DBMS chapter 2

data definition language

A schema ___________ (DDL) enables the database administrator to define the schema components

Customer attributes

Customer last name, customer first name, customer phone number, customer address, and customer credit limit are examples of ___________.

ER model

The most widely used conceptual model is the ____________. Remember that the _____________ is illustrated with the help of the __________, which is effectively the basic database blueprint. (all three are the same)

NoSQL

____________ is great for key-value stores, document databases, columnar databases, and graph databases.

segment

A ___________ is the equivalent of a file system's record type.

logical independence

A condition in which the internal model can be changed without affecting the conceptual model. (The internal model is hardware-independent because it is unaffected by the computer on which the software is installed. Therefore, a change in storage devices or operating systems will not affect the internal model.)

entity

An ________ is a person, place, thing, or event about which data will be collected and stored.

object-oriented data model

In the __________________________ (OODM), both data and its relationships are contained in a single structure known as an object.

object-oriented database management system

In turn, the OODM is the basis for the ________________________________________________________ (OODBMS)

end users

The term __________ refers to people who use the application programs to manipulate the data and generate information.

NoSQL

_________ is a large-scale distributed database system that stores structured and unstructured data in efficient ways. NoSQL databases are discussed in more detail in Chapter 14, Big Data and NoSQL

data model

A ____________ is a relatively simple representation, usually graphical, of more complex real-world data structures.

data manipulation language

A ________________________ (DML) defines the environment in which data can be managed and is used to work with the data in the database.

internal schema

An __________________ depicts a specific representation of an internal model, using the database constructs supported by the chosen database.

schema

The ________ is the conceptual organization of the entire database as viewed by the database administrator

external model, end users

The _____________ is the ____________' view of the data environment. The term __________ refers to people who use the application programs to manipulate the data and generate information.

subschema

The ______________ defines the portion of the database "seen" by the application programs that actually produce the desired information from the data within the database.

network model

The ______________ was created to represent complex data relationships more effectively than the hierarchical model, to improve database performance, and to impose a database standard. I

conceptual model

The ________________ represents a global view of the entire database by the entire organization. That is, the conceptual model integrates all external views (entities, relationships, constraints, and processes) into a single global view of the data in the enterprise

internal model

The __________________ is the representation of the database as "seen" by the DBMS. In other words, the internal model requires the designer to match the conceptual model's characteristics and constraints to those of the selected implementation model.

hierarchical model

The ______________________ was developed in the 1960s to manage large amounts of data for complex manufacturing projects, such as the Apollo rocket that landed on the moon in 1969.

external, conceptual, internal

The resulting American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/Standards Planning and Requirements Committee (SPARC) developed architecture that defines three levels of data abstraction: ______________, _____________, and ________________.

Software

__________ independence means that the model does not depend on the DBMS software used to implement the model.

Hardware

__________ independence means that the model does not depend on the hardware used in the implementation of the model.

Hadoop

__________ is a Java-based, open-source, high-speed, fault-tolerant distributed storage and computational framework. Hadoop uses low-cost hardware to create clusters of thousands of computer nodes to store and process data. Hadoop originated from Google's work on distributed file systems and parallel processing and is currently supported by the Apache Software Foundation.5 Hadoop has several modules, but the two main components are Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) and MapReduce.

MapReduce

___________ is an open-source application programming interface (API) that provides fast data analytics services. MapReduce distributes the processing of the data among thousands of nodes in parallel. MapReduce works with structured and nonstructured data. The MapReduce framework provides two main functions: Map and Reduce. In general terms, the Map function takes a job and divides it into smaller units of work, and the Reduce function collects all the output results generated from the nodes and integrates them into a single result set. Although MapReduce itself is viewed as fairly limited today, it defined the paradigm for how Big Data is processed

Data modeling

______________, the first step in designing a database, refers to the process of creating a specific data model for a determined problem domain.

logical design

_______________ refers to the task of creating a conceptual data model that could be implemented in any DBMS

Hadoop Distributed File System

_________________________________________ (HDFS) is a highly distributed, fault-tolerant file storage system designed to manage large amounts of data at high speeds. In order to achieve high throughput, HDFS uses the write-once, read many model. This means that once the data is written, it cannot be modified. HDFS uses three types of nodes: a name node that stores all the metadata about the file system, a data node that stores fixed-size data blocks (that could be replicated to other data nodes), and a client node that acts as the interface between the user application and the HDFS