Dating, Mating, Communicating Exam 3

Sexual minorities worry about being __________

"Outed"

6 bases of power: Referent power

Based on a person's emotional identification with the partner

6 bases of power: Reward power

Based on the ability to give gifts and favors; the partner gives affection, attention, praise, respect, and assistance in realizing goals

6 bases of power: Coercive power

Based on the dominant partner's ability to punish the partner with psychological, emotional, or physical abuse; partner sulks, refuses to talk, withholds sex, puts you down

6 bases of power: Legitimate power

Based on the more powerful individual's ability to claim authority or the right to expect compliance

6 bases of power: Informational power

Based on the persuasive content of what the dominant partner tells the other

Stressors

Demands put upon a family cause stress and sometimes precipitate a family crisis

Silver divorce

Divorce in later years has increased, particularly for the Baby Boom generation (born between 1946 and 1964)

What are the signs of coercive control?

Dominance, humiliation, isolation, threats, intimidation

__________ is a key component of fairness

Equity

Stopping relationship violence: the therapeutic approach

Establishing counseling and educational programs for offenders

A= family pileup. T/F

False; Aa

Adolescent girls are the most frequent perpetrators of child-to-parent violence. T/F

False; adolescent boys

Supportive partners support power politics. T/F

False; avoid

IPV has increased significantly since the 1970s. T/F

False; decreased

IPV is significantly higher for marrieds than for cohabiting couples. T/F

False; higher for cohabiting couples

When traditional norms of male authority are strong, wives will likely dominate regardless of the partners' resources. T/F

False; husbands will likely dominate

The frequency of divorce decreased throughout most of the 20th century. T/F

False; increased

Vertical stressors impact families, while horizontal stressors do not. T/F

False; they both impact families

Older children are more vulnerable to child maltreatment than younger children. T/F

False; younger children are more vulnerable

Resilient families

Families capable of doing well in the face of adversity

Vulnerable families

Families that are having difficulties or functioning less effectively before the onset of additional stressors or demands

What are some reasons that victims continue to live with IPV?

Fear, cultural norms, economic dependence, low self-esteem, social exchange theory, love, hope that the partner will change

What are some reasons why men victims of IPV don't leave?

Feeling ashamed, lacking resources, fearing that reporting abuse will mean losing access to children, wanting to protect children, or being in denial

Starter marriage

First marriage that ends within first few years, usually without children

After the reorganization of a family crisis is complete, families may...

Function at about the same level as before, function at a reduced level, function at a more effective level

Interactionist perspective

How families define situations as stressful or not may struggle to create shared family meanings

Stressor pileup

Includes not just the stressor but also previously existing family strains and future hardships induced by the stressor event; renders a family more vulnerable to emerging crises at a lower level of effectiveness

Differences in neglect rates are largely attributed to what?

Insufficient income

Family system framework

Looks at the family as a system, with each part influencing all the others

Family ecology perspective

Many causes of family stress originate outside the family- neighborhood, workplace, national/international environments

Stopping relationship violence: macro, or structural approach

Notes the social, cultural, and economic context of family violence, then provides programs.

Child abuse

Overt acts of aggression

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)

Physical or emotional abuse of partner; spouses, ex-spouses, current or former boyfriends or girlfriends, and same-sex partners

Child abuse and neglect

Physical or mental injury, sexual abuse, or negligent treatment of a child under the age of 18 by a person who is responsible for the child's welfare

Individual stress is experienced both __________ and __________

Physically and emotionally

Maltreatment is reported more frequently among who?

Poor and nonwhite families

Personal power or autonomy

Power exercised over oneself

Family crisis results from an imbalance between __________ and __________.

Pressures and supports

Once the crisis hits bottom, a __________ period sets in

Recovery

Reframing

Redefining stressful events to make them more manageable- is associated with more positive family functions

Couple power resources reflect each partner's what?

Relative resources and gender expectations, norms, and socialization

Feminist researchers suggest that IPV by women is largely in what?

Self-defense

Incest

Sexual relations between related individuals

Who are the most frequent victims of child-to-parent violence?

Single mothers and elderly parents of youth

Family stress

State of tension that arises when demands test or tax a family's capabilities and calls for adjustments; can be caused by potentially harmful, ambiguous, or difficult situations

6 bases of power: Expert power

Stems from the perception of the dominant partner's superior judgment, knowledge, or ability

Situational Couple Violence

Symmetrical violence between partners that often occurs in conjunction with a specific argument; It involves fewer instances, is not likely to escalate, and tends to be less severe

Power

The ability to exercise one's will

Social power

The ability to exercise one's will over others

Resilience

The ability to recover from challenging situations

Refined divorce rate

The number of divorces per 1,000 married women

Crude divorce rate

The number of divorces per 1,000 people in the population; has declined

The Resource Hypothesis

The partner with more resources (mainly earnings and education) has more power in the relationship

The ABC-X model of family crisis (Hill)

The stressor event (A) interacting with the family's ability to cope with a crisis (B), interacting with the family's appraisal of the stressor event (C) produces the crisis (X).

Divorce divide

There is a large disparity in divorce rates between those with and without a college degree. In the last 25 years, the divorce rate has declined for college students

A family's crisis-meeting capabilities, or resources and coping behaviors, constitute its ability to prevent stressors from creating severe disharmony or disruption. T/F

True

Americans have higher marriage and remarriage rates than most other Western countries. T/F

True

At the nadir, or low point, of disorganization, conflicts may develop over how to handle the situation. T/F

True

Between 1990 and 2015 divorce rate among adults aged 55 to 64 doubled and tripled for those 65 and older. T/F

True

Child maltreatment covers both abuse and neglect. T/F

True

Families continually balance the demands put upon them against their capacity to meet those demands. T/F

True

IPV against women is higher than against men in every racial and ethnic category. T/F

True

IPV rates vary by race/ethnicity. T/F

True

Not all family members agree in their appraisal of the situation. T/F

True

Partners are more likely to see the relationship as egalitarian and are more satisfied when they feel mutually respected, equally committed, and listened to when they raise concerns. T/F

True

Power asymmetry often characterizes dissatisfied couples. T/F

True

Rates of same-sex IPV are comparable to rates of heterosexual domestic violence, as are some of the relationship dynamics. T/F

True

Relationship power involves objective measures of power and subjective measures of fairness. T/F

True

Sibling violence is the most persuasive form of family violence. T/F

True

The wife's power is greater when she has no children and works outside the home. T/F

True

Family violence

Using physical violence to gain or demonstrate power in a family relationship has occurred throughout history; in the last 50 years violence has been labeled a social problem; still makes up 11% of all violence and 1/3 of all police recorded violence

Sibling violence

Violent acts perpetrated by one sibling against another

What are the factors that influence how a family member defines a stressful situation?

-Nature of the stressor -The degree of hardship or the kind of problems the stressor creates -Family's previous successful experience in the event crisis -Adult family members' childhood legacies

What are ways to meet crises creatively?

-Positive outlook -Spiritual values and support groups -Adaptability -Informal social supports -Open, supportive communication within the family -Extended family -Community resources

What are some demographic factors that show why the divorce rate has risen throughout the twentieth century?

-Remarriage -Young age at first marriage, especially teen marriage -Higher divorce rates among women compared to men -Heterogamous marriage -Cohabitation -Premarital sex, pregnancy, and childbearing -Having no children or older children -Having parents and grandparents who divorced -Race and ethnicity -Military service -Pre-wedding jitters

Stopping relationship violence: micro, or relationship approaches

-Separating victim from perpetrator -A network of shelters for battered women -Counseling, guidance in attaining employment, and legal assistance -Protecting abused and neglected children may involve foster care -Family preservation

What are 9 types of stressors?

1. Addition of a new family member 2. Loss of a family member 3. Ambiguous loss 4. Sudden, unexpected change 5. Ongoing family conflict 6. Caring for dependent, ill, or disabled family member 7. Demoralizing events 8. Everyday family hassles 9. Anxieties about children, parents, or other relatives in a "culture of fear"

What are 6 factors for child abuse?

1. Believing children need physical punishment 2. Having unrealistic expectations about what a child is capable of 3. Feeling highly stressed in the parent or provider role 4. Experiencing marital discord or divorce 5. Abusing alcohol or other substances 6. Having a stepfather

Current research measures couple power in what 4 ways?

1. Decision making: who gets to make decisions 2. Division of labor: who provides income or household labor 3. Allocation of money: who controls spending 4. Ability to influence: who feels comfortable in raising complaints

What are the 3 general types of conjugal power?

1. Egalitarian unions 2. Gender-modified egalitarian union 3. Neotraditional union (typically conservatives and Christians)

What are the 4 ways that stressors are less difficult to cope with?

1. Expected 2. Brief 3. Seen as not so serious 4. Gradually improve over time

What are the 3 interrelated ideas that family crisis encompasses?

1. Necessarily involves change 2. Turning point with the potential for positive effects, negative effects, or both 3. Time of relative instability

What are the 3 types of crisis-meeting resources for families?

1. Personal/individual: intelligence, problem-solving skills 2. Family: support, trust, rituals, money 3. Community: programs designed to help families adapt

What are the 6 bases of power?

1. Reward power 2. Coercive power 3. Expert power 4. Informational power 5. Referent power 6. Legitimate power

What are the 3 phases of a family crisis?

1. The event that caused the crisis 2. Period of disorganization that follows 3. Reorganization or recovery phase after the family reaches a low point

The intergenerational transmission rate of IPV is _____%

30%

Sexual abuse

A child's being forced, tricked, or coerced, by an older person, into sexual behavior for the purpose of sexual gratification or financial gain; a decline of about 50% since 1992

Structural functionalist perspective

A family crisis threatens to disrupt the family's ability to perform critical functions

Stressor overload

A family may be stressed not just by one serious, chronic problem but also by a series of large or small, related or unrelated stressors that build up on one another too rapidly for the family members to cope effectively

Appraising the situation

A family tendency to define events as catastrophic/negative or not is often learned in childhood

Family crisis

A situation in which the usual behavior patterns are ineffective and new ones are called for immediately.

Stress

A state of tension that results from the need to respond to change, positive or negative.

Battered woman syndrome

A wife cannot see a way out of her situation

Divorce rate __________ for people with less education. A. Remained stable B. Decreased C. Increased

A. Remained stable

Coercive Controlling Violence

Abuse that is decisively oriented to controlling the partner through fear and intimidation is more likely to escalate and lead to serious injury or homicide than situational couple violence; it is more likely in marriage

Child neglect

Acts of omission, failing to provide adequate physical or emotional care

Who are among the most stressed people in the world?

Americans

Family development perspective

Analyze family transitions- expected or predictable changes- family stressors that can be predictable in a family crisis · Transitions "outside of expected time" create greater stress than those "on time"; ex. Death of a loved one

There are conflicting findings about whether IPV is __________ (with men abusing women) or __________ (with both parties contributing equally)

Asymmetrical, symmetrical