Dating, Mating, Communicating Exam 3
Sexual minorities worry about being __________
"Outed"
6 bases of power: Referent power
Based on a person's emotional identification with the partner
6 bases of power: Reward power
Based on the ability to give gifts and favors; the partner gives affection, attention, praise, respect, and assistance in realizing goals
6 bases of power: Coercive power
Based on the dominant partner's ability to punish the partner with psychological, emotional, or physical abuse; partner sulks, refuses to talk, withholds sex, puts you down
6 bases of power: Legitimate power
Based on the more powerful individual's ability to claim authority or the right to expect compliance
6 bases of power: Informational power
Based on the persuasive content of what the dominant partner tells the other
Stressors
Demands put upon a family cause stress and sometimes precipitate a family crisis
Silver divorce
Divorce in later years has increased, particularly for the Baby Boom generation (born between 1946 and 1964)
What are the signs of coercive control?
Dominance, humiliation, isolation, threats, intimidation
__________ is a key component of fairness
Equity
Stopping relationship violence: the therapeutic approach
Establishing counseling and educational programs for offenders
A= family pileup. T/F
False; Aa
Adolescent girls are the most frequent perpetrators of child-to-parent violence. T/F
False; adolescent boys
Supportive partners support power politics. T/F
False; avoid
IPV has increased significantly since the 1970s. T/F
False; decreased
IPV is significantly higher for marrieds than for cohabiting couples. T/F
False; higher for cohabiting couples
When traditional norms of male authority are strong, wives will likely dominate regardless of the partners' resources. T/F
False; husbands will likely dominate
The frequency of divorce decreased throughout most of the 20th century. T/F
False; increased
Vertical stressors impact families, while horizontal stressors do not. T/F
False; they both impact families
Older children are more vulnerable to child maltreatment than younger children. T/F
False; younger children are more vulnerable
Resilient families
Families capable of doing well in the face of adversity
Vulnerable families
Families that are having difficulties or functioning less effectively before the onset of additional stressors or demands
What are some reasons that victims continue to live with IPV?
Fear, cultural norms, economic dependence, low self-esteem, social exchange theory, love, hope that the partner will change
What are some reasons why men victims of IPV don't leave?
Feeling ashamed, lacking resources, fearing that reporting abuse will mean losing access to children, wanting to protect children, or being in denial
Starter marriage
First marriage that ends within first few years, usually without children
After the reorganization of a family crisis is complete, families may...
Function at about the same level as before, function at a reduced level, function at a more effective level
Interactionist perspective
How families define situations as stressful or not may struggle to create shared family meanings
Stressor pileup
Includes not just the stressor but also previously existing family strains and future hardships induced by the stressor event; renders a family more vulnerable to emerging crises at a lower level of effectiveness
Differences in neglect rates are largely attributed to what?
Insufficient income
Family system framework
Looks at the family as a system, with each part influencing all the others
Family ecology perspective
Many causes of family stress originate outside the family- neighborhood, workplace, national/international environments
Stopping relationship violence: macro, or structural approach
Notes the social, cultural, and economic context of family violence, then provides programs.
Child abuse
Overt acts of aggression
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)
Physical or emotional abuse of partner; spouses, ex-spouses, current or former boyfriends or girlfriends, and same-sex partners
Child abuse and neglect
Physical or mental injury, sexual abuse, or negligent treatment of a child under the age of 18 by a person who is responsible for the child's welfare
Individual stress is experienced both __________ and __________
Physically and emotionally
Maltreatment is reported more frequently among who?
Poor and nonwhite families
Personal power or autonomy
Power exercised over oneself
Family crisis results from an imbalance between __________ and __________.
Pressures and supports
Once the crisis hits bottom, a __________ period sets in
Recovery
Reframing
Redefining stressful events to make them more manageable- is associated with more positive family functions
Couple power resources reflect each partner's what?
Relative resources and gender expectations, norms, and socialization
Feminist researchers suggest that IPV by women is largely in what?
Self-defense
Incest
Sexual relations between related individuals
Who are the most frequent victims of child-to-parent violence?
Single mothers and elderly parents of youth
Family stress
State of tension that arises when demands test or tax a family's capabilities and calls for adjustments; can be caused by potentially harmful, ambiguous, or difficult situations
6 bases of power: Expert power
Stems from the perception of the dominant partner's superior judgment, knowledge, or ability
Situational Couple Violence
Symmetrical violence between partners that often occurs in conjunction with a specific argument; It involves fewer instances, is not likely to escalate, and tends to be less severe
Power
The ability to exercise one's will
Social power
The ability to exercise one's will over others
Resilience
The ability to recover from challenging situations
Refined divorce rate
The number of divorces per 1,000 married women
Crude divorce rate
The number of divorces per 1,000 people in the population; has declined
The Resource Hypothesis
The partner with more resources (mainly earnings and education) has more power in the relationship
The ABC-X model of family crisis (Hill)
The stressor event (A) interacting with the family's ability to cope with a crisis (B), interacting with the family's appraisal of the stressor event (C) produces the crisis (X).
Divorce divide
There is a large disparity in divorce rates between those with and without a college degree. In the last 25 years, the divorce rate has declined for college students
A family's crisis-meeting capabilities, or resources and coping behaviors, constitute its ability to prevent stressors from creating severe disharmony or disruption. T/F
True
Americans have higher marriage and remarriage rates than most other Western countries. T/F
True
At the nadir, or low point, of disorganization, conflicts may develop over how to handle the situation. T/F
True
Between 1990 and 2015 divorce rate among adults aged 55 to 64 doubled and tripled for those 65 and older. T/F
True
Child maltreatment covers both abuse and neglect. T/F
True
Families continually balance the demands put upon them against their capacity to meet those demands. T/F
True
IPV against women is higher than against men in every racial and ethnic category. T/F
True
IPV rates vary by race/ethnicity. T/F
True
Not all family members agree in their appraisal of the situation. T/F
True
Partners are more likely to see the relationship as egalitarian and are more satisfied when they feel mutually respected, equally committed, and listened to when they raise concerns. T/F
True
Power asymmetry often characterizes dissatisfied couples. T/F
True
Rates of same-sex IPV are comparable to rates of heterosexual domestic violence, as are some of the relationship dynamics. T/F
True
Relationship power involves objective measures of power and subjective measures of fairness. T/F
True
Sibling violence is the most persuasive form of family violence. T/F
True
The wife's power is greater when she has no children and works outside the home. T/F
True
Family violence
Using physical violence to gain or demonstrate power in a family relationship has occurred throughout history; in the last 50 years violence has been labeled a social problem; still makes up 11% of all violence and 1/3 of all police recorded violence
Sibling violence
Violent acts perpetrated by one sibling against another
What are the factors that influence how a family member defines a stressful situation?
-Nature of the stressor -The degree of hardship or the kind of problems the stressor creates -Family's previous successful experience in the event crisis -Adult family members' childhood legacies
What are ways to meet crises creatively?
-Positive outlook -Spiritual values and support groups -Adaptability -Informal social supports -Open, supportive communication within the family -Extended family -Community resources
What are some demographic factors that show why the divorce rate has risen throughout the twentieth century?
-Remarriage -Young age at first marriage, especially teen marriage -Higher divorce rates among women compared to men -Heterogamous marriage -Cohabitation -Premarital sex, pregnancy, and childbearing -Having no children or older children -Having parents and grandparents who divorced -Race and ethnicity -Military service -Pre-wedding jitters
Stopping relationship violence: micro, or relationship approaches
-Separating victim from perpetrator -A network of shelters for battered women -Counseling, guidance in attaining employment, and legal assistance -Protecting abused and neglected children may involve foster care -Family preservation
What are 9 types of stressors?
1. Addition of a new family member 2. Loss of a family member 3. Ambiguous loss 4. Sudden, unexpected change 5. Ongoing family conflict 6. Caring for dependent, ill, or disabled family member 7. Demoralizing events 8. Everyday family hassles 9. Anxieties about children, parents, or other relatives in a "culture of fear"
What are 6 factors for child abuse?
1. Believing children need physical punishment 2. Having unrealistic expectations about what a child is capable of 3. Feeling highly stressed in the parent or provider role 4. Experiencing marital discord or divorce 5. Abusing alcohol or other substances 6. Having a stepfather
Current research measures couple power in what 4 ways?
1. Decision making: who gets to make decisions 2. Division of labor: who provides income or household labor 3. Allocation of money: who controls spending 4. Ability to influence: who feels comfortable in raising complaints
What are the 3 general types of conjugal power?
1. Egalitarian unions 2. Gender-modified egalitarian union 3. Neotraditional union (typically conservatives and Christians)
What are the 4 ways that stressors are less difficult to cope with?
1. Expected 2. Brief 3. Seen as not so serious 4. Gradually improve over time
What are the 3 interrelated ideas that family crisis encompasses?
1. Necessarily involves change 2. Turning point with the potential for positive effects, negative effects, or both 3. Time of relative instability
What are the 3 types of crisis-meeting resources for families?
1. Personal/individual: intelligence, problem-solving skills 2. Family: support, trust, rituals, money 3. Community: programs designed to help families adapt
What are the 6 bases of power?
1. Reward power 2. Coercive power 3. Expert power 4. Informational power 5. Referent power 6. Legitimate power
What are the 3 phases of a family crisis?
1. The event that caused the crisis 2. Period of disorganization that follows 3. Reorganization or recovery phase after the family reaches a low point
The intergenerational transmission rate of IPV is _____%
30%
Sexual abuse
A child's being forced, tricked, or coerced, by an older person, into sexual behavior for the purpose of sexual gratification or financial gain; a decline of about 50% since 1992
Structural functionalist perspective
A family crisis threatens to disrupt the family's ability to perform critical functions
Stressor overload
A family may be stressed not just by one serious, chronic problem but also by a series of large or small, related or unrelated stressors that build up on one another too rapidly for the family members to cope effectively
Appraising the situation
A family tendency to define events as catastrophic/negative or not is often learned in childhood
Family crisis
A situation in which the usual behavior patterns are ineffective and new ones are called for immediately.
Stress
A state of tension that results from the need to respond to change, positive or negative.
Battered woman syndrome
A wife cannot see a way out of her situation
Divorce rate __________ for people with less education. A. Remained stable B. Decreased C. Increased
A. Remained stable
Coercive Controlling Violence
Abuse that is decisively oriented to controlling the partner through fear and intimidation is more likely to escalate and lead to serious injury or homicide than situational couple violence; it is more likely in marriage
Child neglect
Acts of omission, failing to provide adequate physical or emotional care
Who are among the most stressed people in the world?
Americans
Family development perspective
Analyze family transitions- expected or predictable changes- family stressors that can be predictable in a family crisis · Transitions "outside of expected time" create greater stress than those "on time"; ex. Death of a loved one
There are conflicting findings about whether IPV is __________ (with men abusing women) or __________ (with both parties contributing equally)
Asymmetrical, symmetrical