DEFINITIVE FINAL EXAM

stomach found in _________ regions

epigastric, left hypochondriac, umbilical, left lumbar

macula densa

epithelial cells part of distal convoluted (more columnar)

gingival sulcus

epithelial cells that tightly attach to tooth above neck and prevent bacteria from entering

intrinsic muscles on your intermediate layer of back

erector spinae group: spinalis, longissimus, and iliocostalis (responsible for extension at torso) -longissimus and iliocostalis will rotate torso when both contracted -help extend back to put into anatomical position

2nd class

resistance in between applied force and fulcrum (standing on toes)

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant

parallel sulcus

separates temporal lobe from the others

external anal sphincter

skeletal muscle, voluntary

Ureogenital Diaphragm

Landmark that separates external and internal genitalia

Greater vestibule gland

Lubricates the outside of the vagina

Adductor Magnus

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Biceps femoris

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

What are the phases of endochondral ossification?

Phases 1-4: ossification itself Phases 5-7: growth of bones developed from cartilage

The radial head articulates with the

Radial notch of the ulna

The ulnar notch is on the distal portion of what bone

Radius

Which carpal bones articulates with the forearm

Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum

hyoid bone

a U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue.

What is cyanosis?

a bluish discoloration of the skin resulting from poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood. Check on lips or under nails.

Large intestine

absorption of water + electrolytes

systole

contraction

rugae

disappear when the bladder is full

external acoustic meatus of temporal bone

ear canal

reverbation

feedback loop with option of going to third neuron

internal acoustic meatus of temporal bone

inner ear hole

Sternum parts

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

trabeculae carneae

muscular ridges on the internal surface of ventricles -help squeeze max amount of blood out of the ventricle

what are sutural bones (wormian bones)?

not everyone has these found in cranial bone sutures or bottom of foot.

apertures

openings where CSF can leave ventricular system found at roof of 4th ventricle

Digestive Tract

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

ileum

peyers patches - prevent pathogen growth

What is osteogenesis?

process of new bone formation

functions of the trachea

protects airway, prevents collapse or over expansion as pressure changes

dentine

similar to bone, but dead

cortex

surrounding outside of kidney

What is the importance of the collagent fibers in dermis?

they keep the dermis and hypodermis together.

renal papilla

tip of renal pyramid

Thoracic vertebrae have what type of process?

transverse- allows muscle attachment and rib articulation

Joint capsule

type of diarthrosis joint that surrounds bone Has 2 layers: Avascular layer (outside) and synovial membrane (secretes synovial fluid that fills up synovial cavity)

fibrous pericardium

-tough outer layer of the pericardium -tougher than duct tape -prevents overfilling of the heart -dense connective tissue -anchors the heart to other structures like the diaphragm, sternum, and lungs

where does the lower respiratory tract starts?

Larynx

Histology of small intestine

Mucosa- Lacteals Submucosa Muscularis externa- circular and longitudinal Serosa

intervertebral foramen

Opening formed by the inferior and superior notches on the pedicles of adjacent vertebrae. Allows passage of spinal nerves and vessels.

The radial head articulates with this depression on the humerus

Radial fossa

Joint where the axial and appendicular skeletons meet in the lower limb and serves to transmit the weight of the torso onto the pelvis and lower limb

Sacroiliac Joint

What bones make pectoral girdle?

Scapula and clavicle

Esophagus has ridges, why?

So it can stretch to accommodate bigger food

Trochlea

a smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley trochlear notch in ulna will articulate w/ trochlea of humerus

heart murmur

at least one heart valve is not closing properly

both semilunar valves

close at the same time dupp sound

falciform ligament

divides right and left lobe, attaches liver to diaphragm anteriorly

efferent

exiting the spinal cord

Specialized Cells

fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils/eosinophils, melanocytes, adipocytes

Joint movements in sagital plane

flexion and extension

mesenteries

form structures that hold organs in place

coccygeal cornu

hornlike projections found on each side of superior aspect of coccyx

directionality of CSF movement

lateral ventricles-3-4 -due to ciliated movements of ependymal cells

body

main portion

which labia are hairless?

minora

After puberty, oogenesis happens ____. what is this known as?

occurs as a monthly cycle, aka ovarian cycle.

hilum

opening of the kidney

gamete development occurs where?

ovarian follicles.

males

prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy urethra

gray mater of the cerebrum

referred to as the cerebral cortex -gets the color from the bodies of neuronal cells

at 7 weeks gestation sex organs are ____

sex organs are undifferentiated

Where does segmentation occur?

small intestine

What descends from the abdomen to wrap testes and other structures?

spermatic cord

where does milk collect?

the lactiferous duct

"Crus of Penis"

"legs" base of corpus cavernosum erectile tissue

atria

-contain auricles

How many haploid gametes per sex cell?

4

What makes C7 different?

C7 has a longer spinous process called vertebrae prominens

What is the term for the seruos membrane that covers the outersurvase of the lungs, extending int o the fissures between the lobes? A. parietal pleura B. visceral pleura C. interlobar pleura D. intralobar pleura

D. Visceral pleura

Small intestine

DJ Ileum; absorption (90% of food)

Lumbar Vertebrae

Have the biggest body.

During forced exhilation, what are responsible for depressing the lungs?

Internal Intercostals

The lateral femoral condyle articulates with which bone feature

Lateral tibial condyle

When people apirate liquids or food into their lungs, the liquid or food most commonly enters the right lung rather than the left lung. This is becuase the bronchus is ______________ than the left primary bronchus.

More vertical

Cells of Mature Bone

Osteocytes Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Osteoprogenitor cells

Lobes

Right (bigger), left, caudate, quadrate

Proximal Convoluted tubule

Simple cubodial cilliated epithelium - 60% is Na+ H2O Cl-

Pneumocyte type II cells secrete _________ which coats the inner surface of each alveolar surface and reduces surface tension.

Surfactant

what is the location of the breasts in relation to muscle and skin?

The breast is anterior to pectoralis major muscle. underneath skin

What is the hair bulb?

Thick, club-shaped structure made from epithelial cells that surround the papilla.

anatomical position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

The ulnar head articulates with

Ulnar notch of the radius

sella turcica of sphenoid bone

Where is the pituitary gland sits

Can spongy bone have osteons?

Yes, if the trabeculae are thick enough and how big/spacious the spongy bone is.

thick ascending limb

active pump, pumps out sodium + chloride, and water follows into the medullary space (fluid)

Optic Canal of sphenoid bone

allows the optic nerve to pass to the eye

Esophageal phase

bolus enters esophagus, involuntary

ganglion

cluster of neuronal cell bodie

submucosa

contains glands, blood vessels, and lymphatics - acidic areas secrete buffers, in areas that require particle breakdown it secretes enzymes

What forms the glans penis?

corpus spongiosum

What muscle wrinkles the surface of the scrotum as it contracts?

dartos

contraction of the ______ will increase the superior - inferior dimension of the thoracic cavity

diaphragm

vermis

divides left and right hemispheres of cerebellum

bile duct

drains bile produced by hepatocytes which filter the blood

What are Langerhans cells?

fights pathogens/wander like macrophages

vertebral ribs

floating ribs 11-12

astrocytes in BBB

form BBB and play role in providing nourishment to neurons

1st class

fulcrum in between resistance and applied force (flexion at neck)

What lubricates the vagina?

greater vestibular gland

what bones make up upper limbs?

humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

kyphosis

hunchback, bulges posteriorly

collateral circulation

internal carotid artery anf vertebral artery supply blood to the brain

what is your adam's apple called?

laryngeal ridge

auscultation

listening to the internal sounds of the body

Teres Major

medially rotates arm

Triaxial

movement in three planes (shoulder and hip)

dorsal ramus and ventral ramus

pathway for information to the spinal cord

diastole

relaxation

brain stem

relays sensory and motor impulses between parts of the brain and spinal cord -mesencephalon -pons -medulla

What are pneumatized bones?

these bones have air pockets think of pneumo= pneumonia= lungs= air EX: ethmoid bone

transverse mesencolon

transverse colon to pancreas

true/ false: the uterine And ovarian cycles are interrelated. Hormones produced by ovaries influence the uterine cycle.

true.

a large part of the penis is found

underneath pubis

When does oogenesis temporarily stop in females?

up until puberty (birth - puberty)

choriod plexus

vascularized membrane found inside all 4 ventricles -surrounded by ependymal cells

branch of subclavian

vertebral artery

occipital lobe

visual cortex and visual association area

bile secretion

when fat gets to duodenum it signals the gallbladder to release bile which acts as soap that breaks down fat into micelles by wrapping around it

what stimulates the development of the corpus luteum? what does the corpus luteum produce? what occurs to the corpus luteum if pregancy does not occur?

*lutenizing hormone* stimulates development of corpus luteum. corpus luteum produces *progesterone* -if pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates (~12 days after ovulation) and *fibroblasts invade the corpus luteum creating the corpus albicans* (~28 days)

Phase 3 of endochondral ossification

-Primary ossification formed -osteoblasts invade the area where dead cells were. -bone begins from inside to outer end extremities -spongy bone is formed -blood vessels go deeper into center

frontal eye field of cerebrum

-controls voluntary eye movements

Parts of epithelial cell

-microvilli -stereocili - cilitated epithelium

Rhomboid minor/major

-origin on inferior part of spine, inserts on scapula -retracts scapula

What is melanin?

-pigment produced by melanocytes - melanocytes project melanin which is absorbed by the keratinocytes.

white mater of spinal cord

-posterior white column -lateral white column -anterior white column

parietal lobe

-sensations -postcentral gyrus (primary somatosensory cortex) -somatosensory association area

veins make up

65-70% of blood volume

Condyle

A smooth, rounded articular process

Which of the following structures connects the ends of each tracheal cartilage? A. Bronchialis muscle B. Trachealis muscle C. tracheal tendon D. Bronchialis liagment

B. Trachealis muscle

brachial plexus

C5 (lower half)-T1 -innervation of pectoral girdle and upper limbs -trunks: superior (C5-C6), middle (C7), inferior (C8-T1) -cords: lateral, posterior, medial -nerve: radial nerve, axillary nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, median nerve, ulnar nerve

Which of the following occurs throughout the conduction portion of the respiratory system? A. Filtration B. warming C. humidification D. All of the above

D. All of the above

When the elbow is extended the coronoid process articulates with what

Does not articulate with anything

Adductor Longus

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

lamina and pedicle

Two parts that form the vertebral arch

melatonin

affects sleep-wake cycles

insula

behind temporal lobe when it is pulled back -location of gustatory cortex

superior cerebellar peduncle

communicates with mesencephalon, diencephalon, and cerebrum

middle cerebellar peduncle

communicates with pons

intraperitoneal

completely inside peritoneum (stomach, liver, ileum)

Joints

connections between bones that may or may not allow movement

Lesser omentum

connects liver to stomach

function of epithelium

connects nose, mouth and throat

sensory

dorsal -info arrives at the dorsal root

medial cord

formed by inferior trunk -gives rise to ulnar nerve

roof of mouth

formed by soft and hard palate, separate oral and nasal cavity

vomer bone

forms the base for the nasal septum

what is the widened upper portion of vagina that surrounds cervix (forms an arch)

fornix

What is your vocal cords called?

glottis

2 months into gestation, the testes are connected to scrotum by

gubernaculum testis

jugular foramen of occipital bone

hole for jugular vein

foramen ovale of sphenoid bone

hole in sphenoid bone

intestinal crypts

invaginations

Pancreas

large gland

lateral and medial umbilical ligament

left from umbilical arteries that supply the placenta with blood

Veins that enter portal system

left gastric vein, splenic vein, inferior mesenteric vein, superior mesenteric vein

Gliding Joint

monaxial synovial joint, where 2 flat or slightly curved surfaces articulate

coronary thrombosis

obstruction of a coronary artery by a clot -leads to myocardial infarction -blocks blood supply to myocardial cell

cribiform plate of ethmoid bone

olfactory nerves pass through

Stomach location

on the left - at the level of the liver

coccygeal

one big bone made up of 3 to 5 fused bones

What are the 2 layers of the dermis?

papillary layer and reticular layer

Function of Epiglottis

prevents food from entering the trachea- "shoe-horn shaped"

carotid artery

provides oxygen rich blood to brain

Prostate

secrete alkaline base that neutralizes acid in urethra

posterior side

sensory

divergence

split from one neuron into different directions and more neurons

Pneumonocyte Type I cell

squamous cells where gas exchange happens

gallbladder

stores bile

How many days does it take for the cells to move from basale to surface?

takes 15 to 30 days for the cell to move from basale to surface.

auricle

-appendages of the atria -increase capacity of each atria, which increases volume of blood that they are able to contain

temporal lobe

-hearing and smell -auditory cortex -auditory association area -olfactory cortex -parallel to parallel sulcus

somatosensory association area

-helps understand size shape and texture

What are the non-respiratory functions of the diaphragm?

-prevents acid reflux -increases intra-abdominal pressure which is important for expelling vomit/feces/urine

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How many cell layers is the Stratum Basale?

1 cell layer

What is similar to bone stucture in teeths?

Dentine

What are long bones?

Have diaphysis, 2 epiphysis, 2 metaphyses Ex: tibia, femur, fibula

What bone can be located in the arm

Humerus

lumbar

L1- L5

Ligaments

fibrous connective tissue that Attach bone to bone, support joints by limiting movement

fat pads

fill spaces that form when joints change shape

prosencephalon

forebrain divides into telencephalon and diencephalon

convergent muscle

form a broad end and come together to form a tendon on other end (Pectoralis muscle)

apical foramen

hole where arteries, veins, nerves pass through

Stylohyoid

important for swallowing, lifts hyoid/larynx during swallowing

function of peineal structures

important in sexual arousal and intercourse

rugae

internal ridges that break down food

common integrative area of cerebrum

interprets sensory information from all sources to provide for a suitable response

convergence

joining of neurons

kupfer cells

macrophages of liver

mucosa

most inner: mucosal epithelium (differs by part of tract) + lamina propria (holds blood vessels, nerve endings, lymphatics, smooth muscle fibers)

multiple sclerosis

oligodendrocytes malfunction and dont produce myelin as efficiently -destroys connection of transmission of info

For each undifferentiated sex cell, what results? why does this occur?

one gamete produced with three non-fertilized polar bodies occurs b/c of unequal cytoplasmic division

upper esophageal sphincter

open for food to come in

Deltoid

originates on scapula, inserts on humerus -abducts humerus

Which bone cell is responsible for initiating osteogenesis?

osteoblasts

renal corpuscle epithelium

parietal layer, visceral layer, and capsular space btw. them filled with glomerular filtrate

renal pyramid

part of medulla

visual cortex

posterior to parieto-occipital sulcus -where you see

pyloric sphincter

prevents food from entering duodenum

glomerular filtrate

protein-free urine

salivary glands

release enzymes that initiate digestion

Gubernaculum testis

remnant of spermatic cord from birth.

Gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood takes place in the

respiratory bronchi

association fibers

responsible for connecting areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere ie: arcuate fibers (look like arcs) longitudinal fasciculi (long bend fibers)

palantine bone

roof of the mouth

exocrine cells

secrete to outside of pancreas

renal columns

separate adjacent pyramids

transverse cerebral fissure

separates cerebrum and cerebellum

Bursa

separates synovial membranes, reduces friction/absorbs shock

AV node

slow impulses -electrical impulse propagation slows down -allows time for blood to flow down to the ventricles

Tubercle

small rounded projection

facet

smooth, nearly flat articular surface ex: in vertebrae

bone markings

specific features of individual bones

arachnoid mater

spiderweb appearance bc of arachnoid trabeculae which are made up of collagen fiber -helps anchor cerebral blood vessels in place

Spleen location

squished on the left side of stomach

greater omentum

stomach to transverse colon

Which is the last alive cell layer of epidermis?

stratum granulosum

gastric pits

stretch stomach surface to let you eat more, muscle relaxes for food storage

What are trabeculae in spongy bone?

stringy fibers that make up the spongy bone

duodenum

submucosal glands-and the mucus they produce protect the small intestine from the chyme thats coming from the stomach with acid

internal carotid

supply blood to the brain by entering the skull -branches to form: ophthalmic artery, anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery

cystic duct

takes bile from the common hepatic duct to the gallbladder

what is the largest region of the uterus?

the body

What is the central canal?

the hole which allows blood vessels to get to the bone.

what is the glans?

the portion of the clitoris that is external (the rest is internal)

bolus starts being referred to as chyme in:

the stomach

Why would a person look very pale?

they do not have enough blood circulating. There's not enough oxygen meeting with hemoglobin.

Actin

thin myofilament that contain two strands

What is the mynteric plexus?

tissue located between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers

Typical vertebrae vs atypical

typical share similar characteristics (c3-c6) atypical look a little different, (c1,2,7)

Maxilla

upper jaw

lordosis

vertebral column bulges anteriorly, pregnant women experience this sometimes in lumbar

mucus escalator

washes particles toward the stomach

thin part of tubule

water freely exchanged

diahrea

watery poop bc. body is trying to not absorb anything and just get substance out

Inspiration Maximum

when diaphragm contracts, it moves inferiorly, increasing space in thoracic cavity and draws air into lungs

What are the parts of the hair follicle?

- inner medulla (soft flexibleness of hair) - outer cortex (hard keratin, stiffer hair) - cuticle (dead keratin cells coat the hair, contains hard keratin making hair even tougher)

granular layer of cerebellar cortex

-contains axons of Purkinje cells -tightly packed small neurons

aortic semilunar valve

-from left ventricle to the aorta, then to the rest of the body

Phase 4 of endochondral ossification

-medullary cavity starts to form -osteoblasts make osteiod, making matrix. -bone begins to grow more

function of spinal cord

-pathway for information -integrates and processes information

pressure difference between atria and ventricle

-present after ventricular contraction -allows 70% of blood to passively flow into the ventricles

Pectoralis minor

-pulls/depresses elevated scapula -protracts a retracted scapula

schwann cells

-secrete myelin -

peristalsis

1. circular contracts behind bolus 2. longditudinal pushes back 3. longditudinal shrinks length pushing forward - In esophagus, pharynx, and duodenum

What fraction of bone mass is made of collagen fibers?

1/3

dura mater

2 layers: -periosteal layer: attaches to inner surface of skull. layer felt within anterior fontanelle of baby. not in spinal cord -meningeal layer: covers brain and extends into vertebral canal as spinal dura mater

What % of the bone mass is made of bone cells?

2%

How many carpal and tarsal bones on one side of the body

8 and 7

Flexor digitorum superficialis Origin:Medial epicondyle of humerus; coronoid process of ulna and radius Insert: middle phalanges 2-5 Funt: Flexion at proximal interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal and wrist joints

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

What is the arector pili muscle?

Smooth muscle that pulls on follicle causing hair to stand erect (goosebumps)

epithelial tissue

a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity.

What is a sebaceous gland?

a small gland in the skin which secretes a lubricating oily matter (sebum) into the hair follicles to lubricate the skin and hair.

interventricular foramen

allows communication between lateral ventricles to third ventricle

where is the Oocyte fertilized (by what)? what does it now become? what occurs if the oocyte does not fertilize?s

ampulla of uterine tube (by the sperm) it now becomes an ovum (matured egg) -oocyte cont. to pass through uterine cavity and is shed through menstruation

what surrounds the nipple? does it have ducts?

areola; no

gomphosis

articulation of dentin of root to alveolar bone, hold teeth in place with cement

Example of pivot joints

atlanto-axial joint and radioulnar joint

External respiration refers to

atmospheric air coming into the lungs

capillary endothelial cells lining BBB

attach to each other through tight junctions which does not allow passage of material between the cells -only lipid soluble compounds are capable of passing through

lamdoid suture

between parietal bones and occipital bone

regeneration of epithelial tissue

cells are able to regenerate. when cells are damaged, stem cells mature into epithelial cells which replace the damaged ones.

What are melanocytes?

cells that produce melanin for skin color

What has erectile tissue in females? It is homologous to what in males?

clitoris (homologous to penis)

where does the ovarian artery branch?

directly off of the aorta. (gonadal artery)

Fissures

elongated clasp

afferent

entering spinal cord

which of the following is a passageway for both air and food

esophagus

supine

lying down with the face up

precentral gyrus

primary motor cortex -anterior to the central sulcus -sends nerve impulses down spinal cord towards muscle to initiate movement -pyramidal cells are found here

mucous neck cells

produce mucous to protect stomach lining (@ top of gastric pits)

left gastric artery

branches of celiac trunk (first branch of abdominal aorta)

coronary ligament

branches off falciform, attaches liver to top of diaphragm

Massetor

involved in chewing/retraction of mandible, inserts on mandible

cranial nerves

olfactory(I), optic(II), oculomotor(III), trochlear(IV), trigeminal(V), abducens(VI), facial(VII), vestibulocochlear(VIII), glossopharyngeal(IX), vagus(X), accessory(XI), hypoglossal(XII)

parallel processing

one neuron diverges into 3 and then its linear

what is the difference between vulva and vagina

vulva refers to the entire external genitalia (the perineum). Vagina is inside the opening

Both genders have a ____ of both primary sex hormones

combination

Unhappy triad injury

common injury where force comes from lateral side of knee and ACL, medial meniscus, and medial tibial colateral lig tears

inferior cerebellar peduncle

communicates with medulla oblongata

efferent ductules

connect rete testis with epididymis

Collecting system

connecting tubules and collecting duct

Types of Connective Tissues

connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue, supporting connective tissue

Flexor/extensor tendon sheaths

connective tissue that wraps around each fibrous tendon and reduces friction

Falciform Ligament

connects liver to diaphragm

straight tubules

connects seminiferous to rete testis

Greater omentum

connects stomach to transverse colon

anterior commissure

connects the anterior parts of the cerebral cortex

Annular ligaments

connects tracheal cartilages

Transverse mesocolon

connects transverse colon to pancreas

villi

contain arteris, veins, nerves, and lymphatics (lacteal)

Muscle belly

contain the part of the muscle that contracts the skeletal muscle fibers

psuedounipolar neuron

continuous dendrite but doesnt have to pass through cell body -found in PNS -send sensory info to CNS -myelinated axons

Broca's speech area

controls movements required for speech

primary motor area

controls voluntary contraction of muscles

When the elbow is flexed the coronoid process articulates with the

coronoid fossa of humerus

What muscle on either side form crus of penis?

corpus cavernosum

renal lobe

cortex, medulla, pyramid, + columns (little of everything)

platysma

covers anterior neck muscles, orignates on clavicle , inserts on mandible

cement

covers dentine of the root; provides protection + firmly anchors teeth; less resistant to erosion than dentine

What muscle contracts and relaxes the testes in response to temperature?

cremaster

The cartilage that serves as a base for the larynx is the

cricoid cartilage

the decrease in what marks the beginning of menses and the shedding of the endometrial lining?

decrease in estrogen and progesterone.

longitundinal fissure

deep depression between left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum

respiratory system

delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood.

bipolar neuron

dendrites fuse to form a long one and at the end it has the branching dendrites -rare neurons that play role in sensory info for special sense -unmyelinated axons

sternohyoid

depresses hyoid and larynx

coronary sinus

directly connects to the right atrium

Do the fimbriae touch the ovaries? what happens to the egg when it leaves the ovary?

do NOT touch ovaries; egg moves out and is scooped up by fimbriae.

avascularity of epithelial tissue

do not contain blood vessels. Obtain nutrients through apical (surface) and basal membrane.

What are the contractions of smooth muscle that propels sperm into urethra?

emission

pylorus

end of stomach - strong peristalsis called retropulsion

fundus

end of stomach - weak peristalsis

what is the endometrium/ myometrium?

endometrium: inner, endothelial lining of the uterine cavity. myometrium: surrounds endometrium, responsible for contraction and cramping

where these ligaments or folds come together, they prevent food from entering the lower respiratory tract

epiglottis folds

the bulb of the vestibule and the corpus cavernosum act as what?

erectile tissue

Corpus spongiosum

erectile tissue that continues to for glans of penis

moderator band

extends from interventricular septum to the side of the right ventricle -moderates how much the chamber expands since it is much thinner than the left

exteroreceptors

external environment sensation of touch, pressure, sight, smell, temperature

What are the primary muscles for inhalation?

external intercostals & Diaphragm

true/ false: the external urethral orifice is a part of the reproductive system in females and male.

false; only in males (shares urine and semen passage)

Multipennate

fibers run oblique on either side of multiple tendons (deltoid)

bi-pennate

fibers run oblique on either side of tendon (rectus femoris)

unipennate

fibers run oblique on one side of tendon (extensor digitorum)

intervertebral discs

fibrocartilage pads that separate and cushion the vertebrae

Meniscus

fibrous cartilage pad important for shock absorption

nephrons

filter blood, remove toxins, produce urine (includes corpuscle, renal tube, etc)

Liver

filters blood, largest visceral organ, on right side of body

what are the regions of the uterine tube (from most lateral to most medial of the body)? describe each.

fimbriae: finger like projections closest to the ovary. brings ovary to the reproductive tract. infundibulum: the widest part of the uterine tube. (considered a part of the fimbriae) ampulla isthus: (thinner) uterine part: part of uterine tube that meets uterine cavity (but not yet the uterus)

folia of the cerebellum

folds of the cerebellum

external iliac arteries

form the deep femoral artery which branches in to circumflex -also forms the femoral artery which bcomes popliteal , tibial, and then the fibular

posterior cord

formed by superior, middle, AND inferior trunks -moves more dorsally -gives rise to radial nerve and axillary nerve

posterior tibial artery

forms medial and lateral plantar arteries

internal/external network of elastic fibers

found in the tunica media of arteries -give the arteries more elasticity to withstand the higher blood pressure

What does the seminal gland produce?

fructose to power sperm

What is an osteon?

functional unit of compact bone

what occurs in the respiratory membrane

gas exchange between blood and tissue

internal respiration refers to

gas exchange between the lungs and the blood

What is a sweat gland?

gland that released water substance called sweat.

ependymal cells

glial cells responsible for producing CSF -take nutrients from blood (plasma nd blood components) and turn it into CSF

renal corpuscle

glomerulus, afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole

nuclei

group of neuronal cell bodies

projection fibers

groups of axons that link the cerebrum with other regions of the brain and spinal cord

liver lobule

hexagon structure, at the end of the hexagon ortal area

pulp cavity

highly vascularized; arteries, veins, nerves from root canal

Sigmoid mesocolon

holds large intestine

sigmoid colon

holds large intestine

sella turcica

holds pituitary gland and is encased by diaphragma sellae(fold of dura mater) -anchors dura mater to sphenoid bone

foramen rotundum of sphenoid bone

hole in sphenoid bone

mandibular foramen of mandible

hole on upper side of mandible. Nerves responsible for gum and teeth sensation

infraorbital foramen of frontal bone

hole under eye

Phase 1 of endochondral ossification

hyaline cartilage cells die out in the middle, due to lack of nutrients. This forms cavities.

What is an oocyte

immature female gamete

Where does perstalisis occurs?

in the pharynx, esophagus, & stomach

Constriction of smooth muscle is the bronchioles

increase airflow out of the lungs

sympathetic neurons

increase heart rate increase force of contractions

what is the function of the nasal conchae

increase turbulence and surface area for cleaning, warming and moisturizing the air

white mater of the cerebrum

inner layer of the brain -composed of myelinated axons

fibrous capsule

inner; collagen fibers maintain shape + provide mechanical protection

Serratus Anterior

inserts on ribs, origin on axial skeleton -protracts scapula

Juxtaglomerular complex

inside distal convoluted tubules secretes erthyropoetin and renin Contains macula densa

what is the location of the uterus? what shape is it?

inside pelvic cavity, posterior to urinary bladder, anterior to rectum. pear shaped.

somatosensory association area of cerebrum

integrates body sensations to determine size, shape, and texture of objects and their orientation

prefrontal area of the cerebrum

integrative area for intellect, personality, cognition and judgement

3 things that keep epithelial cells close

inter-cellular connections between them, attachment to basal lamina, epithelial cell regeneration (stem cells).

arterial anastomosis

interconnection of capillaries -colateral arteries -critical in situation where blood flow is restricted

renal sinus

internal cavity that contains blood vessels, lymph, nerves that enter the kidney

G-cells `

internal endocrine cell, produce gastrin to gastric pit

Uterine artery is branch off what?

internal iliac

What are the 2 types of ossification?

intramembranous and endochondral

Splenius capitis

intrinsic muscle on back of neck that originates on vertabrae and inserts on occipital bone -if both sides contract it will extend the neck -if one side contracts, laterally flex to that side

Cardiac muscle

involuntary muscle that is found in heart and pumps blood through arteries and veins

Smooth

involuntary muscle that works to push fluids and solids through digestive tract

What stiffens/stabilizes penis during erection

isciocavernosus muscle

What is the importance of the solid matrix?

it is really firm due to calcium salt position around protein fibers. Give bone its strong structure.

what occurs to ovum after fertilization?

it moves through uterine tube and ~ 5-14 days after fertilization, it attaches to the uterine cavity.

sternal angle

junction between the manubrium and body of sternum -to the side of this bump lies the 2nd pair of ribs, which is the location of the base of the heart

What are the four cell types in Epidermis?

keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cels, and merkel cells

Example of hinge joint

knee, elbow, ankle, inter-phalangeal joint

Parts of the nail

lanula (white moon shape) nail body hyponychium (white part where dirt gets stuck under nails) nail root (nail production)

pyramidal cells

large neurons of the primary motor cortex that allow for conscious control of skeletal muscle movements

Tuberosity

larger rougher projection

the vocal cords are located in the

larynx

What happens to the epiglottis during swallowing?

larynx is elevated and the epiglottis folds over the glottis

joint movement in vertebral column

lateral flexion- moving head to shoulder

Lateral/Collateral lig.

ligament that runs laterally down femur and tibia, does not connect to meniscus

Medial/tibial collateral lig.

ligament that runs medially along femur and tibia, stabilizes knee joint, attached to medial meniscus

visceral + parietal peritoneum

line abdominal cavity; visceral-organ side, parietal-abdominal wall side

serial processing

lined up neurons. one neuron to one neuron linear

Right Upper Quadrant

liver gallbladder kidney portions of stomach portions of small and large intestines

falciform ligament

liver to diaphragm

lesser omentum

liver to stomach

Left Upper Quadrant

liver, stomach, pancreas, kidney, spleen, portions of large intestine.

What stores the breast milk?

lobes (of mammary gland) (made of lobules)

conus medullaris

located below lumbarsacral enlargment -end of spinal cord -cone shaped

Trigone

located in the bladder composed of smooth muscle "slide for urine"

What are tonofibrils and their function?

located in the stratum spinosum, these are bundles of protein fibers that extend from one side of the cell to the other. They give support and keep cells together.

Bulbo-uretheral glands

located in the urogenital and secretes clear fluid to lubricate penis

Ischiocavernosum muscle

muscle that contracts to keep erectile tissue corpus cavernosum engorged with blood. Stiffens and stabilizes penis Maintains clitoral erections

Bulbospongiosum muscle

muscle that contracts to keep erectile tissue corpus spongiosum engorged with blood. Pushes semen through the urethra Constricts vaginal orifice

where is mucous produce?

nasopharynx

What does the upper respiratory system consists of?

nose nasal cavity sinuses pharynx

Adductor Magnus

only adductor in thigh that will do all three: extend/flex/adduction

anaxonic neurons

only present in CNS -small and hard to differentiate between dendrites and axon -specifically in special senses organs

Adductor Hiatus

opening btwn 2 parts of adductor magnus that allows passage for femoral artery and veins

foramen spinosum of sphenoid bone

opening through which blood vessels pass that feed membranes surrounding the CNS

median and lateral apertures

openings leading from the fourth ventricle to the subarachnoid space outside of the brain 90% of CSF flows through here

what is the gonads that are equivalent to the male in female?

ovaries

pancreatic duct

pancreas secretions: enzymes that digest carbs, proteins, fats + releases biocarbonate ions to elevate stomach pH - brings enzymes to duodenum through sphincter of oddi

Juxtaglomerular Complex

part btw. afferent + efferent arteriole

juxtaglomerular cells

part of arterioles

Tendons

part of muscle that connect muscle to bone, skin, or muscle, create leverage to allow muscles to move, also limit movement

retraperitoneal

peritoneum is only anterior (kidney, ureter, pancreas, abdominal aorta, duodenum)

nasal septum of the nasal cavity

perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and vomer bone.

blood brain barrier (BBB)

physiological barrier between the circulatory system and the central nervous system that establishes a privileged blood supply, restricting the flow of substances into the CNS -made up of capillary endothelial cells surrounded by astrocytes

The testis and penis are supplied by the

pneudenal artery, vein, nerve

haustra

pockets in large intestine with churning mechanism

optic chiasm

point at which optic nerve fibers cross in the brain

What covers the glans of the clitoris?

prepuce

satellite cells

present in ganglions -give support to neurons -help regulate exchange of nutrients and waste products of the neuronal cell bodies

postcentral gyrus

primary somatosensory cortex -posterior to central sulcus -allows us to consciously feel sensations -sensations of skin, muscle, joints

Function of the gonads

produce gametes

parietal cells

produce hydrochloric acid

chief cells/zymogen cells

produce pepsinogen

functions of the reproductive system in female

produce reproductive cells (ovum) produce sex hormones that influence structure and function *nourish, support, & give birth to a human fetus*

Male testis

produce spermatozoa and testosterone

peritoneal lining

produces + reabsorbs 7L peritoneal fluid (lube) daily

reproductive system

production of sex cells and hormones

what hormone increases over the course of the luteal phase?

progesterone

Transverse process

projections that project laterally

What stimulates breast enlargement and milk production during pregnancy (activates mammary glands)?

prolactin, human placental lactogen hormones

What does the prostate produce?

prostatic fluid to give it alkalinic buffer

integumentary system

protection from environmental hazards; temperature control. Includes hair, skin, and nails.

what are the functions of the uterus?

protection, nutrient support, & waste removal for developing embryo/ fetus labor: expelling mature fetus (contraction of walls ejects fetus)

Function of vertebral column

protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body

functions of epithelial tissue

provide physical protection, control permeability, provide sensation, produce specialized secretions.

Connective Tissue

provides support for your body and connects all its parts. Includes: bone, fat, blood. It is exposed unless you get an open wound.

The respiratory epithelium consist of

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with mucous cells

Histology of trachea?

pseudostratisfied cilliated columnar

Skeletal muscle exerts what on skeletal elements

pulling force

rete testis

reabsorbs fluids after sperm production

vertebral veins

recieve blood from posterior skull and cervical spinal cord -drain into the brachiocephalic veins

midbrain

reflexive movements of eyeball, head, trunk in response to visual and auditory stimuli -nuclei for cranial nerves III-IV

Urine path

renal papilla>minor calyx>major calyx>renal pelvis>ureter>urinary bladder>urethra

expiration during quiet breathing

requires more muscle contractions than inspriation

sperm passes from seminiferous tubules into _____ by the ____

rete testis, straight tubules

Superior Oblique of eye

rotates top of eye medially (intorsion)

Macrophages (connective tissue specialized cells)

scavengers that wander around and kill pathogens

neuroglia in the PNS

schwann cells and satellite cells

function of accessory glands

secrete fluid

endocrine cells

secrete to inside of pancreas

Function

secretes renin + erythropeletin

tongue

secretes ussen + enzymes

What is responsible in testis for transporting and creating sperm?

seminiferous tubules

cck-hormone

sends signal to gallbladder to release bile, send message to the stomach if your food is big to churn

optic nerve II

sense of sight -only one that comes together, crosses and splits off between both hemispheres of brain in order to receive sensations on both sides simultaneously

olfactory nerve I

sense of smell -only cranial nerve exposed to the exterior and its the shortest -goes straight to brain as opposed to relaying info to the thalamus -form neuronal masses on sides of the crista galli -cribiform plate: where bundles of axons pass through

primary fissure

separate anterior and posterior lobes of cerebellum

short bones

short, box like bones carpals and tarsals

females

shorter urethra

stomach epithelium

simple columnar epithelium

papillary duct

simple cuboidal epithelium, delivers urine to minor calyx

Cricoid cartilage

sits inferior to the thyroid cartilage

What is the cranium?

skull

What is the axial skeleton?

skull, vertebral column, rib cage

lacrimal bone

small fragile bone making up part of the front inner walls of each eye socket and providing room for the passage of the lacrimal ducts

Histology of the stomach

small squamous epithelium Layers: Mucosa- contains gastric pits & mucosa neck cells Submucosa Muscularis externa- 3 muscles( circular, longitudinal & oblique) Serosa

neutrophils and eosinophils (connective tissue specialized cells)

small, phagocytic blood cells that mobilize during infection or tissue injury

Sarcomere

smallest functional unit of muscle, an arrangment of thick/thin filaments

Top part of clavicle: smooth or rough?

smooth (under skin)

The diameter of bronchioles can change because their walls contain

smoothe muscle

Epithelial Cell Shapes

squamous, cuboid, columnar, transitional

Parts of the clavicle

sternal end acromial end conoid tubercle costal tuberosity

Example of Gliding joints

sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, intercarpal, intertarsal joints

Mast Cells (connective tissue specialized cells)

stimulate local inflammation

Gastrin

stimulates smooth muscle contraction=mixing +churning; stimulates parietal + chief cells

Oogenesis

stops at menstruation, creates 1 Haploid cell and polar bodies with 1/2 amount of chromosomes

Epididymis

storage unit of sperm. where sperm becomes motile, Takes 2 wks for sperm to travel out

bile purpose

stored until you need it to break down fat

sigmoid colon

stores "food"

Adipocytes (connective tissue specialized cells)

stores fat + lipids that's used for energy.

Esophagus epithelium

stratified squamous because rough food can tear it

Epithelium of the pharynx?

stratisfied squamous

Which layer is closest to the basal lamina?

stratum basale

anterior cerebral artery

supplies frontal and parietal lobes of the brain

external carotid

supply neck and outside of the skull with blood

Epimysium

surrounds the bundles of muscle fassicles

Endomysium

surrounds the myofibrils

ureters

take urine from kidney to bladder

jugular vein

takes away deoxygenated blood from the brain

R+L hepatic duct>common hepatic duct

takes bile from the bile duct to the duodenum (through the common bile duct) and gallbladder (through the cystic duct)

Intermediate Tendon

tendons between muscle bellies (abs)

diencephalon

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

mandibular fossa of temporal bone

the depression in the temporal bone into which the condyle of the mandible fits

What is the difference between papillary and reticular layer of dermis?

the fibers in the papillary layer are disorganized. The fibers in the reticular layers are arranged in collagent fiber bundles/ organized.

What is endochondral ossification?

the formation of bone from pre-existing hyaline cartilage. Involved in the development of limbs, vertebrae, and hips.

the uterine tube comes out from what? (what is it attached to?)

the fundus

mental foramen of mandible

the mandibular nerve that provides sensation for chin and lower lip

What happens to the vertebral foramen and body as you gradually travel down the column

the vertebral foramen gets smaller and the body gets bigger. The foramen is bigger towards the top.

How are osteoclasts involved in osteolysis?

they secrete acids through exocytosis, which dissolves the bone. Causing the release of the ions into the blood (this process is osteolysis).

What is insensible perspiration? How is the stratum corneum involved?

this is in regards to sweat and the fluid evaporating outside our bodies. This happens in the corneum and this is why it is water resistant (not proof).

Vasa recta

tiny blood vessels that absorbs h2o & ions & take it back to circuation

why floss?

to prevent bacteria from staying between teeth and entering gingival sulcus

Ball and socket joint

triaxial, one surface is round, other is cupped

what are the different ligaments in the uterus? what does each do?

uterosacral ligament: anchors uterus posteriorly and prevents the uterus from moving too anterior broad ligament: covers all reproductive organs in reproductive tract and prevents side to side movement of uterus round ligament: attached fundus to anterior side of abdomen and prevents uterus from moving too posterior ovarian ligament: tethers the ovaries and connects it to the fundus of the uterus.

lateral ventricles

ventricle 1 and 2 -extend from anterior horn to posterior horn and inferior horn -majority found in parietal lobe -do NOT communicate with each other because they are separated by septum pellucidum

Expiration Maximum

when diaphragm relaxes, decreases air in space, forces air out of lungs

What make the gallbladder release bile?

when fat enters duodenum a hormonal signal CCK stimulates release. Bile is a surfactant.

Ejacularoty duct

where ampulla of vas deferens and seminal gland duct meet.

cardia

where esophagus contents enter - weak peristalsis

seminal gland

where fructose is produced to give sperm energy

Sustenacular Groove

where the tendons of several muscles run through in order to pass from the leg into the plantar part of foot

urinary bladder

where urine is stored

Central Tendon

white area on superior part of diaphragm

arbor vitae

white mater of the cerbellum

Where are osteocytes found?

within lacunae

Examples of Synarthrosis

(fibrous)-cranial sutures (cartilaginous)- Epiphyseal cartilage(synchondrosis)

Ways to Classify of Exocrine Glands

- Types of secretion (mucus, water, oil) - Structure of gland (unicellular or multicellular) - Mode of Secretion (merocrine, apocrine, holocrine)

What is carotene?

- yellow-orange pigment that gives us skin coloring - important for photoreceptors of eye since carotene is converted to vitamin A. - found in carrots

right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)

-3 cusps/flaps -between right atria and right ventricle -ensure one way flow -folds of endocardium -held in place by chordae tendonae

cervical

-C1-C8

elastic artery

-do not have v thick walls but are v resilient bc they have a high density of elastic fibers in media and intima -tunica media has few smooth muscle cells -recoil during diastole to help propel blood forward -examples: aorta and brachiocephalic, pulmonary trunk

dubb sound

-early ventricular diastole -av valves open and semilunar just closed

continuous capillaries

-endothelium completely surrounds lumen -tight junctions and desmosomes connect the endothelial cells -most common

interatrial septum and interventricular septum

-ensure blood from left and right side of the heart do not mix

anatomy of peripheral nerve

-epineurium(covers groups of fascicles -perineurium(covers a collection of nerves. fascicle) -endoneurium(covers the axons)

spinal cord

-extends from foramen magnum to L1

Trapezius

-extends from occipital bone to scapula and spine -elevates scapula and clavicle -retracts scapula -wraps around anteriorly to clavicle

arachnoid granulations/villi

-extensions of arachnoid mater that go into superior sagittal sinus -allows CSF to reach the superior sagittal sinus and there it goes back into bloodstream due to fluid pressure

epicardium

-external surface of heart -consist of the visceral pericardium

ventricles of the brain function

-form and distribute CSF which transports water, glucose, gases, and ions throughout the CNS -fluid acts as a cushion to protect against physical damage

Exposure to unpleasant nasal stimuli usually causes a rapid ____________ in the rate of ___________. A. Increase: mucus production B. decrease : respiration C. Decrease: mucus production D. Increase: mucus production

D. Increase: mucus production

What is lamallae?

Each osteon consists of concentric layers, or lamellae, of compact bone tissue that surround a central canal, the haversian canal.

Brachioradialis Origin: Epicondyle of humerus Insert: Styloid process o/radius Funt: Flexion@ elbow

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Extensor Pollicis Longus

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Extensor Retinaculum of hand

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Superior Gamellus

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Supraspinatus Origin: Scapula Insert: Greater tubercle o/ Humerus Funt: Abduct shoulder

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

What is the correct pathway for air to the trachea

Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, larynx, trachea

what division of the pharynx contains pseudostratisfied columnar cilliated epithelium?

Nasopharynx

Does the amount of melanocytes determine skin color?

No, we all have the same amount. It's the amount of melanin pigments produced that determines the color of our skin.

Foramen

Round or oval opening through a bone, blood vessels usually pass through

primary vs secondary curves in vertebral column

Secondary: Cervical and Lumbar Primary: Thoracic and Sacral

G Cells

Secretes Gastrin which stimulates parietal and chief cells

The most medial portion of the clavical

Sternal end

Pectoralis Major

adducts/medially rotates arm

What is the hypodermis composed of?

adipose cells/ fat cells and some collagent fibers from papillary layer.

the majority of breast tissue is what kind of tissue?

adipose tissue

periphrenic fat

adipose tissue that surrounds kidney

Stomach absorbs

alcohol + some protein

aqueduct of the midbrain (cerebral aqueduct)

allows communication between 3 and 4 ventricles

central canal function

allows communication between 4th ventricle and spinal cord 10% of CSF flows through here until the opening at the end of the spinal cord which allows it to go back to subarachnoid space

What on the lobules produce breast milk?

alveoli

cardiac output

amount of blood ejected per minute

What follows the infundibulum?

ampulla>isthmus>uterine part>uterine cavity

Psoas major

an axial and appendicular muscle that attaches femur and lumbar vertebrae -contracts to pull back into anatomical position with rectus abdominis

Superficial Anatomy

anatomical landmarks and correct directional terms that help in understanding the underlying structures.

crista galli

anchors brain -point of attachment in inferior anterior aspect of falx cerebri

what is anteflexion? what is retroflexion?

anteflexion: the fundus of the uterus points anteriorly and the remainder of the uterus points posteriorly; this is the normal setup. retroflexion: occurs in about 20% of women, fundus is more posterior, closer to the rectum (no clinical significance on function)

3rd class

applied force between resistance and fulcrum (flexion at elbow)

What are the components of the hair structure?

arrector pili, hair bulb, hair papilla

lubb sound

atrial diastole/early ventricular systole -semilunar valves are open and av valves just closed

Sternocleidomastoid

attaches sternum and clavicle to mastoid process -has 2 heads (sternal and clavicular) -if both heads contract at once, it will flex neck/pull chin closer to chest -if one side contracts, it will pull that side laterally SCALENES ASSIST in laterally flexing

iliacus

axial and appendicular muscle in iliac fossa that attaches to femur

Intrinsic Muscles

axial muscles that orignate from vertabrae or ribs and insert on vertabrae or ribs

why do Lumbar not have any costal facets

because the ribs do not articulate here

why veins have smooth muscle

because veins constricting allow blood

Why do we need to exfoliate our skin?

because we are constantly shedding and the skin is dead

subarachnoid space

between arachnoid mater and pia mater -space where CSF flows

subdural space

between dura mater and arachnoid mater -a potential space, meaning it doesnt normally exist but can if necessary ie: subdural hematoma

External intercostals

between ribs, elevate -runs diagonally btwn ribs (superior lateral to inferior medial rib)

superior sagittal sinus

between right and left cerebral hemispheres on superior side

What factors determine skin color?

blood supply, pigments of carotene and melanin, thickness of stratum corneum.

Phase 2 of endochondral ossification

blood vessels enter the cartilage, supplying nutrients to cells that will replace the dead cells from phase 1. The cells on periosteum (outer lining) become osteoblasts. Diaphysis begins to form.

Pharyngeal phase

bolus starts passing through pharynx, involuntary, epiglottis closes to prevent food from entering the trachea

the vaginal arteries branch off what? what is their purpose?

branch off the uterine artery, supplies vagina w/ blood.

sciatic nerve

branches at the level of the knee to form the tibial nerve that runs medially and common fibular nerve (branches into deep and superficial)

caudate lobe

btw. inferior vena cava + left lobe

muscularis mucosae

btw. lamina propria and submucosa in the small intestine + stomach

frenulum or upper lip + lower lip

btw. lips + gingiva

What engorges the labia?

bulb of the vestibule (vestibular bulb)

What muscle constricts vaginal orifice and assists in orgasm? This muscle is worked out during kegel exercises.

bulbospongiosus

What pushes semen through the spongy urethra?

bulbospongiosus muscle

What produces the sticky mucous not added to semen in the urethra?

bulbourethral gland

How is callis formed?

by friction from the environment. This is involved with the keratin filaments and keratohyalin in stratum granulosum.

Skin tell us a lot about our health:

can show of dehydration, if you have liver problems your skin turns yellow, inflammation makes your skin red.

root canal

canal for arteries, veins, nerves

What is spongy bone?

cancellous/ trabecular bone that is located inside the bone, spongy-like. This makes the bone light weight.

When are sperm functionally mature?

capacitation (sperm are only capable of fertilizing once it is in the vagina)

When the elbow is flexed the radial head articulates with the

capitulum and radial fossa of the humerus

carotid canal of occipital bone

carotid artery passes through

Which corpus is engorged during erection?

cavernosum

Transitional Epithelia Cells

cells transition into 2 different shapes. For ex the bladder: when it's full it gets bigger/stretched when its empty its relaxed. Function: allows for expansion and recoil after stretching.

Characteristics of Epithelia

cellularity, polarity, attachment, avascularity, regeneration, arranged into sheets or layers.

CSF

cerebrospinal fluid -cushions brain -helps brain float within skull (buoyancy) -mixture of water, sugar, and electrolytes -prevents contact of neural tissue with surrounding bones -reduces weight of brain from 1500 g to 50 g

spinal nerves

cervical (8 pairs) thoracic (12 pairs) lumbar (5 pairs) sacral (5 pairs) coccygeal (1 pairs)

opening for fetus to leave uterus is the ____

cervix (thinned out portion of uterus)

Buccal phase

chewing, voluntary; accessory organs: teeth + tongue

What is food called when they reach the small intestine?

chyme

what type of epithelium is your pharynx mostly made of?

cilliated columnar epithelial

segmentation

circular forms constrictive rings + longditudinal pushes back = break down - In jejunum + ileum

muscularis externa

circular layer (contracts in rings) , longditudinal layer (pushes backward + shrinks to push contents out)

"outer layer"

circular muscle layer

what determines how fetus will develop?

circulating hormones

Understand homologous structures between males and females: clitoris, labia majora, vestibular bulb, greater vestibular gland, uterine tube

clitoris>penis, labia majora>scrotal skin, vestibular bulb>corpus spongiosum, uterine tube>vas deferens, greater vestibular gland > bulbourethral gland

both atrioventricular valves

close at the same time lubb sound

vascular pole

closer to blood vessels

tubular pole

closer to tubule

lower esophageal sphincter

closes to protect esophagus from stomach acid entering, gets pushed open by bolus

What are the 3 types of osseous tissue?

- compact bone, spongy bone, medullary cavity.

2 types of connective tissue proper

- fixed cells (don't move, maintain local environment, work w/ immune system, adipose cells storing energy) - wandering cells (wander around checking body, work in defense and repair of damaged tissues.)

central canal

-CSF passes through it

All muscles share these properties

-Extensibility- able to contract over several resting phases -Elasticity- goes back to original length after contract -Excitability- respond to stimuli -Contractibility- able to shorten and exert pull

What happens when there is too much calcium in the blood?

-The thyroid gland will secrete calcitonin. -The calcitonin will stimulate deposition to get rid of the excess. -As well as cause the kidneys to get rid of excess calcium through pee.

medium vein

-adventitia layer is the largest -contains elastic fibers -one way valves are present -alongside muscular arteries -ie: radial vein, tibial vein, popliteal vein

large vein

-adventitia layer is the largest and contains some smooth muscle -intima and media are v thin -no valves -ie: inferior and superior vena cava

sinusoids capillaries

-also called discontinuous -endothelial lining is not complete -contains pores and large gaps in the lining

median nerve

-arises from lateral cord and medial cord

medulla oblongata

-connects brain and spinal cord -relay station between spinal cord and brainstem/thalamus -cardiac reflex center: regulate HR and BP -respiratory reflex center: regulate breathing pattern -partial center for consciousness -nuclei for cranial nerves VII-XII

Extensor Indicis

Extends index finger

anterior and posterior gray commissures

-contain fibers/nerves that pass from one side of spinal cord to the other

muscular artery

-contain many smooth muscle cells -diameter is under the control of the autonomic nervous system -examples: radial and ulnar artery, external carotid, brachial, femoral, mesenteric

accessory nerve

-cranial nerve XI -swallowing and speech -innervates palate, pharynx, layrnx and upper back (sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

denticulate ligament

-extension of the pia meter -connects the pia mater to the arachnoid mater and dura mater in order to give the spinal cord stability

chordae tendonae

-fibrous connective tissue that anchor atrioventricular valve cusps to papillary muscle in ventricle wall -prevent the valve from flipping inside out

middle cardiac vein

-in posterior aspect of the heart -runs parallel to the posterior interventricular branch of the right coronary artery

endocardium

-inner lining of the heart -simple squamous epithelium

proprioreceptors

-internal environment -plantaris -located close to joints which gives body sensation of where your body is in time and space

polysynaptic reflex

-interneurons involved in the process

tunica intima

-lines the lumen of a blood vessel -simple squamous epithelium -makes up capillaries

visual association area

-matches something you see to something you already know ie: matching someone's face to their name

What is an osteocyte?

-mature bone cells - maintain protein + mineral levels in matrix - cause release of calcium ions from bone to blood -organizes calcium salts in matrix

spinal nerve

-mixed spinal nerve since they contain efferent/afferent fibers

interneurons

-most are multipolar -smaller ones that are in between neurons usually between PNS and CNS neurons

motor neurons

-most are multipolar neurons -somatic or autonomic -send info to muscles/glands

sensory neurons

-most are psuedounipolar neurons -PNS -form afferent division bc its sensory -somatic or autonomic(visceral)

Molecular layer of cerebellar cortex

-most superficial -contains dendrites of Purkinje cells

cervical enlargement of spinal cord

-nerves supply information from pectoral girdle

types of synapse

-neuron synapse w another neuron on the dendrite or on the cell body -neuromuscular synapse-can be excitatory or inhibitory -neuroglandular synapse-same

Articular Cartilage (hyaline cartilage)

Type of Diarthrosis joint on the end of the bone where it will come together with another bone

lateral gray horn

-only present in T1-L2 -contains visceral information that is leaving via the ventral root

what does the lactiferous sinus do?

carry milk to the nipple.

supporting connective tissue

cartilage and bone

urethra

connects bladder to the outside

thalamus

-part of diencephalon -contains largest group of neuronal cell bodies making it the largest nuclei of CNS -right and left thalamus have third ventricle in between and are connected by interthalamic adhesion -relays all sensory input except smell to other parts of the brain (95% of all sensory info) -provide crude perception of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature. -involved in some cognition, memory, and emotions

pulmonary semilunar valve

-prevent backflow of blood from pulmonary trunk back to the heart

spinal cord

-processes reflexes -integrates excitatory and inhibitory nerve impulses -provides a "highway" for carrying sensory impulses to the brain and motor impulses from the brain to the spinal nerves

interatrial groove

-separates atria into right and left

cardiac muscle tissue

-striations -intercalated discs consist of desmosomes that connect cell membranes of neighboring cells -gap junction allow to electrically connect heart muscle cells

What are the 3 components of bone?

-supporting connective tissue (solid matrix, specialized cells) - Periosteum (outer lining) - Endosteum (inner lining)

function of pericardial fluid

-to reduce friction between the pericardial layers as they glide over each other when the heart beats

tunica adventitia

-tunica externa -outside of blood vessels -dense fibrous connective tissue -helps anchor blood vessels to surrounding tissue

left ventricle

-v prominent trabeculae carnae -thicker wall means no need for moderator band -works 6x harder than other

capillaries

-vessels that interconnect arteries and veins -have very thin wall -where exchange of substances occurs between blood and tissue

How many layers is the stratum granulosum?

1 cell layer thick

Ratio of stem cells to melanocytes:

1 melanocyte: 4 stem cells in darker areas 1 melanocyte: 20 stem cells in lighter areas

How many cell layers in the stratum lucidum?

1 or 2 cells thick

Parts of Scapula

- Acromion - Coracoid process - Glenoid fossa - Lateral boarder - Medial boarder - Spine

What is keratohyalin? How is this involved with keratin filaments?

- Dense granules - Cross-link keratin fibers - The granules produced by the keratohyalin surround the keratin filaments in the keratinocytes of the stratum granulosum.

layers of artery walls

-adventitia -media -intima

monosynaptic reflex

-one motor neuron

inferior nasal conchae

The lowermost scroll-shaped bones on the sidewalls of the nasal cavity.

squamous epithelial cells

"squashed"/ flat looking cells. Allow for permeability. Located in blood vessels, anus, vagina.

Trachea

"windpipe" flexible Begins @ C6-T5

hepatic artery proper

(1/3 blood) oxygenated blood from heart to liver

hepatic portal vein

(2/3 blood) deoxygenated blood from gastric > liver

Example of Amphiarthrosis

(Fibrous)-radius/ulna shafts (Cartilaginous)-pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs

What is the ratio of calcium per blood?

10 mg of calcium per 100 mL of blood

How many ribs in thoracic cage

12

Why are the palms and soles different colors?

Because of the varying thickness of stratum corneum on these areas of the body.

Food goes from:

Bed, Pjs, Early-night, Sleep softly love: Buccal Phase, Pharyngeal Phase, Esophageal Phase, Stomach, Small Intestine, large intestine

What are keratinocytes?

Epidermal cells composed of keratin, lipids, and other proteins. These are the most abundant.

What are responsible for contracting during respiration? (Taking in breath)

External Intercostals

What is shed during menses?

*functional layer* of the endometrium

Internal anal sphincter

Formed by circular layer Involuntary

Surfactant

Helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing

Mesentery proper

Holds small intestine

Example of Diarthrosis

Limb joints

Histology of ureters

Mucosa- Lined by transitional epithelium longitudinal and circular muscle layer adventitia

Obturator Internus

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

When the elbow is extended the olecranon articulates with the

Olecranon fossa of the humerus

What bones fuse to form the os coxa

Pubis, ilium, ischium

What structure is the patella encased in and formed inside of

Quadriceps femoris tendon

What are the parts of long bone?

- Periosteum (outer layer), endosteum (inner layer), - epiphysis (ends of a long bone where red marrow is) - diaphysis (shaft of long bone, contains the medullary cavity with yellow marrow/ adipose cells) - metaphysis- between the epiphysis and diaphysis, this is the growth zone/plate

Simple Vs. Compound Exocrine Glands

Simple - one ducts Compound- more than one duct

Histology of the esophogus

Stratisfied squamous epithelium Layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa Adventitia

thoracic

T1- T12

Joint movements in coronal plane

abduction and adduction

Water, sodium, and chloride

almost entirely reabsorbed

What is the widened part of the ductus deferens?

ampulla

omohyoid

attaches scapula to hyoid, pulls hyoid inferiorly

Internal intercostals

between ribs, depress -runs opposite diagonal (superior medial to inferior lateral)

glomerulus

capillary network

Right Lower Quadrant

cecum, appendix, portions of small intestine, reproductive organs (right ovary and sperm cord), right ureter

Arranged into sheets or layers (Epithelial tissue)

cell can be simple (one layer of cells) or stratified (2 or more cell layers).

Zygomatic bone

cheek bone

internal anal sphincter

circular muscle layer, involuntary

The epithelium of the vestibule

contains coarse hairs that guard the nasal opening from the entry of large particles and insects.

commissure of fibers

corpus callosum + anterior commissure

distal convoluted tubule

crosses btw. afferent and efferent arteriole, no villi (not a lot of reabsorption, only under hormonal control)

Sacral Hiatus

end of sacral canal

mesentery proper

holds small intestine

what triggers the eruption of the oocyte from the ovary?

lutenizing hormone (LH)

prone

lying down with face down

Myenteric plexus

major nerve supply to the gastrointestinal tract and controls GI tract motility.

surgeon liver segments

posterior, anterior, medial, lateral

what is the purpose of the breast? what dictates the size when not pregnant?

purpose to produce breast milk and nourish infant. size when not pregnant is determined by amount of adipose tissue present

function of reproductive tract

receive, nourish, store, transport gametes

Newborns only:

renin- coagulate milk gastric lipase-initiates digestion

Proximal convoluted tubule epithelium

simple (absorb) cuboidal ciliated (microvilli increase surface area) epithelium,

large intestine epithelium

simple columnar epithelium

veins keep blood flowing by

skeletal muscles of the leg help propel the blood back up to the heart -changes in thoracic pressure helps move blood from vena cavae to the heart -called capacitance vessels -act as blood reservoirs

What is the biggest organ?

skin

vestibule

space btw. cheeks, lips, teeth

foramen lacerum of temporal bone

space left behind from the occipital and temporal bones being next to each other

what are mammary glands?

specialized accessory organs --modified sweat glands, specialized for lactation (creates & stores breast milk)

Components of Connective Tissue

specialized cells, extracellular protein fibers, and ground substance

Glands

specialized epithelial cells used for secretion.

Intrinsic muscles on your superficial layer of back

splenius capitis

perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

superior portion of the bony nasal septum

Skeletal system

support, protection of soft tissues; mineral storage; blood formation. Bones and bone structures.

cardiac veins

the only veins that dont empty into superior or inferior vena cava

crown

top of tooth

What marks the border between internal and external genitalia?

urogenital diaphragm

3 types of ribs

vertebrosternal, vertebrochondrial, vertebral

stereocilia on epithelial cells

very long microvilli that cannot move

veins

vessels that carry blood TO the heart

serosa

visceral peritoneum/serous membrane

Transverse or T-tubules

wrap around parts of myofibril, communicate with sarcolemma of muscle fiber

Histology of the digestive tract?

1. Mucosa= Lamina propria + mucosa epithelium 2. Submucosa- contains blood vessels and nerves 3. Muscularis externa - contains circular and longitudinal muscles 4. Serosa- outter layer

what are the sections and parts of the female reproductive tract?

1. gonads: ovaries (produce ova, estrogen, progesterone, & testosterone) 2. reproductive tract : (transports and nourishes ova during ovulation) uterine tubes, uterus, vagina 3. accessory glands: mammary gland (in breast) and greater vestibular glands 4. external genitalia: labia minora & majora, clitoris

Protein

100% absorbed

Juxtamedullary nephron

13%, located in medulla where urine is concentrated

How many phalanges are there total in one hand

14

lingual frenulum

2 openings under tongue from submandibular duct

sacral cornu

2 processes that project inferiorly from posterolateral aspect of the last sacral segment to join coccygeal cornu

What fraction of the bone mass is made of calcium phosphate?

2/3

accessory pancreatic duct

20-30% of people have it

cerebellum

2nd largest part of brain communicates with brain via cerebellar peduncles

The elbow joint is formed by how many bones

3

arteries and capillaries make up

30-35% of blood volume

medullary fluid

4x concentration as plasma

Sublingual gland

5% of saliva, secretes mucous

Mandibular gland

70% saliva, secretes serous + mucous

Cortical nephron

85% of absorption and secretion in kidney

how many cartilages surround the nose?

8: 2 lateral, 2 major alar, 2 minor alar

Foramen Magnum of occipital bone

A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord.

stretch reflex

A monosynaptic reflex. An example is the patellar (or knee-jerk) reflex.

Pneumocyte type I cells are _____________. A. Squamous cells B. columnar cells C. Cuboidal cells D. Macrophages

A. squamous cells

Parietal cells

AKA: "Oxyntic" cells Secretes HCL

Chief cells

AKA: "Zymogen" cells Secretes pepsinogen which is activated into pepsin by parietal cells

Fixators

Agonist and antagonist muscles tht contract at same time to stabilize joint, but not move

Components of The Skeletal System

All Bones, Joints, Cartilage, Ligaments, Connective Tissue

Name the 3 paired laryngeal cartilages?

Arytenoid, Corniculate, Cuniform

What is renal fascia?

Attaches kidney to it's surrounding

The right primary bronchus divides to form __________ secondary bronchi and the left primary bronchus divides to form _________ secondary bronchi A. 2 ; 5 B. 3 ; 2 C. 3 ; 3 D. 5 ; 4

B. 3 ; 2

The closed portions of the tracheal cartilages protect which tracheal surfaces? A. Posterior and lateral B. anterior and lateral C. posterior and superior D. Anterior and superior

B. Anterior and lateral

Which of the following is actually a portion of the lower respiratory system? A. Pharynx B. Trachea C. Sinuses D. Nasal Cavity

B. Trachea

squamous suture

Between parietal and temporal bones

Saddle joint

Biaxial synovial joint where one bone is concave and other is convex

What are Osteoclasts? Where do they originate from?

Bone-destroying cells that remove and remodel bone. Originate from stem cells that produce monocytes and neutrophils.

What's the swallowing process

Buccal phase-chewing Pharyngeal phase- Bolus passes through pharynx Esophageal Phase- involuntary

Which of the following is not a function of the tracheal cartilages? A. The stiffen the tracheal walls B. They prevent airway collapse or overexpansion C. the close the glottis D. They protect the airway

C. They close the glottis

The ligaments on the plantar portion of the foot connects what two bones together

Calcaneus and navicular

When the elbow is extended the radial head articulates with the

Capitulum of the humerus

What is digested at the oral level?

Carbohydrates

What are the 3 regions of vertebral column and how vertebrae are in each

Cervical (7) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5)

What is the hair papilla?

Cone shaped elevation at the base of the follicle that contains blood vessels and nerves

abducens nerve

Cranial nerve VI. Movement of the eye laterally via lateral rectus

Which of the following types of drugs would cause bronchodilation? A. a drug that activates the pneumoncytes within the lungs B. a drug that acts on the central nervous system C. a parasympathetic drug D. a sympathetic drug

D. A sympathetic drug

Respiratory epithelium lines the entire respiratory tract EXCEPT for which of the following? A. Alveoli B. inferior portions of the pharynx C. Trachea D. a and b

D. a and b

lymphatic system

Defense against infection and disease.

Rough spot on the lateral side of the humerus. Serves as muscle attachment for a major muscle in the shoulder

Deltoid tuberosity

Parts and Functions of small intestine

Digestion and absorption of nutrients Duodenum, Jejunum Ileum

What are distinct characteristics of each small intestinal section?

Duodenum- Submucosal glands Jejunum- More plicae for absorption Ileum- Peyer's patch for immunity

2 types of glands

EXOcrine (secretes outside onto surface) ENDOcrine (secrets substances inside, like into blood. These are ductless glands).

what hormone drives the the follicular phase? What hormone increases during this time?

FSH- Follucular stimulating hormone, estrogen levels increases

Why is the bottom of the clavicle rough?

For ligament attachment (conoid tubercle)

External anal sphincter

Formed by skeletal muscles Voluntary

Endocrine System

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

What are the accessory structures of hypodermis?

Hair follice, hair shaft, sebaceous gland, sweat gland.

The neck of the femur is lateral to the

Head of the femur

Portis Hepatis

Hepatic proper vein, hepatic artery proper, common bile duct

supraorbital foramen of frontal bone

Holes above the eyes on frontal bone.

A sheet of fibrous connective tissue between the two bones of the forearm and leg

Interosseous membrane

What does this pulling force from the skeletal muscle do?

It can either stabilize a joint by preventing movement or create movement.

What specialized cells are in the stratum granulosum?

Keratinocytes which produces rich lipid substance. Within the keratinocytes are keratohylin and keratin filaments.

sagital suture

Located on the midline of the skull lies between both parietal bones

Primary Bronchi

Located outside the lungs Right primary bronchi is larger than left and has a steeper angle

Connective Tissue Proper

Loose and Dense. - Loose ( little # of fibers and very spread out/sparse) - Dense (densely packed fibers)

Layers of digestive tract

MSM-S/A My sister means everything sarcastically aye. Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa or adventitia

calcium homeostasis

Maintenance of a stable level of calcium in the blood

Articulates with the talus to form part of the ankle joint

Medial malleolus

Located on distal portion of the tibia & articulates with the talus to form part of the ankle joint

Medial malleolus

Left Lower Quadrant

Most of small intestine, portions of large intestine, left ureter, reproductive organs, left ovary, spermatic cord.

Flexor retinaculum of the hand Funt: Wide band that holds tendons of flexor muscles

Name Muscle: Function

Abductor pollicis longus

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Biceps Brachii (Short head) Origin: Scapula Insert: Radial Tuberosity Funt: Flexion @ elbow & Shoulder, Supination

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Biceps Brachii (long head) Origin: Scapula Insert: Radial Tuberosity Funt: Flexion @ elbow & Shoulder, Supination

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Brachialis Origin: Anterior of Humerus Insert: Ulna Funt: Flexion @ elbow

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Calcaneal Tendon

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Coracobrachialis Origin: Coracoid Process of Scapula Insert: Shaft of Humerus Funct: Adduction & Flexion @ Shoulder

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Deltoid Origin: Clavicle& Scapula Insert: Deltoid tuberosity of Humerus Funt.: Abduction, Flexion/extension, Medial/ Lateral Rotation

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Extensor Carpi radialis Longus

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Extensor Carpi radialis brevis

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Extensor Digiti minimi

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Extensor Digitorum Longus

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Extensor Hallucis Longus

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Extensor Pollicis Brevis

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Extensor digitorum

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Extensor retinaculum of the foot

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Fibularis Brevis

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Fibularis Longus

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Flexor Carpi Radialis Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus Insert: Metacarpal 2 &3 Funct: flex & abduct @ wrist

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus; olecranon on ulna Insert: Pisiform, hamate, base of metacarpal V Funt:Flexion and adduction at wrist

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Flexor Digitorum Brevis

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Flexor Digitorum Longus

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Flexor Hallucis Longus

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Flexor pollicis longus Origin:Radius and interosseous membrane Insert: distal phalanx of pollex Funt: Flexion o/thumb

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Gastrocnemius

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Gluteus Maximus illium Iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity of femur Extension and lateral rotation at hip; helps stabilize the extended knee; abduction at hip

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Gluteus Medius ilium Greater trochanter of femur Abduction and medial rotation at hip

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Gracilis

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Iliotibial tract

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Inferior Gamellus

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Infraspinatus Origin: Scapula Insert: Greater tubercle o/Humerus Funt: Lateral rotation @ shoulder

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Palmaris Longus Origin: Medial Epicondyle humerus Insert: Retinaculum Funct: Flexion @ wrist

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Piriformis

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Plantaris

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Popliteus

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Pronator Teres Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus & Coronoid process of ulna Funt: Pronates forearm, flexion @elbow

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Rectus Femoris

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Semitendinosus

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Soleus

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Tensor Fasciae Latae

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Teres Major Origin: Scapula Insert: Bicipital Groove of Humerus Funt: Extension & medial Rotation @ shoulder

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Teres Minor Origin: Scapula Insert: Greater tubercle of humerus Funt.: Lateral Rotation & Adduction @ Shoulder

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Tibialis Anterior

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Tibialis Posterior

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Triceps Brachii Origin: Humerus & scapula Insert: Olecranon of ulna Funt: Extension @ elbow

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Vastus Lateralis

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Vastus Medialis

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

iliopsoas

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

sartorius

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

semimembranosus

Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function

Why would someone's skin turn blue?

No oxygen circulating in blood/ poor circulation.

Is the vertebral column the same size throughout?

No, it gets gradually bigger as you go down.

What are caniculi?

Openings in osteons in which nutrient exchange takes place. The osteons communicate this way.

Temporalis

Origin is temporal bone, inserts on mandible, same function as temporalis

Large intestine

Outter most layer is circular muscle Taniea coli is the longitudinal muscle

The patella articulates with which bone feature

Patella surface

salivary glands mnemonic (don't judge me)

Please Ethan, , stop sucking my small boobs (b for both)

Lymphocytes (connective tissue specialized cells)

Produce T-cells that fight pathogens

Which dome in your diaphragm is taller?

Right dome, bc of the liver

sacral

S1-S5

2 Types of Epithelia

Simple (made of 1 cell layer) Stratified (made of 2 cell layers)

Histology of large intestine

Simple columnar epithelium Layers- Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

What are osteoprogenitor cells?

Squamous Stem cells which differentiate into osteoblasts. Heavily involved in repair of broken bone. - surround inside and outside of the bone

Which tarsal bone articulates with the tibia?

Talus

What abdominal structures migrate down during development?

Testis, epididymis, vas deferns, testicular blood vessels

What two things make up the bone?

The Matrix Bone Cells.

Physiology

The function of the body parts of the human body.

what aspect of laryngeal function would be impaired if the arytenoid and corniculate cartilages were damaged?

The larynx would be unable to move up or downward during swallowing to ease the passing of a bolus

Epidermis: thick vs thin skin

Thick skin: (palms or soles) you will have 5 layers including the stratum lucidum) Thin skin: you will have 4 layers without the lucidum.

Which carpal bone, based on its location, would articulate with the metacarpal of the thumb?

Trapezium

Which bone is stronger, compact or spongy?

Trick question, they are equally strong. Although spongy bone is lighter, the trabeculae are organized in a way that creates a strudy structure.

The humeral trochlea articulates with the

Trochlear notch of the ulna

When the elbow is extended the trochlea articulates with the

Trochlear notch of the ulna

When the elbow is flexed the trochlea articulates with the

Trochlear notch of the ulna

Diarthrosis (Synovial joints)

Type of joint that is freely movable

Amphiarthrosis

Type of joint that is slightly movable

when air passes through the glottis, which structures vibrate to produce sound?

Vocal Cords

what is a lobule?

a unit that makes up the lobe. the alveoli is present inside of this.

artery

a vessel that carries blood AWAY from the heart

attachment of epithelial tissue

ability of epithelial cells to attach to basal lamina.

proximal convoluted tubule function

absorbs organic nutrients (ions + plasma proteins) from the glomerular filtrate, what does not get absorbed goes to the interstitial/peritubular fluid

Femoral head articulates with which bone feature

acetabulum

outer connective tissue

adventitia (continuous with peritoneum)

prefrontal cortex

anterior to the premotor cortex -thinking, problem solving, concentration, behavior, personality, morality, judgement

premotor cortex

anterior to the primary motor cortex -planning of motor movement -relays a plan to the primary motor cortex to then have it sent to the skeletal muscles

What are the 2 types of sweat glands?

apocrine (releases when cytoplasm sheds) and merocrine (releases onto surface)

Extrinsic muscles

appendicular muscles that originate from vertabrae or ribs and insert on bones of upper limb

Walls of the alveoli

are composed of simple squamous epithelium

occipital condyles of occipital bone

articulate with first cervical vertebra

Colon path

ascending>transverse>descending>sigmoid colon

carotid sinus

at the base of the internal carotid artery and contains baroreceptors

carotid body

at the bifurcation between internal and external carotid artieries and contains chemoreceptors

central sulcus

between frontal and parietal lobes

Ellipsoid joint

biaxial synovial joint where an oval surface fits into depression on opposing surface

Parotid gland

biggest, 25% of saliva ,secretes enzymes (amylase) + serous

common bile duct

bile from liver to the gallbladder

bile canaculi

bile leaves thru here on way from liver to bile duct

fluid connective tissue

blood and lymph

afferent arteriole

blood arrives here to glomerulus

Filtration of liver

blood comes from the digestive system and goes into the hepatic portal vein , it gets filtered in the liver, then exits thru hepatic veins that enter the inferior vena cava

efferent arteriole

blood exits here from glomerulus

alveolus

bony socket of tooth

portal area

branch of hepatic artery proper fuses with hepatic portal vein, and bile duct

quadrate lobe

btw. gallbladder + left lobe

ileocecal valve

btw. ileum + cecum

process

bumpy projection

dural venous sinus

cavity between the 2 hemispheres of the brain where dura mater membranes separate between the 2 hemispheres. -fills with venous blood to be drained into venous blood

abdominal aorta branches to form

celiac trunk -renal arteries -superior mesenteric artery -gonadal arteries -inferior mesenteric artery -right and left common iliac arteries

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells

cells are so tightly packed that it looks like it stratified but its actually simple (one layer). Pseudo means "fake." So its fake stratified. Found in respiratory system. Function is for protection and secretion.

extraglomerular mesangial cells

cells btw. afferent + efferent arteriole

epithelium lining the uterine tube has ___ that pushes the egg towards the uterus. what else is involved in moving the egg?

cilia; contractions of uterine tube also moves egg.

what is the function of the prepuce of clitoris? when does the clitoris erect? what occurs?

completely covers glans, functions to protect that area against friction to prevent damage. erects during arousal and sticks out of prepuce.

irregular bones

complex shape, lots of projections ex: vertebrae, coxal bone

cellularity of epithelial tissue

composed almost entirely of tightly packed cells

What cell shape is the epidermis made of mostly?

composed of stratified squamous epithelium

Buccinator

compresses cheek (bubble in mouth), pushes food towards teeth

jugular notch

concave upper border of the manubrium

myenteric plexus

contains nerves important for digestion, btw. circular and longditudinal muscle layer

epithalamus

contains pineal gland which secretes melatonin

periodontal ligament

continuous with enamel, goes into alveolus + root, collagen fibers extend from dentin of root to alveolar bone

round ligament

continuous with falciform, marks path of fetal umbilical vein

premotor area

controls repetitive skilled movements

Main function of muscles

create movement in the body

Urinary System

creates urine; kidneys (R+L), ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

What type of cells live in the stratum lucidum?

dead flat cells with no nucleus. Filled with keratin filaments.

Are the cells alive or dead in the stratum corneum?

dead with no nucleus

parasympathetic neurons

decrease heart rate and force of contractions

What vertebral body is shared by atlas and axis?

dens

Flexor/extensor Retinaculum

dense fibrous tissue that covers the tendons of fingers, on wrist, holds everything in place

What is compact bone?

dense outer layer of bone

Nephron loop

descending and ascending limb, thick and thin (same diameter but different epithelium thickness), limbs have no microvilli so not a lot of reabsorption

carbohydrates

digested at the level of the oral cavity

Nervous System

directing immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems. CNS & PNS.

Joint movements in ankle

dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

What carries sperm through spermatic cord and into urethra?

ductus deferens

lesser curvature + greater curvature

due to lesser + greater omentum respectively

tentorium cerebelli

dura mater folds that run along transverse cerebral fissure

urinary system

elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products; control of pH

alveolar part

entire area where teeth attach

neuroglia in the CNS

ependymal cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia

Layers of the integumentary system

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis (in order from top to bottom)

after sperm leaves rete testis is goes to ___ where sperm ____

epididymis, motile

During swallowing, the opening into the larynx is covered by the

epiglottis

which hormone(s) build endometrial lining? which hormone(s) maintain endometrial lining?

estrogen build endometrium progesterone maintains endometrium

dura septum

extensions of dura mater that go deep inside brain -subdivide cranial cavity -support brain and limits brain movement

Function of nasal conchae?

filtration, warming, humidifying

deep depression

fissure

falx cerebri

folds of dura mater found along longitudinal fissure

falx cerebelli

folds of dura mater that are between left and right hemispheres of the cerebellum

after puberty rising levels of what triggers start of ovarian cycle each month? what does this hormone drive?

follicular stimulating hormone (FSH); drives the enlargement/ development of follicles.

cheeks

formed by buccinator, muscosa continuous with lips/labia

pepsin

formed by hydrochloric acid + pepsinogen; active enzyme in protein breakdown

lateral cord

formed by superior and middle trunks gives rise to musculocutaneous nerve

What makes our fingerprints?

formed on the dermal papilla. The stratum basale contours the bumps on the dermal papilla, forming the epidermal ridge.

anterior tibial artery

forms dorsalis pedis

the pitch of the sound produces by the vocal cords is controlled by the

frequency of the vibration

What are the 8 cranial bones?

frontal, 2 parietal, occipital, 2 temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid

Glandular Epithelia

gland cells that produce secretions.

bundle of his (common av bundle)

goes into right and left bundle branches which then reaches the purkinje fibers

cerebellar cortex

gray mater of cerebellum -contains cell bodies of Purkinje cells and has 3 layers

Sulcus

groove between tubercles

Matrix

ground substance and fibers

gingiva

gums, soft tissue that provides tooth protection

elevation

gyrus (singular) -increase surface area of the cerebrum

polarity of epithelial tissue

has an apical surface and a basal surface. Cells organized in a certain way.

Parallel muscle

have parallel muscle fassicles, majority of muscles in body are these

Sperm has 3 parts:

head (DNA) with acrosomal cap that dissolves in woman's vagina>neck with mitochondria>tail flagellum

Rib parts

head- thoracic vertebrae articulations neck tubercle- projects dorsally angle Costal groove -blood vessels and nerves Sternal end- connects to sternum

What is the purpose of oxytocin? when is it released? what is it released by?

helps eject milk through nipple; released during suckling; released by pituitary gland

pons

helps medulla control breathing via the respiratory reflex center in medulla -nuclei for cranial nerves V-VIII -relay station between cerebrum and cerebellum -plays role w cerebellum in coordinating movement

uvula

helps prevent food from entering pharynx (with the epiglottis)

What is responsible for redness in skin when hot?

hemoglobin meeting with oxygen

sacral foramen

holes in sacrum for passage of blood vessels and nerves

hypoglossal canal of occipital bone

hypoglossal nerve goes through, provides tongue nerves

What is the relationship between osteoblast and osteoclast activity?

if osteoclasts are breaking down bone faster than osteoblasts build the bone, this results in a weak bone. if osteoblasts build bone faster than osteoclasts break down bone, this results in a strong bone.

Rotation of back involves which muscles?

iliocostalis, longissimus, internal/external oblique

What is an osteoblast?

immature bone cells. Bone building cell.

neurosecretory cells

in hypothalamus that secrete hormones (ADH and oxytocin) that are transported to the pituitary gland and then released into bloodstream

medulla

inner part of kidney

cardiovascular system

internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases. Heart, blood vessels, blood cells.

Lateral flexion of the back involves what muscles?

internal/external obliques and quadratus lumborum

What maintains clitoral erection?

ischiocavernosus muscle

coronary veins

join together and dump their blood into the coronary sinus

Example of saddle joint

joint btwn 1st metacarpal and trapezium

From lobules, where does breast milk go?

lactiferous duct> lactiferous sinus>nipple

canal/meatus

large passageway through a bone/ tubing ex: carotid canal

ventricles of the brain

lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle

Joint movements in transverse plane

left/right rotation-shaking head lateral/medial rotation- rotating forearm/leg Supination/pronation-forearm only

Posterior Cruciate Lig (PCL)

lig. that connect posterior part of tibia to anterior part of femur, prevents tibia from moving too posteriorly

Anterior Cruciate Lig. (ACL)

lig. that connects anterior part of tibia to posterior part of femur, prevents tibia from moving too anteriorly

meningitis

may cause problems w reabsorption of CSF which can b fatal bc there is no connection bc of inflamed meninges

What specialized cells are in the stratum basale?

melanocytes and merkel cells

mesencephalon

midbrain -plays a role in moving eyes -processes sight and auditory data -reflexive motor responses

What is the medulary cavity?

middle of bone which contains red marrow and the production of rbc and wbc. Also yellow marrow which is the site for adipocytes (fat cells.)

Pivot Joint

monaxial synovial joint that allows rotation of one bone around another

Respiratory defense system consist of

mucus escalator, alveolar macrophages, hair, and cilia

Antagonist

muscle action group that extends forearm

Eccentric Contraction

muscle force generated is insufficient to overcome load on muscle, fibers lengthen as it contracts (slowly lowering weight)

Concentric Contraction

muscle force generated is sufficient to overcome resistance, muscle shortens when contracted (lifting weight)

Isometric contraction

muscle remains same length (holding in place)

submucosal plexus

nerves important for glands

the opening of the lactiferous sinus is known as the _____.

nipple

is the external iliac artery involved in any reproductive organ?

no!

Pennate muscles

oblique angle of muscle fibers to tendon

adventitia

oper-a; found in oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, + rectum / collagen fibers which firmly attach tract to adjacent structures

Latissimus dorsi

originates on verterbral column and inserts on medial part of humerus -flex arm, adduct arm

the portion of the pharynx that extends from the internal nares to the level of the uvula is the

oropharynx

What bone forms the pelvic girdle

os coxa

What is another name for bone?

osseous tissue

What substance do osteoblasts produce? What does this substance make?

osteoid, involves the making of the matrix.

renal fasciae

outer; collagen fibers that anchor kidneys to surrounding structures

enamel

outside, packed calcium phosphate, hardest biological substance

hydrocephalus

overproduction of CSF obstruction in ventricular system problems with CSF reabsorption Tx: drain CSF through hole in ventricles into abdomen

when do estrogen levels peak?

ovulation

SA node

pacemaker cells -cell membrane depolarize spontaneously

What is the network of small veins which act as a heat exchanger for the testes?

pampiniform plexus

root

part in the gums

what are the functions of the vagina? is the vagina acidic/ basic? why? what does this cause?

passageway for menstrual fluid expulsion receives penis during sexual intercourse holds sperm before it passes to uterus for fertilization of egg labor (expelling mature fetus)--birth canal. -vagina is acidic to prohibit growth of bad bacteria. this inhibits sperm motility

styloid process of temporal bone

pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull

soft palate

posterior, divides oral cavity + pharynx

Pylorus sphincter

prevents food from entering the duodenum

digestive system

processing of food and absorption of organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water

Melanocytes (connective tissue specialized cells)

produce melanin and give skin color

thoracic cage

protects the heart and lungs

what supplies/ drains blood from external genitilia? what provides sensation?

pudendal artery/ vein/ nerve

sphincter of oddi

releases contents from pancreas and liver

What are Merkel cells?

responsible for touch sensations.

Vetebrochondral ribs

ribs 8-10 attach directly to cartilage that attaches to sternum

What is haustra?

ridges in large intestine important for churning contents

mastoid process of temporal bone

round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear

In a non-aroused state, the vagina has ___

rugae

pericardium

sac that surrounds the heart -2 parts: outer fibrous and inner serous

layers of physical protection of the brain

scalp - epicranial aponeurosis - periosteum of cranium - cranium - dura mater - arachnoid mater - pia mater

goblet cells

secrete mucous

Pneumonocyte Type II cell

secretes surfactants & prevents aveolar collapse

parieto-occipital sulcus

separates parietal and occipital lobes

what does ovulation separate? what occurs?

separates the follicular phase from the luteal phase. the oocyte erupts through the wall of the ovary and is released out to be picked up by fimbriae (about 14 days into cycle)

Fossa

shallow depression

2 factors affecting mobility of a joint

shape of articulating surfaces and types/quantity of accessory structures

spinous process

sharp, slender projection. projects dorsally

Aponeurosis

sheet of tendon that connects muscle to muscle

sesamoid bones

small round flat ex is patella (knee cap)

trigone

smooth thick membrane that funnels urine from the bladder to urethra

what separates the oropharynx from the nasopharynx?

soft palate

These two muscles come together to form the calcaneal tendon

soleus and gastrocnemius

pericardial cavity

space between the parietal layer and the visceral layer of the heart

Filtration apparatus

spaces btw. podocytes allow filtrate to exit the capillaries and go into the capsular space and leave through the tubule

Scoliosis

spinal cord shifts more to one side of your body (more lateral)

Cuboidal epithelial cells

square/ cube looking cells. Function is secretion and absorption. Found is glands, ducts, kidney tubules.

The epidydimis is lined with _____

stereocilia

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

Which is the alive cell layer of epidermis?

stratum granulosum

Retropulsion

strong perastalisis towards the pylorus sphincter

Cytology

study of cells and their structures

Anatomy

study of external and internal structures and relationships between the parts.

Histology

study of tissues

shallow depression

sulcus -separate lobes of the brain

Where does the spermatic cord descend from the abdomen?

superficial inguinal ring

thoracic vertebrae 3 costal facets

superior inferior transverse

crista galli of ethmoid bone

superior projection in the middle of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

cervical vertebrae

support weight of head

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

surrounds each myofibril

Sarcolemma

surrounds muscle fiber/cell, regulates transport of substances

Perimysium

surrounds the muscle fibers/cells

common bile duct

takes bile from the common hepatic duct to the duodenum

Accessory organs

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gallbladder

what occurs after ovulation?

the empty follicle from which the oocyte was secreted collapses and forms the *corpus luteum*

apex of the heart

the end of the heart which is located at the 5th ribs -points towards the left hip

what is the external os?

the entrance into the uterus, sperm enters through here.

Phase 7 of endochondral ossification

the epiphyseal plate (growth plate) become a line. Stops growing as much. Fully grown bone

median sacral crest

the fused spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae

what is the difference btwn male & female in relation to the gonads and the reproductive tract?

the gonads (ovaries) are not connected to the reproductive tract.

What is ossification?

the process of cartilage cells being replaced with bone cells. Our bodies are made of hyaline cartilage before 6 weeks of development

what is oogenesis? where does it occur? when does it begin? what occurs from birth until puberty? when does it end?

the process of production of female gametes (ova). occurs inside of the ovaries begins before birth, remains dormant after birth until puberty, process resumes at puberty, and ends at menopause.

coronal suture

the suture between the parietal and frontal bones of the skull

Myosin

thick myofilament, titin holds it in place

Myofilaments

thick/thin filaments in sarcomere

What divides the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles?

thoracolumbar fascia

name the largest cartilage of the larynx and location?

thyroid cartilage: located anterior & lateraly

When these 3 muscles work together they will cause dorsifelxion of the foot:

tibialis anterior, extensor digiorum longus, extensor hallucis longus

vasa recta

tiny blood vessels that absorb ions (sodium +chloride) + water from the medullary space and take it back to general circulation

What are the function of lactels?

to absorb fat

inner mucosal

transitional epithelium

true/ false: the cervical canal is rougher than the uterine cavity.

true

Vetebrosternal ribs

true ribs 1-7 connect to sternum directly

Body Temp Regulation of Integumentary System (vein pathways)

two pathways for the veins: - superficial and deep- If you are hot, the blood will run though superficial pathway to be closer to the surface and exchange body heat.

Synarthrosis

type of joint that is immovable

What are the 2 types of sebaceous gland?

typical sebaceous gland (secretes oil into hair follicle) Sebaceous follicles (secrete onto skin surface).

The portion of the nasal cavity contained within the felxable tissues of the external nose is the

vestibule

what is the vestibule? what is the vaginal orifice?

vestibule: opening space btwn labia minora. vaginal orifice: opening of vagina

What does the cervical canal produce? What is its function?

viscous mucous. blocks external os from collecting bacteria and can turn watery to allow sperm in during ovulation

cecum

where contents of small intestine enter

seminferous tubules

where sperm is made

Functions of Synovial Fluid

-Lubricate 2 bones rubbing against each other -Nourishes chondrocytes which keep articular cartilage alive -Shock absorption

Methods of secretion

-Merocrine (releases to outside/ surface. Ex sweat glands). - Apocrine (contents released during shedding of cytoplasm on apical layer.) - Holocrine (cells become packed with secretion to the point of bursting. After bursting and the contents are released, the cell dies). The stem cells replace dead cells. MAH --> FROM LEAST COMPLEX TO MOST COMPLEX

What happens when there is too little calcium in the blood?

-Parathyroid gland will secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) - PTH activates the release of calcium in the bone, so more calcium is able to circulate in the blood - this increases the amount of calcium uptake by the kidneys. The kidneys will hold on to the calcium instead of peeing it out. - kidneys release vitamin D, which goes into the gut to increase uptake of calcium in intestines.

synapse

-action potential -influx of calcium into presynaptic vesicle -sends synaptic vesicle membranes fuse with presynaptic terminal bouton and excrete neurotransmitter -if excitatory it will bind to receptors which will open the channels

coronary sulcus

-also known as atrioventricular sulcus -goes around the whole heart, -separate atria from ventricles -here coronary vessels are found

arteries vs veins

-arteries have thicker walls -lumen of a vein is much wider -tunica media is much thicker in arteries= more smooth vessels. this is because arteries carry blood with higher pressure since they originate closer to the heart. -arteries have elastic membranes

collateral arteries

-arteries that fuse to form arterial anastamoses

thoracic aorta branches to form

-bronchial arteries -intercostal arteries -superior phrenic arteries

corpus callosum

-bundle of axons that connect the two hemispheres of the brain to allow for communication

superior and inferior vena cava

-cava: big vena: vein -arrive at right atrium -brings blood from the body

chemical synapse

-chemical (neurotransmitter) released and causes a neuron stimulating/inhibiting another structure

BBB is absent in

-choriod plexus bc there are no astrocytes -hypothalamus bc it has receptors that need to sense the chemical composition of the blood -pituitary and pineal glands because their hormones need to be released directly into bloodstream

dorsal root ganglion

-contain cell body of neurons -satellite cells found here

fenestrated capillaries

-contain pores due to incomplete or perforated endothelial lining -found in the glomerulus

posterior gray horn

-contains sensory information that arrives from somatic and viscera -somatic info synapes before viscera

anterior gray horn

-contains somatic information that leaves through the ventral root

cranial meninges

-continuous with spinal meninges -dura mater -arachnoid mater -pia mater

great cardiac vein

-coronary vein -anterior aspect between ventricles -goes up and surrounds left side of the heart in the coronary sulcus -runs parallel to the anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery whcih

trochlear nerve

-cranial nerve IV -moves eyeball up and down and outwards by innervating superior oblique

glossopharyngeal nerve

-cranial nerve IX -sensory function: taste posterior 1/3 of tounge, monitors oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in blood, monitors blood via baroreceptors and chemoreceptors -swallowing and saliva production -parotid glands and some myscles of pharynx

trigeminal nerve

-cranial nerve V 3 branches -opthalmic: sensory. superior orbital fissure -maxillary: sensation of upper teeth. foramen rotundum -mandibular:sensation of lower teeth AND motor mastication. foramen ovale

facial nerve

-cranial nerve VII -sensory function: sensation from anterior 2/3 of tongue -facial expression, production of tears and saliva by innervating lacrimal glands, submandibular glands, anf sublingual glands

vestibulocochlear nerve

-cranial nerve VIII -comes from inner ear -sensory function: hearing and equilibrium -adjusts sensitivity of hair cells

vagus nerve

-cranial nerve X comes from medulla -sensory function: taste in pharynx, monitors O2 and CO2 in blood and BP -related to autonomic control of organs in thoracic and abdominal cavities -regulates BP, respiratory rate, HR and digestive functions -longest cranial nerve

hypoglossal nerve

-cranial nerve XII -swallowing and speech

Sarcoplasm

-cytosol of the cell

mechanisms for capillaries to have material exchange

-diffuse across cells -through gaps or pores -gaps between cells -via vesicular transport

pericarditis

-inflammation of the pericardium which leads to painful friction when the heart beats

motor

-info exits at the ventral root

reflex arc

-info is processed at the level of spinal cord which makes it quicker -response doesn't vary much

Purkinje layer of cerebellar cortex

-intermediate layer -contains Purkinje cell bodies

interoreceptors

-internal environment -digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, systems, -sensations of deep pressure and pain

function of the cardiovascular system

-keep blood circulating to transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and heat to diff parts of the body -removes waste products -defense against infection through antibodies

venules

-lack or have thin tunica media -collect blood from capillaries

celiac trunk

-left gastric -splenic -common hepatic -provides blood to liver, stomach, esophagus, gallbladder, duodenum, pancreas, spleen

right coronary artery

-main branch from the aorta, that runs towards the right side of the heart in the coronary sulcus -ends up on posterior aspect of the heart downwards between the right and left ventricles -branches off into an artery that goes deep into the right atria that supplies blood to the cells involved in the transduction system of the heart

Functions of skeletal muscle

-maintains posture/position -supports/protect soft tissue -regulates exit/entrance of material -maintain body temp.

multipolar neuron

-most common -in CNS -myelinated axon

myocardium

-muscle layer of the heart -cardiac muscle cells nerves, connective tissue, blood vessels

Lumbarsacral enlargement of spinal cord

-nerves supply info from pelvis and lower limbs

left atrium

-no pectinate muscle in atria, but it is present in the auricle

vasa vasorum

-occurs in larger blood vessels -blood vessels within a vessel to provide them with oxygen and nutrients -found in the tunica adventitia

hypothalamus

-part of diencephalon -center of homeostasis, controls body temperature, hunger, thirst. induces shivers and sweat to regulate body temp -regulates secretion of growth, metabolic, and reproductive hormones from pituitary gland via infundibulum -greatly affected from emotional state bc part of limbic system -highest control center for autonomic motor neurons to keep rate of activity of organs proportional to body's needs

ependymal cells function

-present in ventricles of the brain -cilia helps circulate the CSF within the ventricles -secrete CSF

Fibroblasts (connective tissue specialized cells)

-produce fibers of the connective tissue

oligodendrocytes

-produce myelin in the CNS -have cytoplasmic processes that wrap around axon of neuron -ensure that the info received by cell body gets passed on to other neurons bc the myelin isolates the information

cardiovascular system

-pulmonary circuit: receives blood from right side of the heart -systemic circuit: receives blood from the left side of the heart. all body systems receive this blood

frontal lobe

-reasoning, planning, behavior, morality -precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex) -premotor cortex -prefrontal cortex

right atrium

-receives blood from superior and inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus -pectinate muscles: squeeze max amount of blood into ventricles when contract -fossa ovalis: scar that results from opening that was present between atria in utero

small cardiac vein

-runs parallel to the right coronary artery

Phase 5 of endochondral ossifcation

-secondary ossification occurs at the epiphysis -blood vessels invade shaft

anterior and posterior interventricular sulci

-separate ventricles into right and left

serous pericardium

-simple squamous epithelium -cells secrete a serous fluid known as pericardial fluid -formed by parietal(serous fluid is in contact with fibrous layer) and visceral layer( connects the top layer of the heart muscle and the serous fluid)

heart

-size of clenched fist: proportional to size of body -exercise can make it work harder, which makes it grow bigger -located between 2nd and 5th pair of ribs called the mediastinum -slightly shifted to the left which causes the left lung to have one less lobe than the right

integumentary system

-skin covering body - nails -hair

arteriole

-small -thin tunica adventitia -media layer consists of scattered smooth muscle cells that may not even form a complete layer -control blood flow between arteries and capillaries

microglia

-smallest glial cell -made by same stem cells that produce monocytes that produce macrophages -act as phagocytic cells -5% of total population of glial cells but can triple if there is an injury

tunica media

-smooth muscle layer of blood vessels -controlled by autonomic nervous system: controls how constricted or dilated it is

right and left common iliac arteries

-splits at terminal segment of aorta -internal:supplies walls of pelvis, urinary bladder, external genitalia, and medial side of the thigh -external: supplies blood to the legs

Synergists

muscle action group that helps agonist and antagonist with particular action

left coronary artery

-splits into 2 once it passes behind the pulmonary trunk -anterior interventricular artery: branch that goes down between the ventricles on the anterior portion of the heart -circumflex branch: wraps the heart towards the left side of the heart -supply blood to left atria and ventricle

Phase 6 of endochondral ossification

-spongy bone forms in epiphysis -epiphyseal cartilage forms (growth zone) -bone grows even more

What specialized cells are in the stratum spinosum?

-stem cells which turn into daughter cells which then turn into keratinocytes. - Melanocyte projection - Langerhans cells

functions of integumentary system

-stores fat -protection from environment -senses (touch) -Protects from pathogens -Absorbs vitamin D

coronary arteries

-supply blood to the heart itself -they are first arteries branching off the aorta -this allows the heart to be the first muscle to receive the oxygenated blood/nutrients

Function of skeletal system

-support/framework of body -stores minerals (calcium phosphate in body) -blood cell production (red marrow- wbc, rbc, platelets) -Leverage (allows to turn left or right, etc) -Protection (ribs protect lungs, skull protects brain).

What happens to osteoblasts when they get surrounded by matrix?

-they become osteocytes.

The pelvic girdle is formed by how many bones

1

describe the phases of the uterine cycle w/ what occurs.

1. menses: the destruction of the endometrium (arteries constrict, reducing blood flow and cells in endometrium die; weakened arterial walls rupture and blood pores into uterine cavity and out vagina) 2. proliferative phase: epithelial cells multiply and restore uterine epithelial lining and build ups to several mm thick (highly vascularized) 3. secretory phase: occurs after ovulation. Arteries elongate and create spiral patterns to further prepare endometrium for fertilized egg (secretory phase occurs if no fertilization)

Steps to muscle contraction

1. motor neurons send electrical impulse to sarcolemma, t-tubules send this to the sarcoplasmic ret. which then sends out Ca ions 2. Ca ions bind to troponin, tropomyosin moves, exposing active site 3. Myosin heads bind to actin site (cross bridge) 4. Myosin moves towards middle (contraction) 5. ATP binds to myosin head, cross-bridging stops 6. myosin heads return to normal state

describe all that occurs in the follicular phase.

1. primary oocytes are surrounded by layer of simple squamous follicular cells. *primary oocyte + follicular cell = primordial follicle* 2. primordial follicle triggered to undergo futher development. Follicular cell around oocye enlarges and undergoes cell divisions forming *primary follicle* 3. primary follicle develops into *secondary follicle* in about 10-14 days 4. *follicular fluid is secreted* as wall of follicle thickens 5. *tertiary follicle* is formed.

The knee is formed by how many bones

2

The pectoral girdle is formed by how many bones

2

protective structures

3, fibrous capsule, periphrenic fat, renal fasciae

stomach muscle layers

3, longditudinal, circular, *oblique

How many layers in the stratum corneum?

30 layers

Spermatogenesis

4 haploids gametes made

How many cell layers does the stratum spinosum?

4 to 6 layers

Which structure promote the turbulence of air entering the upper respiratory system? A. Nasal conchae B. external Nares C. paranasal sinuses D. Choanae

A. Nasal conchae

When the forearm is pronated, the shaft of the radius is ____________ to the shaft of the ulna.

Anterior

Sharp ridge on the tibia responsible for causing pain when the shin is hit

Anterior tibial margin

mandibular condyle

Articulation point of the mandible with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

Which of the following may assist in inspiration by elevating the ribs? A. internal intercostal muscles B. Diaphragm C. Transversus thoracis muscle D. external intercostal muscle

D. External intercostal muscle

functions of connective tissue

Establishing a structural framework for the body Transporting fluids and dissolved materials Protecting delicate organs Supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting other types of tissue Storing energy reserves, especially in the form of triglycerides Defending the body from invading microorganisms

What is the sacral

Five bones are fused to form the sacrum

What are flat bones?

Flat bone- protect Ex: cranial bones like frontal, occipital, etc ,Sternum and ribs

What is the appendicular skeleton?

Girdles and limbs

What bone feature and bone articulates with humeral head

Glenoid fossa of scapula

When the elbow is flex what does the olecranon articulates with

It doesn't articulates with anything

what hormone drives the the luteal phase? What hormone increases during this time?

LH -Lutenizing Hormone levels drive that phase and progesterone levels increase

oculomotor nerve

The cranial nerve (III) that innervates the muscles that cause motion of the eyeballs except superior oblique and lateral rectus and intrinsic muscles -accommodation of lens and pupillary constriction

What is calcification?

The deposit of calcium ions into bone tissue.

Prime Movers

muscle action group where muscles are responsible for particular movements (biceps brachii)

Describe the anatomy of the lungs?

The right lung has 3 lobes and it's base sits up higher, while the left lung has 2 lobes

transverse ligament

This ligament attaches to the lateral masses of C1 to hold the dens in place

Which two bone features compose the condyle of the humerus?

Trochlea and capitulum

what is menstruation?

a by-product of uterine preparation for pregnancy.

lamina propria

a layer of connective tissue that combines with the respiratory epithelium to form mucosa

what is the vagina? describe its flexibility. what is it lined by? how is it moistened? what do the walls form?

a muscular tube that extends from cervix to vulva, highly distendable during intercourse. lined by smooth muscle, moistened by secretions of cervical glands. walls form rugae.

Trachealis

located posterior of trachea and is the smooth muscle that allows trachea to be flexible

Muscular System

locomotion, support, heat production.

taeni coli

londitudinal muscle strip

Muscle fassicle

long cylindrical structure made up of muscle fibers/cells, those muscle fibers are made of myofibrils which contain the sarcomere for contraction

Columnar epithelial cells

long/ column/ rectangular shaped cells. Function also secretion and absorption. Found in stomach lining, kidney ducts, small intestine, mammary gland, and salivary gland.

middle muscular

longditudinal + circular

Mandible

lower jaw bone

Injuries in vertebrae mostly occur where?

lumbar

which vertebrae carries most of the body weight?

lumbar

lacteal

lymphatic capillary that absorbs fats in the villi of the small intestine (connects to left subclavian-lacteal branches into a bigger lymphatic then it transports the fat into the thoracic duct and into the blood stream thru the left subclavian vein)

vertebral body

main portion of the vertebra, separate from the arches of the vertebra

Example of Ellipsoid joint

metacarpophalangeal joint, metatarsal phalangeal joint (2-5)

neck

middle of tooth

Hinge Joint

monaxial synovial joint where a rounded convex surface fits in concave surface

what is the fat pad that sits in front of the pubic bone?

mons pubis

jejunum

more plicae - to help with absorption

astrocytes

most abundant glial cells in CNS -form BBB -creates 3D framework bc of microfilaments -performs repairs in damages in neural tissue -controls interstitial environment -allow neurons to use its microfilaments to get from one location to another

juxtamedullary nephron

most of nephron in cortex, produce urine, lots of secretion

cortical nephron

most of nephron in cortex, work to reabsorb + secrete

anterior side

motor

microvilli on the epithelial cells

move, increases surface area (which helps in absorption).

Monaxial

movement in one plane (elbow and ankle)

Biaxial

movement in two planes (ribs and wrist)

Ventilation refers to the

movement of air into and out of the lungs

cilia on epithelial cells

moves fluids over surface of epithelial cell. When cilia moves in a certain direction, it moves fluid the same way. Ex: cilia moving to the right will move substance to the right. Found in respiratory tract.

Bladder histology

mucosa (transitional epithelium +lamina propria), submucosa, muscularis layer (inner longitudinal, circular, outer longitudinal) which compresses to push out urine

Skeletal Muscle fiber

multi-nucleated, cellular component of muscles, striated, 30-40cm among biggest cells in body