecture Exam 2

1-Spinalis mm. 2-Longissimus mm 3-Iliocostalis mm.

Name these three muscles

Pectoralis minor m O: I: A: N:

O: external surface of upper margins of ribs 3-5 I: coracoid process of scapula A: protracts and depresses scapula N: medial pectoral n. (C8, T1)

Infraspinatus m. O: I: A: N:

O: infraspinous fossa of scapula I: greater tubercle of humerus N: suprascapular n. (C5,6) A: lateral rotation of arm

Plantaris O I A N

Plantaris O- distal portion of supracondylar line of the femur and oblique popliteal ligament I- posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal/Achilles tendon A- weakly assists gastrocnemius to plantar flex the foot and flex the leg N- tibial

What are the three muscles of the calcaneal tendon?

Plantaris, soleus, gastrocnemius

Name the most important muscle in inspiration

The diaphragm

Name the 3 anterior crural muscles

Tibialis Anterior Extensor Digitorum Longus Extensor hallucis longus

Name the three divisions of the Iliocostalis of the erector spinae group

cervicis, thoracis, lumborum

What does the intrinsic (tongue) muscles do?

changes shape of tongue

muscle crosses medial side of joint would _______ the joint

adduct

Most common muscles that shin splints happen in

anterior tibialis posterior tibialis

What is hypothenar eminence and what innervates it?

elongates fleshy bulge at the base of the little finger, ulnar nerve

Synergist muscle

helpers of prime mover. may provide additional pull or stabilize origin

What is the linea semilunaris?

lateral border of rectus abdominus, extends from the cartilage of the ninth rib to the pubic tubercle, and is formed by the aponeurosis of the internal oblique at its line of division to enclose the rectus

Common origin for the extensor muscles of the carpus and digits is the....

lateral epicondyle of the humerus

Sternocleidomastoid and Scalenes (head movement)

lateral head movements

What muscles depress the scapula?

latissimus dorsi, serratus anterior, pectoralis major and minor, and the trapezius muscles

What does the extrinsic (tongue) muscles do?

moves the whole tongue

Which is more superficial than the other, multifidus or rotatores muscle

multifidus

arcuate line (of douglas)

termination of posterior rectus sheath. 1/2 way between umbilicus and pubis at lecel of iliac crest. ASIS to ASIS

What muscles create the triceps surae?

two heads of gastrocnemius and soleus

What muscles retract (adduct) the scapula?

rhomboids, trapezius

What muscles protract (abduct) the scapula?

serratus anterior, pectoralis minor

Gracilis shape

slender

Lumbrical shape

wormlike

Semispinalis capitis m. O: I: A:

°Deep to Splenius Capitis °Its belly is divided by a tendinous inscription. O: transverse processes of C4-T6 (C7-T7) I: superior nuchal line of occipital bone A: Extend the head and neck, lateral flex **Commonly referred to as the most powerful extender of the head and neck. Semispinalis cervicis m. Semispinalis thoracis m.

Main common actions of hamstring mm

°Flexion of the leg °Extension of the thigh

Vastus Medialis O -

±Vastus Medialis O - intertrochanteric line, greater trochanter, gluteal tuberosity, and medial lip of the linea aspera of femur

muscle crosses anterior side of joint would _______ the joint

flex

Anterior compartment of the forearm are what?

flexors of the hand and digits

Splenius (capitis and cervicis portions) (head movement)

head extension, rotation, and lateral bending

Hip/thigh flexors pass in front of the hip joint

°Iliopsoas (iliacus and psoas major): prime mover of flexion °Tensor fasciae latae °Rectus femoris

Posterior extrinsic thorax (back) muscles

°Trapezius °Levator scapulae °Rhomboids (major and minor) °Latissimus dorsi muscles (act on the humerus as well)

Name the muscles that will abduct the humerus

Deltoid & Supraspinatus mm

What two muscles abduct the humerus at the shoulder joint?

Deltoid and Supraspinatus

What is torticollis (wryneck)?

Damage to the sternocleidomastoid muscle

Trapezius m O: I: A N:

O:medial aspect of superior nuchal line, EOP, ligamentum nuchae, SP's C7-T12 Insertion I:acromion and spine of scapula, lateral 1/3 clavicle A:Elevate, depress, retract (adduct) scapula; hyperextend the neck (some texts may mention this action) N: CN XI, ventral rami of C3,4 (for proprioception)

Medial pterygoid m. O, I, A

O: lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone I: medical aspect of mandible A: elevated mandible, moves mandible side to side (grinding), can help protract (protrude) mandible

Teres major m O: I: A: N:

O: lower 1/3 of lateral border of scapula (lateral portion of inferior angle) with latissimus dorsi m. I: medial lip of intertubercular groove (sulcus) of humerus A: Adduct and medially rotate arm; (extension may be listed as well) N: lower subscapular n. (C5,6) (Inferior to teres minor)

Splenius capitis m. O: I: A:

O: nuchal ligament, SP's of C7 to T4 I: lateral aspect of superior nuchal line and mastoid process of temporal bone A: bilaterally extend and unilaterally laterally flex head and neck, slight rotation

Sternocleidomastoid m - two bellies; sternal and clavicular O: I: A: CN:

O: sternum and clavicle I: mastoid process of temporal bone A: Together- cause flexion of neck so that head tucked toward sternum, can extend head, also involved in forced respiration uAlone - tilt (laterally flex) the head same side (ipsilateral), rotate head toward opposite shoulder (contralateral) CN: XI plus 2,3

Pectineus m. O: I: N: A:

O: superior ramus of pubis I: pectineal line of femur (just distal of lesser trochanter of femur) N: femoral nerve AND obturator A: Adducts and flexes thigh

Temporalis m. (origin, insertion, action)

O: temporal fossa, temporal lines I: coronoid process of the mandible A: Elevates the mandible and posterior fibers can retract the mandible

Intertransversarii mm. O: I:

O: transverse process I: transverse process

Diaphragm m O: I: A: N:

O: xiphoid process, lower six costal cartilages, L1-L3 vertebrae I: converges into a central tendon A: draws central tendon down and forward during inspiration to help expand the thoracic cavity N: Phrenic nerve

Masseter m. origin, insertion, action

O: zygomatic arch I: Lateral portion of the ramus of the mandible A: elevated mandible, assists with protraction, deep fibers assist with retraction of mandible

Which muscle doesn't attach to the ischial tuberosity of the hamstrings?

Short head of biceps femoris

What are myogenic progenitor cells

Similar to stem cells but more specific about what they become

Which one of the muscles of the SOT do not attach to the atlas?

RCP major

Which muscles of the SOT attach to the spinous process of the axis?

RCP major and OC inferior

Rhomboid Minor O: I: A N:

Rhomboid minor - superior to major O: nuchal ligament, SP's of C7 and T1 I: medial border of scapula A: retract (adduct) scapula (capable of slight elevation as well) N: dorsal scapular n. (C5)

This syndrome can put pressure on the median nerve of the wrist that passes through the carpal tunnel along with the flexor tendons

carpal tunnel syndrome

_______ ________ passes immediately posterior to the malleolus

fibularis brevis

levator labii superioris action

elevates upper lip (elvis muscle)

Orbicularis oris m.

"plucker" muscle (closes mouth)

Tendons that pass through compartment #2

- extensor carpi radialis brevis -extensor carpi radialis longus

Tendons that pass through compartment #3

- extensor pollicis longus

Inguinal ligament (Poupart's ligament)

ASIS to pubic tubercle. Formed by the external abdominal oblique aponeurosis.

What are occipital myotomes

(Post octic) muscles of the tongue

Longissimus mm. 3 Divisions O: I: A:

*Longissimus thoracis m. O: spinous processes and supraspinal ligament of lumbar and T11 and T12 vert., medial aspect of iliac crest, sacrum, and thoracolumbar fascia I: TP's of all thoracic and lower 9 ribs *Longissimus cervicis m. O: TP's of upper 4 thoracic vert. I: TP's of C2-C6 *Longissimus capitis m. O: articular process of C5 - C7, TP's of T1-T5 I: mastoid process of temporal bone

What are the boarders of the femoral triangle?

-Base or superior/proximal boarder: Inguinal ligament - Lateral border: medial margin of the sartorius m. -Medial border: adductor longus

Name the muscles that will flex the elbow

-Biceps brachii -brachialis -brachioradialis -pronator teres m.

Name the muscles that will flex the humerus

-Biceps brachii -coracobrachialis -pectoralis major m. -deltoid m.

Which compartments do the tendons of the anatomical snuff box pass through?

-Extensor pollicus longus (EPL) 3rd -extensor pollicus brevis (EPB) 1st -abductor pollicus longus (APL) 1st

Name the borders of the anatomical snuff box (3)

-Extensor pollicus longus (ulnar border) -extensor pollicus brevis (radial boarder) -abductor pollicus longus (radial border)

Name the muscles that will abduct the carpus

-Flexor carpi radialis -extensor radialis longus and brevis -extensor pollicis longus and brevis -abductor pollicis longus mm.

Name the muscles that will adduct the carpus

-Flexor carpi ulnaris -extensor carpi ulnaris mm.

Name the muscles that will flex the carpus

-Flexor carpi ulnaris -flexor carpi radialis -palmaris longus -flexor digitorum profundus -superficialis m.

What do the suprahyoid muscles do?

-Form the floor of the oral cavity -Anchor the tongue -Move the hyoid bone and the larynx upwards

Name the muscles that will flex hip joint

-Iliopsoas m. -rectus femoris m. -tensor fasciae latae m.

Functional characteristics of skeletal muscles

-Irritability (excitability) (respond to stimulus) -Contractility (shorten) -Extensibility (can stretch) -Elasticity (return to normal length)

triangle of auscultation borders

-Latissimus dorsi -Rhomboid major m./vertebral border of scapula -Trapezius m.

contents of popliteal fossa

-Popliteal artery and vein -Tibial nerve -Common fibular (peroneal) nerves

Skeletal muscle tissue functions

-Produce skeletal movements -Maintain posture and body position -Support soft tissues -Guard entrances and exits -Maintain body temperature -Stores nutrients

Name the four muscles that it's components insert on the base of patella (via quadriceps/patellar tendon) and tibial tuberosity (via patellar ligament), and all will extend the leg

-Rectus Femoris m. -Vastus Medialis m. -Vastus Lateralis m. -Vastus Intermedius m.

What muscles make the quadriceps femoris?

-Rectus Femoris m. -Vastus Medialis m. -Vastus Lateralis m. -Vastus Intermedius m.

Name the muscles of the suboccipital triangle

-Rectus capitis post. minor -Rectus capitis post. major -Obliquus capitis superior m. -Obliquus capitis inferior m.

Components of Anatomical Snuff Box

-Scaphoid bone -base of 1st metacarpal and trapezium -radial artery

Name the muscles that will extend the humerus

-Triceps brachii long head -latissimus dorsi -deltoid m. -teres major m.

Muscles that abduct the humerus

-deltoid -supraspinatus

Tendons that pass through compartment #4

-extensor digitorum -extensor indicis

Tendons that pass through compartment #1

-extensor pollicis brevis -abductor pollicis longus

Name the muscles that will rotate the thigh laterally

-gluteus maximus m. -iliopsoas m. -piriformis m. -quadratus femoris m. -obturator internus and externus -superior and inferior gemelli mm.

Name the muscles that will rotate the humerus laterally

-infraspinatus -teres minor -deltoid mm.

What are the two muscles that compose the pelvic floor (pelvic diaphragm)

-levator ani -Coccygeus

Common origin for the flexor muscles of the carpus and digits is the...

-medial epicondyle of the humerus (primarily located on anterior aspect of forearm)

muscles that protract the scapula

-pectoralis minor -serratus anterior

Cremaster m.

-raises and lowers the testicles -Essentially an extension of the internal abdominal oblique m., striated but usually not voluntary, may present protective reflex

What does the bicipital aponeurosis do?

-reinforces the cubital fossa -helps protect brachial artery and median nerve

Name the muscles that will rotate the humerus medially

-subscapularis -teres major -latissimus dorsi -deltoid -pectoralis major mm

Muscles that adduct the humerus

-teres major -pectoralis major -latissimus dorsi -coracobrachialis

Muscles that retract the scapula

-trapezius -rhomboids

Name the muscles that will extend the elbow

-triceps brachii -anconeus

What three muscles rotate the humerus laterally at the shoulder joint?

1.Supraspinatus m. 2. Infraspinatus m. 3. Teres minor m.

Aponeurosis

A broad, flat tendinous sheet, muscle to bone, sometimes muscle to muscle

What is motor unit?

A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

Superior rectus m. A&N

A: Elevation of eyeball N: Oculomotor n. (CN III)

Name the muscles that will extend the carpus

All the extensors

Anconeus m O I A N

Anconeus m O- lateral epicondyle of the humerus I- olecranon of the ulna A- extends elbow and abducts ulna during pronation N- radial n

Superficial Muscles of the Thorax

Anterior extrinsic muscles °Pectoralis minor °Serratus anterior °Subclavius

Muscles that cross the elbow joint

Anterior flexor muscles -Brachialis and biceps brachii (chief forearm flexors) - Brachioradialis (synergist and stabilizer)

Superior to arcuate line, which muscles pass anteriorly and posteriorly?

Anterior- external abdominal oblique, 1/2 internal abdominal oblique Posterior- 1/2 internal abdominal oblique, Transverse abdominis,

Name the chief forearm flexors

Brachialis and biceps brachii

Brachialis m. O I N A

Brachialis m. O- anterior aspect of distal humerus I- coronoid process of ulna and ulnar tuberosity N- musculocutaneous A- flexes forearm at elbow

Brachioradialis m O I N A

Brachioradialis m O- lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus I- Distal aspect of radium, proximal to styloid process of radius N- Radial n. A- flexes elbow (assists biceps and brachialis m). Brings forearm back in a neutral position after supinated or pronated (neutralizer)

Why is the top of the foot called dorsal?

Because during development it is facing dorsal and then eventually rotates

Biceps Femoris O I N A

Biceps Femoris O:long head: ischial tuberosity short head: linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line of femur (distal femur) I - head of the fibula A - extends thigh (laterally rotates thigh - Gray's Anatomy for Students); flexes and laterally (externally) rotates leg N - long head: tibial n. (L4,5,S1,2,3) short head: common peroneal n. (L4,5,S1,2)

"two-headed of the thigh", ALWAYS SPECIFY WHICH HEAD - long head innervated by tibial nerve; short head innervated by common peroneal nerve.

Biceps Femoris (lateral)

Biceps brachii mm O I A N

Biceps brachii mm Long Head O- supraglenoid tubercle of scapula Short head O- coracoid process of scapula I- (both heads) Posterior border of radial tuberosity and Bicipital Aponeurosis on proximal radius and subcutaneous ulna A- Flexes elbow, supinates forearm. Flexes the shoulder joint (to a slight extent) N- musculocutaneous nerve

Ligament

Bone to bone

muscles of mastication are innervated by

CN V (trigeminal nerve) mandibular division (V3)

Platysma m. CN: O: I: A:

CN VII O:rigin- fascia of neck I:nsertion- inferior border of mandible A:ction Depresses lower lip, tenses the skin results in expression of horror or disgust, shriek muscle, aids forced depression of mandible

Mylohyoid m. CN: O: I: A:

CN: Innervated by a branch of inferior alveolar nerve (which is a branch of the V3 division of CN V) O: mylohyoid line of the mandible I: hyoid bone A: elevates hyoid bone (base of tongue and floor of the mouth), depresses mandible

Scalene mm. (theres 3) CN: O: I: A:

CN: cervical nerves -Anterior scalene m. O: TP's of C3-C6 * I: medial aspect of rib 1 -Middle scalene m. O: TP's C2-C7 * I: on first rib * A: both anterior and middle elevate the first rib -Posterior Scalene m. O: TP's C4-C6 * I: on rib 2 * A: elevates rib 2

Geniohyoid m. CN: O: I: A:

CN: innervated by C1 carried along path of CN XII O: inferior mandible I: hyoid bone A: elevates hyoid bone and depresses mandible

Extensor Hallucis Longus m. O: I: A: N:

Extensor Hallucis Longus m. O: middle part of the anterior surfaces of fibula and interosseous membrane of the leg I: dorsal aspect of the base of the distal phalanx of the first digit (hallux) A: extends first digit, hallux. dorsiflexes foot N: deep fibular (peroneal)

Which two muscles tendons pass through the 2nd compartment of extensor retinaculum?

Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis

Which Tendon travels through 6th compartment of extensor retinaculum?

Extensor carpi ulnaris m.

Extensor carpi ulnaris m. O I N A

Extensor carpi ulnaris m. O- lateral epicondyle of humerus and olecranon I- lateral aspect of base of 5th metacarpal N: radial n. A- Extends and adducts hand (ulnar deviation) at carpus *Tendon travels through 6th compartment of extensor retinaculum

Extensor indicis m. O I A N

Extensor indicis m. O: ulna and interosseous membrane I: joins the tendon of extensor digitorum to index finger A: extends carpus and index finger (2nd digit) N: radial n. *Tendon travels through 4th compartment of extensor retinaculum

Frontalis m. (epicranius frontal belly) Location and Action

Covers frontal bone Raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead

all muscles of facial expression are innervated by _________ except for ________ which is innervated by __________

Cranial nerve VII (facial nerve) Superioris palpebral CN III

What are the three steps in order that skeletal muscles develop

Determination, differentiation, maturation

Name the muscles involved with inspiration

Diaphragm and external intercostals

Extensor Digitorum Longus m. O: I: A: N:

Extensor Digitorum Longus m. O - lateral condyle of tibia, proximal 3/4 of anterior diaphysis of fibula and interosseous membrane I - dorsal surface of the middle and distal phalanges of digits 2-5 A - extends digits 2-5 and dorsiflexes the foot N- deep fibular (peroneal)

What role do the scalenes have when it comes to breathing?

Elevate first ttwo ribs during inspiration

What role do the external intercostals have when it comes to breathing?

Elevate the rivs

gives rise to the deep/intrinsic (epaxial) muscles of the back = innervated by the _______ of a spinal nerve.

Epimere- Dorsal ramus

External oblique m. O I A

External oblique m °Origin- last 8 ribs °Insertion- iliac crest and linea alba °Action- Contributes to the maintenance of abdominal tone, increasing intra-abdominal pressure, rotation (opposite/contralateral side), and lateral flexion of the trunk (same/ipsilateral side).

What are preotic myotomes

Extrinsic muscles of the eye (moves eye)

T/F fibularis longus is immediately posterior to the malleolus

False, fibularis brevis is immediately posterior to the malleolus

T/f Skeletal muscles are uninucleated

False, multynucleaded

T/F the same rectus sheaths that passes posteriorly superior to arcuate line are the same sheaths that pass inferiorly to arcuate line

False, none pass posterior when inferior to arcuate line

Genioglossus m. O: I: A:

Fan shaped muscle, forms bulk of the tongue O: mental spine of the mandible I: undersurface of the tongue A: Upper fibers retract the tip Middle fibers depress the tongue Lower fibers pull the posterior part forward, thus protrusion of the tongue from the mouth, or protracting the tongue

Quadriceps Femoris (all 4 muscles) are innervated by what?

Femoral nerve

Flexor Digitorum Longus m O I A N

Flexor Digitorum Longus m O- medial aspect of the posterior diaphysis of the tibia (just distal to the soleal line) I- plantar surfaces of the bases of the distal phalanges of digits 2-5 A- flexes digits 2-5 and plantar flexes the foot; helps support the lateral longitudinal arch of the foot N- tibial

Flexor Hallucis Longus m O I A N

Flexor Hallucis Longus m O- distal 2/3 of the posterior diaphysis of the fibula and interosseous membrane of the leg I- plantar aspect of the base of the distal phalanx of the first digit (hallux) A- flexes the first digit (hallux); plantar flexes the foot N- tibial

Flexor carpi radialis m. O I N A

Flexor carpi radialis m. O- medial epicondyle of humerus I- base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpals N- median n. A- flex and abducts hand at carpus (wrist flexor, abduct hand)

Flexor carpi ulnaris m O I N A

Flexor carpi ulnaris m O Humeral head = medial epicondyle of humerus Ulnar head = olecranon and posterior border of ulna I- 5th metacarpal and carpals (pisiform and Hamulus of hamate) N- ulnar n. A- Flexor and adducts (ulnar deviation) hand at the carpus

Name the muscles that will flex the proximal interphalangeal joints of digits 2-5

Flexor digitorum profundus and superficialis mm.

Name the muscles that will flex the distal interphalangeal joints of digits 2-5

Flexor digitorum profundus m

Flexor digitorum profundus m. O I N A

Flexor digitorum profundus m. O- proximal anterior ulna and interosseous membrane I- tendons pass thru the tendons of the FDS to insert on bases of distal phalanges of digits 2-5 N: median (C6,7,8,T1) and ulnar (C8,T1) nerves A- flex hand at the carpus, digits at the Metacarpophalangeal joints, and interphalangeal joints. Only one to flex distal interphalangeal joints

Flexor pollicis longus m. O I N A

Flexor pollicis longus m. O- anterior surface of the radius and radial half of the interosseus membrane I- palmar surface of the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb (pollex) N: median (C6,7,8,T1) A- Flex the interphalangeal joint of the thumb (pollex); can also flex the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb (pollex)

Pelvic diaphragm

Funnel-shaped, supports the pelvic viscera. Pierced by anal canal, urethra and vagina

Gastrocnemius m. O I A N

Gastrocnemius: O - lateral and medial condyles of femur (some textbooks may say epicondyles) I - posterior surface of the calcaneus via calcaneal/Achilles tendon A- flexes leg, plantar flexes foot N- tibial nerve *Crosses two joints (knee and ankle). Has medial & lateral heads.

Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue

Genioglossus Hyoglossus Styloglossus Palatoglossus

Name the muscles that will extend hip joint

Gluteus maximus

Gluteus maximus m. O I N A

Gluteus maximus m. O- iliac crest, sacrum, coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament I- gluteal tuberosity and iliotibial tract N- inferior gluteal nerve, (L5 to S2). A-Major hip extensor- most effective when hip flexed. Laterally rotates thigh. Abduction of the thigh

Gluteus medius m O I N A

Gluteus medius m O- lateral surface of ilium I- greater trochanter of femur (lateral surface) N- superior gluteal nerve, (L4, L5, S1) A-abduct thigh, medial rotate thigh, steadies pelvis when opposite thigh is raised

Gluteus minimus m O I N A

Gluteus minimus m O- lateral surface of ilium I- greater trochanter of femur (lateral surface) N- superior gluteal nerve, (L4, L5, S1) A- Hip Abductor - abduct thigh, stabilize pelvis when walking, assist in medial rotation

Which of the medial thigh muscles is the only one to cross the knee joint?

Gracilis m.

What does buccinatior help do? And what muscle group is it NOT a part of?

Holds food between teeth, used to suckle infants, whistle. NOT a muscle of mastication

gives rise the body wall and limb muscles (hypaxial muscles) = are innervated by the _______ of a spinal nerve

Hypomere- Ventral ramus

Iliacus m. O I A N

Iliacus m. O: iliac fossa, sacral ala, anterior sacroiliac ligaments I: lesser trochanter of the femur, small portion of femoral shaft; blends into tendon of psoas major A: flex thigh (Rotates femur laterally. (Not mentioned in Netter's or Gray's for Students, but commonly mentioned.) N: femoral n. (L2,3,4)

Name the three muscles that make up the erector spinae group

Iliocostalis mm. Longissimus mm Spinalis mm.

Rotate the humerus laterally

Infraspinatus, teres minor, deltoid m.

Name the muscles involved with Expiration

Internal intercostals

Internal oblique m. O I A

Internal oblique m. °O- iliac crest, inguinal ligament, fascia of back °I- costal cartilages of last 3 ribs, linea alba °A- Contributes to the maintenance of abdominal tone, increasing intra-abdominal pressure, rotation (same/ipsilateral side), and lateral flexion of the trunk (same/ipsilateral side).

Levator ani m. collection of 3 muscles: O I A N

Levator ani m. Collection of 3 muscles: iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus, and puboanalis (puborectalis) °O- ischial spine, body of the pubis, and the obturator fascia °I- perineal body, coccyx, anococcygeal raphae, walls of the prostate gland or vagina, rectum, and anal canal °A-Supports pelvic viscera, raises the pelvic floor N- sacral nerves

Why are skeletal muscles considered striated?

Light bands and dark bands

Does the pectoralis major or minor move the humorous?

Major

What are the grinding movements of mastication

Medial and lateral pterygoids

What does the splanchnic mesoderm give rise to?

Most smooth or cardiac muscles

What muscles insert at the spinous processes and origin is at the transverse processes?

Multifidus

What are the two groups of muscles of the head?

Muscles of facial expression Muscles of mastication and tongue movement

What is pharyngeal arch

Muscles of mastication and facial expression

Left side: Evert the foot Right sideL invert the foot

Muscles on the left side of the line will ___________ the foot. Muscles on the right side will ________ the foot.

Posterior: plantar flex the foot Anterior: dorsi-flex the foot

Muscles on the posterior aspect of the line will ___________ the foot. Muscles on the anterior aspect will ________ the foot. (all muscles parallel with the long axis of the fibula)

What are extrinsic eye muscles and what do they do?

Muscles that attach to the outer surface of the eyeball, produce eye movement

1- Trapezius m 2- Serratus anterior m 3- Latissimus dorsi m

Name the boney attachments

1. Subscapularis m 2. Teres major m.

Name the boney attachments for the muscles that move the Humerus at the Shoulder Joint, anterior

Trapezius m. Levator scapulae m. Rhomboid minor m. Rhomboid major m. Latissimus dorsi m.

Name the boney attachments, starting from the top then down the left side

Interspinales mm. O: I:

O: spinous process I: spinous process Well developed in the cervical region and lumbar, not as much in thoracic

Palmaris longus m. O I A N

Palmaris longus m. O- medial epicondyle of humerus I- palmar aponeurosis A- flex the hand (wrist flexion), tense the palmer fascia/aponeurosis N- median n.›

Which muscle runs medially to laterally and is duely innervated by the medial and lateral nerves?

Pectoralis major

Name muscles that will protract the scapula

Pectoralis minor mm. Serratus anterior m.

Peroneus (Fibularis) Brevis m. O I A N

Peroneus (Fibularis) Brevis m. O - distal 2/3 of the lateral diaphysis of the fibula I - dorsal surface of the tuberosity (styloid process) of the 5th metatarsal A- everts the foot and plantar flexes the foot

What is the diaphragm innervated by?

Phrenic nerve

Piriformis m O I N A

Piriformis m O- anterior surface of sacrum (between S2 and S4) and sacrotuberous ligament I- superior border of greater trochanter of femur N- nerve to piriformis (L5, S1, S2) A-Laterally rotates and extends thigh, abducts flexed thigh

Popliteus O I A N

Popliteus O- lateral condyle of the femur and the lateral meniscus I- proximal, posterior aspect of tibia (just proximal to the soleal line on tibia) A- weakly flexes the leg and medially/internally rotates the leg N- tibial nerve

Pronator quadratus m. O I A N

Pronator quadratus m. O: distal aspect of anterior ulna I: distal aspect of anterior radius A: pronates forearm N: median n. (C6,7,8,T1)

Pronator teres m O I A N

Pronator teres m O- 2 heads: medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna I- middle lateral surface of radius A- pronates forearm and flexes elbow (weak) N- median n travels through the two heads of the muscle

Rhomboid major O: I: A N:

Rhomboid major m. (inferior to minor) O: SP's of T2-T5 I: medial border of scapula A: retract (adduct) scapula (capable of slight elevation as well) N: dorsal scapular n. (C5)

Rectus Abdominis m. O- I- A-

Rectus Abdominis m. O- pubic rest of symphysis pubis I- xiphoid process and costal cartilage of ribs 5-7 A-Flexes vertebral column, increases abdominal pressure, maintenance of abdominal wall tone required during straining.

Rectus Femoris m. O - A -

Rectus Femoris m. O - AIIS, just superior to the acetabulum (on the ilium) A - flexes thigh; extends leg

3 of the 4 Quadriceps Femoris muscles all extend, which one has a different action and what is the action?

Rectus femoris- flexes thigh; extends leg; crosses 2 joints

Name the longest muscle in the body

Sartorius

Sartorius m O: I: N: A:

Sartorius m O: ASIS I: proximal, anterior, medial surface of tibia at the pes anserinus (along with the gracilis m. and the semitendinosus m.) N: Femoral n. A: Flexes, abducts, and laterally (externally) rotates thigh; flexes leg

List the muscles of Pes anserinus from anterior to posterior

Sartorius, gracilis, semitendinosus

°"half membrane", insertion is posterior on tibia (medial condyle)

Semimembranosus (deep) (medial),

Semimembranosus m I - O - A - N -

Semimembranosus m I - medial condyle of the tibia (posterior aspect) O - ischial tuberosity A - extends thigh; flexes leg Gray's Anatomy- can assist with medial rotation of the thigh and leg °N - tibial n.

°"half tendon", insertion is pes anserinus area of tibia

Semitendinosus (superficial) (medial),

Semitendinosus m. I - O - A - °N -

Semitendinosus m. I - proximal, anterior, medial aspect of the tibia (Pes Anserinus) O - ischial tuberosity A - extends thigh; flexes leg Gray's Anatomy- can assist with medial rotation of the thigh and leg °N - tibial n.

Zygomaticus m. action

Smile, major and minor, elevates and pulls upper lip backwards

Somatic mesoderm gives rise to?

Smooth muscles found in blood vessels

Soleus O I A N

Soleus O- posterior aspect of the head and proximal 1/4 diaphysis of the fibula, and soleal line of tibia I- posterior surface of the calcaneus via calcaneal/achilles tendon A- plantar flexes the foot N- tibial nerve

What muscle is referred to as the "second heart" and why?

Soleus, important in returning blood to the heart from the lower limbs.

muscles of the suboccipital triangle are innervated by....

Suboccipital nerve, dorsal branch of C1

Name the muscles that will rotate the humerus medially

Subscapularis, teres major, latissimus dorsi, deltoid, pectoralis major mm

SO4, LR6, all else 3

Superior oblique CN4, Lateral rectus CN6, all else CN 3

Supinators O I A N

Supinators O- lateral epicondyle of humerus, lateral collateral ligament of elbow, supinator crest of ulna I- lateral, posterior and anterior surfaces of proximal 1/3 of radius A- supinates forearm N- radial (ps, Biceps brachii m. supinates the forearm as well)

What are the three muscles that insert onto the greater tubercle of the humerus?

Supraspinatus m. Infraspinatus m. Teres minor m. (from top to bottom of insertion point)

Name the muscles that move the humerus at the shoulder joint

Supraspinatus m. Infraspinatus m. Teres minor m. Deltoid m.

What is the posterior leg muscles sometimes referred to as?

Sural region

Tensor fasciae latae m (TFL) O I N A

Tensor fasciae latae m (TFL) O - anterior portion of iliac crest, ASIS I- blends into iliotibial tract (IT band); remember that the IT band will insert onto Gerdy's tubercle N - superior gluteal nerve, (L4, L5, S1) A - abducts, medially rotates, and flexes the thigh at the hip joint. TFL can also help keep knee extended (when you lock your knee)

Name the muscles that will adduct the humerus

Teres major Pectoralis major Latissimus dorsi Coracobrachialis m.

Tibialis Anterior m O: I: A: N:

Tibialis Anterior m O: lateral condyle and proximal 1/2 of the lateral aspect of the diaphysis of the tibia, interosseus membrane of leg as well I: medial cuneiform bone and base of 1st metatarsal (medial and inferior surfaces) A: dorsiflexes foot and inverts foot, Helps give dynamic support to medial longitudinal arch of the foot N: deep fibular (peroneal)

Tibialis posterior m. O I A N

Tibialis posterior m. O- posterior tibia (just proximal to the soleal line) and proximal half of posterior fibula, and interosseous membrane of the leg I- navicular bone, cuboid bone, all cuneiform bones, and plantar aspect of the bases of the 2nd through 4th metatarsals A- Plantar flexes foot, inverts foot, helps support medial longitudinal arch of foot N- tibial

Name the tendons that lie in the tarsal tunnel in order

Tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus

What muscles elevate the scapula?

Trapezius, rhomboids, levator scapulae

What is the space called that is created between ribs 6-7?

Triangle of auscultation

What is the thinnest region between skin and thoracic wall?

Triangle of auscultation

Triceps brachii m O I N A

Triceps brachii m O- Long head- (Crosses the shoulder joint) Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula, Lateral head- Posterior lateral aspect of proximal humerus proximal to radial groove Medial head - Posterior medial aspect of proximal humerus distal to radial groove (Sometimes referred to as the "deep head") I- all three heads, olecranon process of ulna N- radial A- All 3 head = forearm extensors -Long head can extend and adduct the arm -Antagonist of biceps brachii m and brachialis m

T/F muscles can never push

True, always pull

T/f muscle origin does not move

True, stable point of attachment

T/F muscle insertion does move

True, where the movement/action is seen

Vastus Intermedius m. O -

Vastus Intermedius m. O - anterior and lateral surface of diaphysis (shaft) of the femur

Vastus Lateralis m. O -

Vastus Lateralis m. O - greater trochanter, gluteal tuberosity, lateral lip of linea aspera of femur

What is different between superior to arcuate line vs inferior to arcuate line?

When inferior to arcuate line, all three muscles pass anteriorly, none posterior whereas superior to arcuate line, EAO & 1/2 of IAO pass anteriorly and 1/2 IAO & TA pass posteriorly.

What are dermatomes?

a specific segment of skin supplied by a single pair of spinal nerves

muscle crosses lateral side of joint would _______ the joint

abduct

Medial thigh muscle are the _______ group

adductor

adductor magnus O: I: N: A:

adductor magnus O: ±ischiopubic ramus (adductor portion); ischial tuberosity (hamstring portion) I: gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, and medial supracondylar line of femur (adductor portion); adductor tubercle of femur (hamstring portion) N: obturator (adduction portion) AND tibial nerve (hamstring portion) A: Adducts and flexes the thigh (adductor portion); extends the thigh (hamstring portion) can assist with medial rotation

Anterior compartment of the arm

biceps and Brachialis

Where do skeletal muscles attach?

bones

flexor retinaculum

bracelet-like fibrous sheet that the flexor tendons of the extrinsic muscles that flex the wrist pass under on their way to their insertions

Name the three divisions of the Longissimus of the erector spinae group

capitis, cervicis, thoracis

Name the three divisions of the Spinalis of the erector spinae group

capitis, cervicis, thoracis

What is mastication?

chewing

orbicularis oculi m. action

closes eye

hyoglossus muscle

connects tongue to the hyoid bone, move the tongue downward and flatten it.

palatoglossus muscle

connects tongue to the palate, elevate the back of the tongue. (innervation = CN X, via pharyngeal branch to pharyngeal plexus)

styloglossus muscle

connects tongue to the styloid process

Fascia

covers muscle and attached to skin

Profundes means

deep

Anterior crural (leg) muscles are innervated by what nerve?

deep fibular (peroneal) n

Internal intercostals

deeper muscles that depress the ribs during forced expiration

depressor labii inferioris m.

depress lower lip, "pout"

What role do the internal intercostals have when it comes to breathing?

depress ribs during forced expiration

What role do the Transversus thoracis have when it comes to breathing?

depresses ribs during expiration

rhomboid shape

diamond shaped

Where does the bicipital aponeurosis originate from?

distal insertion of the biceps brachii

contents of femoral triangle

femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein, lymphatics

transverse means

fibers run across transversely

Oblique means

fibers run at angles to an imaginary defined axis (slanted)

Rectus means

fibers run straight

Tendons

fibrous cord or band muscle to its boney attachment

transversus thoracis muscle

found on the underside of the sternum anchors the ribs to the sternum

What does the epicranius (occipitofrontalis) consist of?

frontalis (cranial bone), occipitalis (cranial bone), galea aponeurotica (white cap, broad tendon/sheet)

Depressor anguli oris m. action

frown, depresses angle of mouth

Skeletal muscle shapes

fusiform, parallel, convergent , unipennate, bipennate, mutlipennate circular

Name the major muscle of the buttocks

gluteus maximus

Infraspinatus is inside ___________ fossa

infraspinous

If it is the attached end that moves when the muscle contracts it is called

insertion

Insertion of extrinsic tongue muscles

into the tongue from OUTSIDE origins

Insertion of intrinsic tongue muscles

into the tongue from origins WITHIN it

Common origin of hamstring muscles

ischial tuberosity (except for short head Biceps femoris)

Sternocleidomastoid (head movement)

major head flexor

What role do the diaphragm have when it comes to breathing?

major movement of inspiration. Flattens during contraction and increases the volume of the thoracic cavity

Sternohyoid Muscle

manubrium to body of hyoid bone Innervation C1 - 3

Sternothyroid muscle

manubrium to thyroid cartilage Innervation C1 - 3

External intercostals

more superficial muscles that elevate ribs for inspiration

What is the thicker, flesher portion of the muscle called

muscle belly

What is an antagonist muscle?

muscles whos action opposes a particular agonist

What are agonists (prime movers)

muscles whose contraction is mostly responsible for producing movement (movement creator)

Auricularis is

near ear

If it is the attached end that is stationary when the muscle contracts it is called

origin

Where do somites arise from?

paraxial mesoderm

What are the muscles that attach arm to thorax?

pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi

What are the three prime movers of the arm?

pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, deltoid

Name the important area of transition between the thigh and leg and is the major route by which structures pass from one region to the other

popliteal fossa

diamond-shaped space behind the knee joint formed between muscles in the posterior compartments of the thigh and leg

popliteal fossa

Which muscle "unlocks" the knee joint?

popliteus

procerus action

pulls eyebrows medially and inferiorly (why so serious)

the extensor muscles of the carpus and digits are innervated by....

radial nerve

levator palpebrae superioris m. action and CN

raises upper lid, CN III

Teres shape

round

carpal tunnel

space between carpal bones and flexor retinaculum

quadratus (shape)

square, four-sided

Hiatal hernia

stomach protrudes through diaphragm into thorax. overweight people over 40

Rectus shape

straight

What nerve innervates ALL the lateral crural (leg) muscles?

superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve

Omohyoid m.

superior border scapula to body of the hyoid bone

What are the four muscles of the rotator cuff?

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis (SITS)

Supraspinatus is inside ____________ fossa

supraspinous

Epimysium

surrounds entire muscle

Perimysium

surrounds fasciculi (a bunch of muscle fibers)

Endomysium

surrounds one muscle fiber

Semispinalis capitis (head movement)

synergist with sternocleidomastoid

Fixators muscle

synergists that assist by preventing movement at another joint

Suprahyoid and infrahyoid (head movement)

synergists to head flexion

What are the prime movers of mastication

temporalis and masseter

Which muscle is called "lats little helper" and why?

teres major because it is a complete synergist with the latissimus dorsi

what is thenar eminence and what is it innervated by?

the fleshy mass at the base of the thumb, medial n.

plantar aponeurosis

thickening of deep fascia in the sole of the foot. firmly anchored to the medial process of the calcaneal tuberosity and extends forward as a thick band of longitudinally arranged connective tissue fibers

Thyrohyoid m.

thyroid cartilage to greater cornu of hyoid bone

What innervates the posterior leg muscles?

tibial nerve

Tom, Dick & Harry muscles

tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus

Name muscles that will retract the scapula

trapezius, rhomboids,

Deltoid shape

triangular

posterior compartment of the arm

triceps brachii

Inguinal hernia

viscera enter inguinal canal or even the scrotum. most common type (rare in women)

Umbilical hernia

viscera protrude through the navel

Skeletal muscles are ________ (vol/invol) & ___________ (striated/non)

voluntary & striated

Nasalis m. action

widen naris (flares nostril)

Digastric(us) m. O: I: A:

•O: anterior belly - CN V inferior border of anterior mandible posterior belly - CN VII mastoid process of temporal bone I: hyoid bone A: opens mouth (depresses mandible) and elevates hyoid bone

Name the movements of the following muscles: •Rectus Femoris - •Vastus Lateralis - •Vastus Medialis - •Vastus Intermedius -

•Rectus Femoris - flexes thigh; extends leg; crosses 2 joints •Vastus Lateralis - extends leg •Vastus Medialis - extends leg •Vastus Intermedius - extends leg

Which two muscles act as flexors and extensors of the shoulder?

Deltoid and pectoralis major

Which Tendon travels through 4th compartment of extensor retinaculum?

Extensor digitorum m.

Iliocostalis mm. 3 Divisions O: I: A:

*Iliocostalis lumborum m. O: posterior medial crest of ilium, thoracolumbar fascia, middle crest of sacrum I: lower six ribs Iliocostalis thoracis m. O: lower six ribs I: upper six ribs Iliocostalis cervicis m. O: angles of ribs 3-6 I: transverse processes of C4-C6

Name the muscles that will abduct the thigh

-Gluteus medius and minimus -tensor fasciae latae -gluteus maximus -piriformis m.

Name the muscles that will rotate the thigh medially

-Gluteus medius and minimus mm. -tensor fasciae latae m.

Inferior oblique m . Action & nerve

A: Elevates eye and turns it laterally N: III (oculomotor)

Superior oblique m. Action & nerve

A: depresses eye and turns it laterally N: CN IV

Inferior rectus m. A&N

A: depresses eye and turns it medially N: CN III oculomotor

Lateral rectus m. A&N

A: moves eye laterally N: CN VI

Medial rectus m. A&N

A: moves eye medially N: CN III

Where does arcuate line of Douglas start and end at?

ASIS to ASIS

Extensor carpi radialis m (longus and brevis) O I A N

Extensor carpi radialis m Longus O- lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus I- dorsal aspect of the base of the 2nd metacarpal, but a small "slip" of an insertion onto the dorsal aspect of the 3rd metacarpal as well (Netter's) Brevis O- Lateral epicondyle of humerus I- dorsal aspect base of 3rd metacarpal mainly, but a small insertion on the dorsal aspect of the base of the 2nd metacarpal as well (Netter's and Gray's for Students) Action of both muscles: Extends and abducts wrist (radial deviation) N- radial n. * Tendons of both muscles travel through 2nd compartment of extensor retinaculum

Tendon travels through 5th compartment of extensor retinaculum

Extensor digiti minimi m

Extensor digiti minimi m. O I A N

Extensor digiti minimi m. O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus I: base of middle and distal phalanges of digit 5 Tendon travels through 5th compartment of extensor retinaculum A: extend carpus and fifth digit N: radial n. *Tendon travels through 5th compartment of extensor retinaculum

Extensor digitorum m. O I N A

Extensor digitorum m. O- lateral epicondyle of humerus I- posterior surfaces of bases of the middle and distal phalanges of 2-5 digits N: radial n. A-Prime mover of finger extension, extends wrist *Tendon travels through 4th compartment of extensor retinaculum

Tendon travels through 4th compartment of extensor retinaculum

Extensor indicis m.

Flexor digitorum superficialis m. O I N A

Flexor digitorum superficialis m. O- Humeroulnar head = medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna, ulnar collateral ligament Radial head = superior 1/2 anterior surface of radius I- palmar aspect of middle phalanx of digits 2-5 (proximal aspect), lateral tubercles N- median n. A- flex hand at the carpus, flex digits 2-5 at the Metacarpophalangeal joints and the proximal interphalangeal joints

1.Pectoralis major m. 2.Latissimus dorsi m. 3.Teres major m. "PLT" Lady sits between two majors

Name the muscles that insert into the boney attachments at the intertubercular groove of the humerus

lateral pterygoid m. O, I, A

O: lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone I: Anterior side of condylar process of mandible A: protracts (protrudes) mandible and moves mandible side to side (lateral deviation, grinding motion)

Peroneus (Fibularis) Longus m O I A N

O - head and proximal 2/3 of the lateral aspect of the diaphysis of the fibula (occasionally lateral condyle of the tibia as well) I - plantar surfaces of the base of 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform A- Everts foot, plantar flexes foot, helps support lateral longitudinal and transverse arches of the foot N- Superficial fibular (peroneal)

Peroneus (Fibularis) Tertius m. O: I: A: N:

O- distal 1/3 of the anterior diaphysis of the fibula and interosseous membrane of the leg I - dorsal surface of the base of the 5th metatarsal A- dorsiflexes foot and everts foot N- deep fibular (peroneal)

Gracilis m O: I: N: A:

O: Body and inferior ramus of pubis (very close to symphysis pubis) I: Proximal, anterior, medial surface of tibia (pes anserinus) N: Obturator A: adducts thigh, flexes leg, can aid in medial (internal) rotation of leg

Coracobrachialis m O: I: A: N:

O: Coracoid process of the scapula I: middle third of anteromedial surface of the shaft of humerus A: flexes and adducts arm N: musculocutaneous n. (C5,6,7) - pierces the belly of the muscle

Lateral pterygoid m. O: I: A:

O: Lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone I: anterior side of condylar process of mandible A: protracts (protrudes) the mandible and moves mandible side to side (lateral deviation) (grinding motion).

Medial pterygoid m. O: I: A:

O: Lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone I: medial aspect of the mandible A: elevate the mandible, move mandible side to side (grinding motion), and can help protract (protrude) the mandible

Serratus anterior m. O: I: A N:

O: Lateral surface of the first 8-9 ribs I: anterior (costal) surface of vertebral (medial) border of scapula A: Protracts (abducts) and holds scapula against thoracic wall; some texts may list slight depression of scapula as well N: long thoracic n. (C5,6,7) *important scapular stabilizing muscle, "boxer's muscle

Deltoid m. O: I: A: N:

O: Lateral third of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula I: deltoid tuberosity of humerus N: axillary n. (C5,6) A: Abduction of arm (beyond 15-20 degrees) °Flexion, extension and medial and lateral rotation of the arm (as seen in Netter's) (Everything but adduction of humerus)

Levator scapulae m. O: I: A: N:

O: Posterior tubercles of TPs of C1-C4 I: Medial border of scapula (from superior angle to spine) A: Elevates scapula; medially, inferiorly rotates glenoid cavity N: Dorsal scapular nerve (C5); and ventral (anterior) rami of C3 and C4.

Latissimus dorsi m. O: I: A N:

O: SP's of T7-L5, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, last 3 ribs; FYI-some texts may say inferior angle of scapula as well I: below crest of lesser tubercle and intertubercular groove (sulcus) of humerus A: extends, adducts, and medially (internally) rotates humerus at shoulder N: thoracodorsal nerve (C6,7,8). ***This nerve is also known as the middle subscapular nerve.

Subscapularis m O: I: A: N:

O: Subscapular fossa I: lesser tubercle of humerus A: medial rotator of humerus (adduction as well) N: upper and lower subscapular nn. (C5,6)

Supraspinatus m. O: I: A: N:

O: Supraspinous fossa of scapula I: Greater tubercle of humerus N: suprascapular n. (C5,6) A: abducts humerus first 15-20 degrees, part of rotator cuff group

Rotatores mm. O: I:

O: TP of vertebrae I: Long Rotator - SP of 2nd vert. superior to its origin Short Rotator - SP of the vert. Immediately above its origin Deep to multifidus, each one has a single origin, extend from L5 to T2, best developed in thoracic region

Multifidus mm. O: I: A:

O: TP's (sacrum and posterior iliac spine) I: Spinous process 2-4 vertebral segments superior to origin (excluding C1) A: lateral trunk flexion and extension

adducter longus O: I: N: A:

O: body of pubis inferior to the pubic crest I: linea aspera of femur (middle 1/3) N: obturator A: adduct thigh

Pectoralis major m O: I: A: N:

O: clavicular portion - anterior surface med. 1/3 clavicle sternal portion - manubrium and body of sternum abdominal/costal portion - costal cartilages of ribs 2-7, aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique I: lateral lip of intertubercular groove (sulcus) of humerus A: flexes, adducts, and rotates humerus medially (some textbooks may state that the lower fibers can assist with extension of the arm after the arm is fully flexed) N: medial (C8, T1) and lateral (C5,6,7) pectoral nerves

Teres minor m. O: I: A: N:

O: lateral border of scapula (upper 2/3) I: greater tubercle of humerus N: axillary n. (C5,6) A: lateral rotation of arm

Which one of the muscles of the SOT attach to both the atlas and the axis?

OC inferior

Which one of the muscles of the SOT do not attach to the head?

OC inferior

Which muscles of the SOT attach to the TP of the atlas?

OC superior and OC inferior

boarders of the popliteal fossa Proximal, distal, floor, roof

Proximal portion: formed medially by the distal ends of the semitendinosus m. and semimembranosus m., and laterally by the distal end of the biceps femoris m. Distal portion: formed medially by the medial head of the gastrocnemius m. and laterally by the plantaris m. and the lateral head of the gastrocnemius m. Floor: articular capsule of the knee joint and adjacent surfaces of the femur and tibia, and, more distally, by the popliteus m. Roof: deep fascia, which is continuous above with the fascia lata of the thigh and below with the deep fascia of the leg.

Which muscles make the Ilipsoas m?

Psoas major and Iliacus

Psoas major m. O I A N

Psoas major m. O: TVP's of all lumbar vertebrae, bodies and IVD's from T12-L5 I: lesser trochanter of the femur A: flex thigh, flex and laterally flex vertebral column. (Rotates femur laterally. Not mentioned in Netter's or Gray's for Students, but commonly mentioned.) N: spinal nerves L1-L3 (ventral rami)

iliopsoas origin and insertion's and action (2 muscles, 2 origins)

Psoas major m. Origin- T12 -L5 Insertion- lesser trochanter of femur Iliacus m. Origin- iliac fossa of medial ilium Insertion- lesser trochanter of femur Action-Major flexor of hip (thigh), and can be a synergist to lateral rotation of the thigh

Quadratus femoris m. O I N A

Quadratus femoris m. O: lateral border of the ischial tuberosity I: intertrochanteric crest N: Nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1) A: lateral rotation of the thigh

Quadratus lumborum m. O I A

Quadratus lumborum m. O: medial half of 12th rib (inferior border), lumbar TVP's I: iliolumbar ligament, iliac crest A: lateral flexion of vert. column, depresses and stabilize rib 12 during inspiration, and can help to elevate the hip bones (FYI = may help with extension vertebral column, as stated in Netter's) N-sacral n

What muscle group all insert onto the base of the patella and tibial tuberosity?

Quadriceps femoris -Patella (via quadriceps/patellar tendon) -Tibial tuberosity (via patellar ligament

What is the pes anserinus?

The combined tendinous expansions of the semitendinosus m., gracilis m., and the sartorius where they insert on the medial aspect of the tibial tuberosity

Transversus abdominis m.

Transversus abdominis m °Origin- iliac crest, inguinal ligament, lumbar fascia, and cartilages of last 6 ribs Insertion- xiphoid process, linea alba and pubis Action- Contributes mainly to the maintenance of abdominal tone and increasing intra-abdominal pressure.

adducter brevis O: I: N: A:

adducter brevis O: body and inferior ramus of pubis I: proximal portion of aspera of femur and pectineal line of femur N: obturator A:adduct thigh

What is a hernia?

any condition in which the viscera protrudes through a weak point in the muscular wall of the abdominopelvic cavity

Risorius m. action

draws angle of mouth laterally

muscle crosses posterior side of joint would _______ the joint

extend

Tendons that pass through compartment #6

extensor carpi ulnaris

Tendons that pass through compartment #5

extensor digiti minimi

posterior compartment of the forearm are what?

extensors of the hand and digits

What are the four paired muscles of the abdominal wall?

°Internal oblique °External oblique °Transversus (transverse) abdominis °Rectus abdominis

Intrinsic back muscles

°Splenius mm. (spinotransversales mm.) - superficial Intrinsic group °Erector Spinae mm. (sacrospinalis mm.) - intermediate intrinsic group °Transversospinalis mm. - deep Intrinsic Group °Interspinal mm. °Intertransversarii. mm