DECA: Marketing Exam
100. Ryan goes to the grocery store every week and buys food to feed his family. Ryan's purchases are most likely driven by which need in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: A. Physiological B. Safety C. Belonging D. Self-actualization
A
12. One way to contribute to a positive and productive staff meeting is to A. listen to everyone, even if you don't work directly with them. B. avoid asking questions about topics that you are unfamiliar with. C. only pay attention to your body language when you are speaking. D. make sure you speak quietly when having a private conversation with a coworker.
A
16. A company conducting business in China is required to pay Chinese taxes. These taxes are an example of a(n) __________ factor impacting the business. A. political B. competitive C. economic D. social
A
24. Which of the following is a positive effect that can result from conflict in the workplace: A. Coworkers challenge one another to work harder. B. Coworkers spend less time gossiping. C. Coworkers show decreased stress levels. D. Coworkers complete the tasks from a group project separately.
A
37. A local summer camp has experienced declining enrollment for the past five years. The managers of the camp believe that the decline is due to a lack of awareness, so they run extensive marketing campaigns throughout the spring to encourage camp enrollment. What the managers don't know, however, is that the local population has experienced a plummeting birth rate—due to fewer and fewer young families moving to the area. This is an example of an organization A. failing to define its true problem through market research. B. clarifying its problem through situation analysis. C. using secondary data to complete a research study. D. developing research objectives in response to a problem.
A
4. Which of the following is an example of a producer in a channel of distribution: A. Mercedes-Benz Automobile Co. B. Local car dealership C. Hertz Car Rental Co. D. Car dealership customers
A
40. In which of the following situations is a call report a useful source of data: A. When a sales appointment does not result in a sale B. When a business has few customers C. When the overall economy is declining D. When a competitor releases a popular new product
A
41. A consumer products manufacturer wanted to collect feedback on a new product release, so it held focus groups and conducted personal interviews with customers. In other words, the manufacturer most likely collected __________ data. A. qualitative B. impersonal C. quantitative D. statistical
A
42. The following question appeared on a survey: "Do you buy organic milk and butter?" This question is poorly designed because it A. is asking two different things. B. uses neutral language. C. has a single focus. D. is inappropriately narrow.
A
43. Which of the following is an important question to ask when screening initial (raw) marketing data: A. Is the information complete? B. Does the information confirm our research hypothesis? C. Was the coding of this information done correctly? D. Why did survey respondents give the answers that they did?
A
44. One of the best ways to monitor customer "buzz" in the modern world is through A. social media analytics. B. direct mail surveys. C. traditional focus groups. D. phone surveys.
A
51. A management team performs a SWOT analysis and sees a big technological change coming in their industry. They believe that their competitors will not be ready to adjust to this change quickly. The management team sets new strategic goals to begin adapting for the coming change before their competitors do. This is an example of using a SWOT analysis to convert a __________ into a(n) __________. A. threat; opportunity B. weakness; strength C. weakness; opportunity D. strength; opportunity
A
52. While conducting secondary research prior to writing a report, Vijay finds an article that strongly supports his thesis statement. Unfortunately, the source doesn't list any references. What should Vijay do? A. Try to validate the information in other ways B. Trust the information unless it is from an online source C. Assume the information is not valid D. Look at claims made by different authors on the same website
A
56. Natalie started painting her bedroom, using paint that was left over from another of her remodeling projects. Halfway through, she realized that she didn't have enough paint. If Natalie had planned ahead for the project, she would not have A. experienced the negative effects of cutting corners. B. lost focus on the project goal. C. forgotten to consider her budget. D. lost the engagement of her project's stakeholders.
A
62. Marianne is looking for a new job. Her friend Zach has offered to set up a coffee meeting between Marianne and his mother, who works in the field in which Marianne is interested. However, Marianne isn't sure that the coffee meeting will be worth her time—she is busy and would prefer to spend that time updating her résumé. Should Marianne take Zach up on his offer? A. Yes; Marianne could learn more about her preferred career field and any unadvertised openings. B. Yes; Marianne could tell Joey's mother about her own work experience and ask for an interview. C. No; Marianne would hear outdated information because jobs and career fields change quickly. D. No; Marianne should focus on developing her résumé as the sole strategy for her job search.
A
63. Zola is writing a follow-up letter to a potential employer after her recent interview. Which of the following would be most appropriate to include in the letter: A. A reinforcement of how Zola's experience can help the company reach its goals B. A desired salary and Zola's research regarding current compensation trends C. A copy of Zola's résumé to ensure the employer sees all of her accomplishments D. A question regarding the company's vacation package so Zola can make plans
A
73. Which of the following is a potential drawback of using brainstorming to generate new ideas in business: A. Unrealistic suggestions B. Fresh perspectives C. Unequal participation D. Efficient use of time
A
84. During the past five years, the Produce Select grocery store chain has begun investing more money in social media campaigns and online ads and less money in traditional print advertisements. The company has found that today's customers are more likely to notice ads on their smartphones than in their mailbox. Produce Select has realized the impact of __________ on the promotion function. A. technology B. demographic changes C. customer feedback D. history
A
86. Which of the following is a form of broadcast media: A. Television B. Billboards C. Magazines D. Newspapers
A
92. Before news of the company's upcoming merger reached employees, the public relations team at Carroll and Connelly Bank released an organization-wide statement informing staff about the impending changes. This is an example of __________ -facing public relations. A. internal B. community C. customer D. external
A
98. The SafeRide infant car seat comes with a water-resistant lining to prevent foods, liquids, and other messes from damaging the material. Based on this information, you could say that the car seat's waterresistant lining is a(n) __________ product benefit. A. obvious B. exclusive C. hidden D. unique
A
Shimon just finished writing a detailed report for his supervisor. Next, he plans to write an executive summary for the report. Which of the following is the most likely reason why Shimon completed the full report before starting on the executive summary: A. Shimon knows more about the report's contents now that it is done. B. Executive summaries tend to have much more detail than a full report. C. Executive summaries help guide the writer through writing the full report. D. Shimon knows that corporate executives will read the executive summary first.
A
10. Which of the following is the most likely reason why salespeople often include visual or graphic aids in their sales presentations: A. So that they don't have to talk as much B. To overcome communication barriers C. To help establish that the presentation is factual D. So that they don't have to worry about what they wear
B
23. Lauren manages a team with diverse personality types. She wants to make sure that she maximizes the contributions of all personality types when it comes to problem solving. To accomplish this, she should schedule a combination of group brainstorming sessions to benefit the __________ and one-on-one meetings for the benefit of the __________. A. managers; assistants B. extraverts; introverts C. introverts; extraverts D. assistants; managers
B
26. As the group leader for her history project, Maggie is responsible for keeping her group on track—but she's having trouble motivating her team members. How could she improve team morale and inspire her group to keep working hard? A. Scold the group for its poor work ethic B. Praise the group for its efforts C. Assign a new group leader D. Complain to her teacher
B
28. What information do you need in order to calculate the future value of money? A. Present value, return on investment, credit score, interest rate B. Present value, interest rate, length of time in years, number of compounding periods of interest per year C. Interest rate, return on investment, inflation rate, credit score D. Interest rate, inflation rate, number of compounding periods of interest per year, length of time in years
B
3. A local discount store mails weekly flyers to customers to inform them of upcoming sales. The discount store shares the cost of producing the flyers with the product manufacturers, who benefit from the increased product visibility. This is an example of which channel management task? A. Providing marketing information B. Promoting products C. Negotiating with customers D. Reducing discrepancies
B
30. To help protect yourself from identity theft, you should only give out your __________ to certain businesses or government agencies that have the right to it, such as motor vehicle departments, tax departments, and income-reporting businesses. A. date of birth B. tax identification number C. home address D. email password
B
32. A manager might analyze budget variances to A. evaluate the progress of a new employee. B. determine the need to divert money. C. assess the market for a product in development. D. project sales numbers over a five-year period.
B
35. Developing a profile of the typical customer, analyzing business sales, describing the target market, and forecasting trends are all goals of A. public relations. B. marketing research. C. supply chain management. D. managerial accounting.
B
39. In which of the following circumstances would a company decide to use a sample when performing marketing research: A. The market in which the business is opening includes 1,200 people. B. The target population is males ages 18-34 across the nation. C. The results of the study have serious consequences. D. The target population is French professors at one university.
B
45. Beth-Anne is a zoologist who specializes in chimpanzees. Her current research project involves observing the relationship between mother chimpanzees and their children. She hopes that her project will help her better understand the complex behavioral patterns of chimpanzee communities. Beth-Anne is conducting __________ research. A. applied B. basic C. quantitative D. problem-oriented
B
47. Which of the following is an internal factor influencing a business's buying behavior: A. The economy B. Business size C. Technology D. Competition
B
48. Marketers adjust the elements of the marketing mix to attract a particular A. product/service. B. target market. C. market economy. D. divisional structure.
B
49. Which of the following forms of segmentation involves focusing on customers' lifestyles and personalities: A. Behavioral segmentation B. Psychographic segmentation C. Geographic segmentation D. Demographic segmentation
B
57. A textbook publisher used to release a new edition of each book every three years. Now, it uses project management to release new updates to its digital textbooks every month. This is an example of how __________ lead(s) to the need for projects. A. increased competition B. technological advancements C. globalization D. communication problems
B
58. You are the purchasing agent for a small restaurant, and you need to find a new vegetable supplier. You have four choices from which to choose: Vendor Q, Vendor X, Vendor Y, and Vendor Z. Your aunt owns the farm from which Vendor Q gets its vegetables. Vendor X's quotation most closely matches your restaurant's requirements. Vendor Y's quotation includes a gift certificate to a local store. Your manager's brother owns Vendor Z. Which vendor should you choose? A. Vendor Y B. Vendor X C. Vendor Z D. Vendor Q
B
61. Zane sets a goal to run a half marathon next summer. What can he do to keep this goal front-of-mind? A. Change it frequently B. Write it down C. Set a reminder D. Buy new shoes
B
65. Which of the following is a job duty for advertisers: A. Negotiating with vendors B. Persuading people to buy what the company is selling C. Running product tests D. Managing crises that may threaten reputations
B
69. Discovering new product opportunities, developing marketing plans and strategies, coordinating the product mix, and sustaining successful products for as long as possible are all examples of activities associated with which business function? A. Marketing-information management B. Product/Service management C. Knowledge management D. Inventory management
B
71. Graphics and design, size, safety, and environmental impact are all ethical considerations associated with A. advertising campaigns. B. product packaging. C. press release schedules. D. product labeling.
B
75. Rachel recently purchased a new laptop computer. The salesperson explained to her that the manufacturer would cover repairs or replacements for any hardware issues within one year of her purchase. This is an example of a(n) __________ warranty. A. full B. limited C. implied D. understood
B
77. An insurance company offers customers a discount when they purchase both a homeowners policy and an automobile policy. The deal benefits customers by providing them with two needed products for less; it benefits the company by bringing in more customers and encouraging more sales. This is an example of A. sales volume analysis. B. product bundling. C. product awareness. D. channel management.
B
88. When a scandal involving a large bank's CEO became public, the bank's public relations team went into immediate action. The team released public statements, provided an information hotline for the media, and publicly apologized for the bank's involvement in the scandal. These public relations activities are forms of A. community relations. B. crisis management. C. philanthropy. D. media tours.
B
93. Which of the following statements best describes the selling function: A. Selling is impersonal communication. B. Selling is planned communication. C. Selling should not focus on gaining repeat customers. D. The goal of selling is to trick customers into buying.
B
94. Reinhart's Bakery purchases thousands of pounds of flour each year from a local mill. Reinhart's Bakery is considered a(n) __________ customer. A. group B. industrial C. individual D. personal
B
97. Salespeople who take the time to properly acquire information on their products enjoy many benefits, including A. decreased confidence in their sales ability. B. greater credibility with customers. C. guaranteed sales success. D. less accuracy in sales presentations.
B
17. Lauryn wants to start a business selling fresh, locally grown produce for a premium price out of the back of her truck. She is allowed to do so because of which of the following characteristics of private enterprise systems: A. Limited government control B. Private property C. Freedom in the marketplace D. The profit motive
C
19. Which of the following is the base currency in the exchange-rate quotation USD/EUR = 0.88: A. Euro B. 1.12 C. U.S. dollar D. 0.88
C
2. Phillip is a real estate agent working with a client who is selling his/her home. Another agent in Phillip's office locates a buyer willing to pay the asking price for the client's home, but Phillip doesn't tell his client about the prospective buyer. Instead, Phillip is hoping to sell the home to his own sister—at a discounted price. Phillip has violated the __________ responsibility of his agency relationship with the seller. A. accounting B. confidentiality C. fiduciary D. obedience
C
20. Employees who show initiative on the job often receive A. criticism from their boss. B. less complex tasks. C. more challenging work. D. personal motivation.
C
21. Which of the following is a way to know that you might be experiencing burnout: A. You struggle to keep track of your time and tasks. B. Your schedule is packed, and you have little free time. C. You lose interest in the activities you once enjoyed doing. D. You cannot maintain healthy professional relationships.
C
22. Which of the following people is most likely an optimist: A. Phillip frequently complains that his boss assigns him too much work. B. Anthony looks at his feet and avoids making eye contact with people on the street. C. Rachel always demonstrates respect, even when she disagrees with someone. D. Carly refuses to accept responsibility for her mistakes at work.
C
25. Which of the following best explains the relationship of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in most developed countries: A. Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation are equally effective. B. Extrinsic motivation is generally more effective than intrinsic motivation. C. Intrinsic motivation is generally more effective than extrinsic motivation. D. Extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation are not effective.
C
29. One way to evaluate the health of your personal finances is to subtract the total value of your liabilities from the total value of your assets, resulting in your overall A. cash inflow. B. credit score. C. net worth. D. cash outflow
C
33. Before leading a focus group discussion, Jill makes sure that participants understand all aspects of the research and agree to its terms. Jill is A. breaking confidentiality. B. using big data. C. obtaining informed consent. D. acting unethically.
C
34. A marketing research company recently debuted a new type of customer experience survey for a drugstore makeup brand. During the survey, participants were shown an Internet simulation of a drugstore and asked to explore the products on the simulated shelves. By observing how the survey participants reacted to certain simulated products, the company was able to gain valuable insight into customer purchasing behavior. This is an example of A. global positioning services (GPS) being used in marketing. B. unethical sales practices in the modern retail industry. C. the use of technology in marketing-information management. D. the use of data analysis software to enhance information sorting.
C
5. Order tracking software and automatic order systems are both examples of technologies in channel management that can A. ensure the involvement of all supply chain members. B. guarantee customer satisfaction. C. increase efficiency along the supply chain. D. replace traditional customer service activities.
C
53. Jamil is creating a website for his startup business. What service should Jamil use to store files, publish online, and be visible to Internet users? A. Website design B. Personal branding C. Web hosting D. Domain purchasing
C
55. Which of the following measures of central tendency is the most influenced by outliers at the extremes of a data set: A. Median B. Mode C. Mean D. Range
C
64. Companies that implement a clear chain of command often experience a __________ workflow with less __________. A. smoother; communication B. more flexible; redundancy C. smoother; redundancy D. more flexible; communication
C
66. Which of the following is an example of a price: A. A checking account B. An investment goal C. An interest rate D. A financial report
C
68. Which of the following is a reason a company might set a low price on a new product: A. To increase its return on investment B. To generate the maximum profit C. To increase its market share D. To generate an exclusive image
C
70. Jamison always camps out overnight to get in line for the newest technology releases. Jamison is a(n) A. late adopter. B. ideal employee. C. early adopter. D. social laggard.
C
76. RJ's Ice Cream prides itself on its variety of unique ice cream flavors. The brand advertises its "100 flavors" on all of its ice cream cartons, which come in various sizes to meet the needs of every customer. Based on this information, you could say that RJ's Ice Cream has a __________ product mix. A. consistent C. deep B. shallow C. deep D. broad
C
79. Shay's Styles Unlimited uses testimonials from satisfied customers to attract new clients to the hair salon. In other words, Shay's Styles Unlimited uses __________ to position and build its brand. A. internal feedback B. employees C. customer voice D. celebrity endorsements
C
80. Phoebe's Fashion is a children's clothing boutique that specializes in high-end, brand-name products that are difficult to find in other retailers. Many of the clothing items that the store carries have been worn by the children of famous actors and sports stars. The boutique hopes that its customers associate the brand with elevated status and exclusivity. In other words, the boutique is using a __________ positioning strategy. A. problem and solution B. benefit/attribute C. celebrity-driven D. competitor-based
C
81. On his way to work every morning, Randy sees a billboard for a local law firm. The billboard is a(n) __________ for the law firm. A. brand ambassador B. attitude survey C. customer touch point D. center-of-influence
C
87. When Kaitlin walked into her local discount store, she wasn't sure exactly what she was going to buy; all she knew was that she needed shampoo. When Kaitlin noticed a sign advertising a new, chemical-free shampoo and conditioner set, she decided to try the brand and grabbed two sets. Kaitlin was influenced by a A. product demonstration. B. free-standing insert. C. point-of-sale promotion. D. business-to-business promotion.
C
89. The students in Jaclyn's advertising class were tasked with designing a print advertisement for a local business. When she showed her teacher her first draft, Jaclyn's teacher told her that the ad was too busy and distracting to the eye. One way that Jaclyn could improve her ad is by adding more A. illustrations. B. copy. C. white space. D. headlines.
C
91. Press conferences, speaking engagements, search-engine optimization, and website management are all activities associated with A. advertising. B. quality management. C. public relations. D. marketing.
C
95. A business may offer financial discounts for things such as early payment or buying in bulk. These discount policies are categorized as __________ policies. A. installation B. selling-activity C. terms-of-sale D. service
C
96. Salesforce.com is an online customer relationship management (CRM) tool that helps salespeople keep track of important customer data and stay in touch with their clients. Salesforce.com is a form of __________ that has influenced the selling function. A. customer behavior B. changing demographics C. technology D. public attitude
C
99. What should a salesperson prepare before meeting with a customer? A. A list of all the personal questions the salesperson will ask the customer to discover his/her needs B. A report on each customer's financial history, so that the salesperson will know if s/he can afford the product C. The sales "pitch"—what the salesperson will say about the product to convince the customer to buy D. A detailed script that the salesperson will recite about the product by reading PowerPoint slides
C
1. If a judge determines that two individuals are not qualified to enter into a contract with one another, which basic contractual element is missing? A. Legality B. Consideration C. Agreement D. Capacity
D
13. Gillian is a customer service associate for a small retailer. Which of the following would be an effective method for Gillian to prepare herself to handle customer inquiries: A. Learn how to refer customers to online support forums B. Become knowledgeable about local restaurants and entertainment C. Learn how to transfer calls to upper management D. Become knowledgeable about her company's products and policies
D
14. Which of the following statements best describes recent trends in customer-business relationships: A. Customers don't care what company they buy from as long as they get the lowest price. B. Customers have a difficult time distinguishing among different companies. C. Customers don't worry about the timing of their purchases because prices don't often go up or down. D. Customers do business with companies they trust rather than shopping around for the best price.
D
15. Kelli is 14 years old and loves being outdoors. Based on this information, which of the following products likely has the most utility to Kelli: A. Tickets to a play B. Wireless earbuds C. An off-road pickup truck D. Hiking boots
D
18. Two years ago, Jude purchased a $450 laptop computer for work. Jude likes his laptop so much that he's thinking about getting another one for his home office. When he goes to the electronics store, however, the same laptop that he purchased for $450 two years ago is now $500. This increase in price can best be explained by A. behavior modeling. B. balance of trade. C. deflation. D. inflation.
D
27. Which of the following is the last step in the process of considering conflicting viewpoints: A. Be open-minded. B. Be patient. C. Show respect. D. Reflect.
D
78. The soft-drink brand Coca-Cola is branded by the company that produces it. In other words, Coca-Cola's producers make all decisions regarding the use of its brand. Coca-Cola is a(n) __________ brand. A. individual B. private C. family D. manufacturer's
D
31. According to its balance sheet, Chilly Willy's Ice Cream Shoppe has a number of different assets, including its building, current ice cream inventory, equipment, accounts receivable, etc. Why aren't all of these different assets listed together on the business's balance sheet? A. Balance sheets only contain information about costs related to operations. B. Assets and liabilities are listed separately on a balance sheet. C. Balance sheets only contain information about money spent in the last year. D. Current assets and fixed assets are listed separately on a balance sheet.
D
36. The marketers at Titan Trucking want to know how many customers have rented a truck for three or more days. Which type of marketing-research data will they likely use? A. Primary quantitative B. Secondary external C. Primary qualitative D. Secondary internal
D
38. The Supra Shampoo company is administering an online survey to gather consumers' opinions about a new hair product. What type of research data is the company collecting? A. Nonsubjective B. Quantitative C. Unreliable D. Qualitative
D
46. Ryan works in marketing at a telecommunications company. His current assignment involves conducting research on customers' TV viewing preferences. He designs a survey to send to customers in the mail, holds a focus group to learn more about his customers' television activity, and recruits participants for a formal study using an in-home data tracking device. Ryan is displaying which of the following good research practices: A. Reevaluating the research question as needed B. Defining and articulating a research question C. Engaging in research planning before starting D. Using multiple types of research methods
D
50. Which of the following is a key subject that should be covered by a situation analysis: A. Financial plans B. Marketing objectives C. Product strategy D. Collaborators
D
54. Which of the following statements best describes the relationship of data warehouses and data marts: A. A data mart is more helpful than a data warehouse because a data mart can utilize information from any department. B. A data mart contains data from multiple subject areas and is a more complex form of a data warehouse. C. A data mart takes more time to process than a data warehouse because a dart mart includes a larger amount of data. D. A data mart contains data on a single subject and is a simpler form of a data warehouse.
D
59. Process performance management (PPM) gives businesses the opportunity to A. check the quality of employee compensation packages. B. monitor the interactions of supervisors and subordinates. C. compare their finished products to competitors' products. D. correct production issues before they become problems.
D
6. Jennifer goes to garage sales on weekends and purchases items that she can resell online, usually for more money than she paid at the garage sales. As a result of unauthorized sellers like Jennifer, traditional retailers lose money and customers. This is an example of an ethical dilemma related to A. a slotting distribution channel. B. an organized distribution system. C. the black market. D. the gray market.
D
60. The BMY company requires employees to frequently change passwords to access customer records. BMY is attempting to A. provide IT training to employees. B. eliminate employee access to data. C. encrypt sensitive customer data. D. protect against data breaches
D
67. Companies are rarely charged with predatory pricing because it is A. difficult to establish that companies are working together or colluding. B. legal to charge different prices in different neighborhoods. C. legal to display an "original price" that is over one year old. D. difficult to prove a company's intentions for setting prices.
D
72. Marshall noticed that his college campus had a problem: too many cars and not enough parking. To generate possible solutions, Marshall first thought about what would make the problem worse (more students with parking passes, fewer buses to class, etc.). What idea generation technique did Marshall use? A. Forced questioning B. Starbursting C. Relay brainstorming D. Reverse brainstorming
D
74. No matter where you purchase a universal serial bus (USB) cable, you know that it will fit into your computer or other device. This is because of A. consumer education about technology products. B. effective product advertising. C. the use of public relations in the tech industry. D. standards and grades in product marketing.
D
8. A minor league sports team displays the logo of a local business on its jerseys in exchange for sponsorship money. This collaboration is an example of a(n) A. public relations campaign. B. supply chain. C. customer support network. D. affinity partnership
D
82. To spread awareness of its commitment to sustainability, a large retail company partnered with an environmental nonprofit to run "go-green" advertisements. This is an example of __________ promotion. A. secondary B. product C. primary D. institutional
D
83. Which of the following activities is an example of a pull promotional strategy: A. A dealer incentive B. A merchandising allowance C. A sales contest D. A humorous television advertisement
D
85. After seeing a commercial for health supplements on TV, Jennie started taking extra vitamins every day without consulting her doctor. The commercial promised that Jennie would have more energy and sleep better, with no negative side effects. But after one week of taking the supplements, Jennie felt drowsy, bloated, and sick. It turned out that the vitamins were seriously hurting her digestive system and weren't meant to be taken on a daily basis—which is what the commercial said to do! This example demonstrates the importance of A. not trusting television commercials. B. taking vitamins according to the instructions. C. avoiding health supplements at all costs. D. truthfulness in promotion.
D
9. Which of the following is wise advice for someone making a presentation to an audience of analytical communicators: A. Begin the presentation with an ice-breaker. Involve the audience in group activities. B. Allow time for the audience to share personal stories. Focus on appearing friendly. C. Present the results, not the process of arriving at them. Focus on starting and finishing on time. D. Present detailed facts, figures, and data. Be prepared for difficult questions.
D
90. Kelly's Bake Shop recently hired an advertising agency to review the business's marketing strategies. The ad agency determined that the business's various promotional materials were disjointed and lacked a cohesive look and feel. As a result, customers were unsure what the brand really represented. Kelly's Bake Shop failed to consider __________ when planning its promotional materials. A. color contrast B. typography C. white space D. design consistency
D
A pet food manufacturer learns that its products are not being sold at the price agreed upon by the company and its retailers. The tension that results is an example of a __________ channel conflict. A. forward B. sideways C. horizontal D. vertical
D
