Dental

correct angulation of ultrasonic scaler tip in relation to long axis of tooth

0-15 degrees

throughout the oral cavity, each canine tooth is always what number?

04

triadan rule of 4s and 9s

04=canine 09= 1st molar

triadan system quadrants: right upper permanent? deciduous? left upper permanent? deciduous? left lower permanent? deciduous? right lower permanent? deciduous?

1, 5 2, 6 3, 7 4, 8

during ultrasonic scaling we must be aware of the heat and we do not stay on the same tooth for more than ______ or in the same spot for more than _____

10 seconds, 3 seconds

canine right maxillary canine

104, C1

feline right maxillary first premolar

105; P1 not present

canine right maxillary fourth premolar

108; P4

dental formula for a cow?

2 (I 0/3, C 0/1, PM 3/3, M 3/3) = 32

dental formula for a horse?

2 (I 3/3, C 1/1, PM 3-4/4, M 3/3) = 40 or 42 (wolf teeth)

Canine left maxillary second incisor

202; I2

canine left maxillary second molar

210; M2

by _____ years of age, approximately ______% of cats and dogs have some degree of periodontal disease

3, 80

rabbit maxilla is missing #? rabbit mandible is missing #?

3,4,5 2,3,4,5,6

how many teeth to cats have?

30

feline left mandibular second premolar

306; P2 not present

feline left mandibular fourth premolar

308; P4

feline right mandibular third incisor

403; I3

feline right mandibular third premolar

407; P3

canine right mandibular third molar

411; M3

how many teeth do dogs have?

42

if present, what number would the wolf tooth of a horse be using the triadan system?

5

canine deciduous right maxillary first incisor

501

feline maxilla is missing #? feline mandible is missing #?

5; 5, 6

feline deciduous left mandibular canine tooth

704

gingival sulcus measurements should be ______ in cats and typically ________ in dogs but some variance based on patient size

<1mm, <3mm

dental formula for a cat? kitten?

Cat: 2 (I 3/3, C 1/1, PM 3/2, M 1/1) = 30 Kitten: 2 (i 3/3, c 1/1, pm 3/2) = 26

COHAT

Comprehensive Oral Health Assessment and Treatment

alphanumeric system: left mandibular canine

LmandC; LLC1

alphanumeric system: left maxillary 2nd premolar

LmaxPM2; LUPM2

alphanumeric system: right mandibular 1st molar

RmandM1; RLM1

alphanumeric system: right maxillary 2nd incisor

RmaxI2; RUI2

alphanumeric system: right maxillary 4th premolar

RmaxPM4; RUPM4

A pet that is suddenly reluctant to play with their favorite toy could indicate oral pain. A. True B. False

a

How far away should you stand behind the tubehead when taking dental radiographs? A. at least 6 feet B. 4 feet C. It depends on how close the tubehead is to the patient. D. it does not matter as long as the tube is facing away from

a

How should you indicate a tooth is missing when dental charting? A. circle the tooth on the chart B. mark an "x" over the tooth on the chart C. place a "?" under the tooth number in the chart D. write "M" then the tooth number

a

Mandibular radiographs can be taken in a lateral or dorsally recumbent position, and is a matter of personal preference. A. True B. False

a

What is the process for measuring gingival recession? A. Probe where the gingiva starts and measure to where it should normally be. B. There is no way to measure the amount of gingival recession. C. Place the probe into the gingival sulcus and measure how deep it goes. D. Use an air-water syringe to blow back the gum tissue.

a

When obtaining mandibular radiographs, position the sensor down into the soft tissue below the jaw so that the sensor is running along the root of the tooth. A. True B. False

a

When using the air from the air water syringe to blow back the gingival tissue, how can you identify tartar that has been left behind? A. Tartar will have a chalky appearance against the tooth's surface. B. Tartar will appear brown in color. C. You must use a magnifying glass. D. Tartar will look like scratches on the tooth's surface.

a

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding dentistry procedures? A. Dorsal recumbency is always the preferred position for the veterinarian performing oral surgery. B. A patient can be moved to a lateral position by removing the neck roll and turning the head to the side. C. It's important to provide a warming support and monitor the patient's temperature throughout the procedure. D. Scaling a patient's teeth can be done in a dorsal or laterally recumbent position based on the preference of the technician performing the cleaning.

a

Which patient positioning allows for easy access to the entire mouth and a good view of all the teeth during a dentistry procedure? A. Dorsal recumbency B. Lateral recumbency C. Sternal recumbency D. Tilting the head down

a

mechanical wear of tooth caused by something other than normal mastication or tooth-to-tooth contact; like from chewing on rocks, bars, wire

abrasion

edentulous/edentia

all teeth missing

during an oral exam, with each tooth you are evaluating for:

amount tartar/calculus associated gingivitis and periodontal disease cracked, chipped, broken, slab fracture loose/mobile teeth enamel defects attrition missing teeth extra teeth deciduous teeth resorptive lesions and caries

system of tooth identification that is not as commonly used that described where the tooth is and which number in that group it is

anatomic/modified alphanumeric system

what is necessary to do a full exam of each tooth?

anesthesia

what is the part of the tooth through which blood vessels and nerves enter?

apex

blood and nerve supply enter at ______________

apex of the root

gradual and regular loss of tooth from normal mastication is called ________; if it is excessive caused by malocclusion it can be called ________ ________

attrition, pathologic attrition

distal surface

away from the midline

After using the ultrasonic scaler to remove the tartar, what is the next step you should take? A. Tell the veterinarian you are done with the procedure. B. Use a curette to scale below the gum line. C. Polish the teeth D. Probe for pockets

b

Dental radiographs should include the apex of the tooth and at least beyond it. A. 1 millimeter B. 2 millimeters C. half a centimeter D. half and inch

b

If the sensor shifts after positioning, the only option is to use your fingers to hold the sensor in place, being careful not to image your fingers. A. True B. False

b

Since all radiography computer software is the same, it's only important that you understand how to position the sensor and tubehead to be efficient at taking dental radiographs. A. True B. False

b

poor dental health can cause systemic problems affecting major organs by allowing bacteria to enter the blood; a condition called _________

bacteremia

gum recession is caused by

bacteria eating away at the gingiva

ultrasonic tip used to remove big pieces of calculus

beaver tip

what dental instrument is used to handle the delicate gingival tissue?

bishop harmon forceps

tx uncomplicated tooth fracture

bond and seal the tooth to protect exposed dentin

short wide skull type that results in tooth crowding, malocclusion and higher incidence of periodontal disease

brachycephalic

aka parrot mouth

brachygnathism

preventive dentistry at home options include:

brushing, gels/rinses/wipes, diets, treats, water tx (less likely to help since animals don't know to gargle)

directional term that refers to the tooth surface towards the cheek

buccal

How many locations for should you probe for each tooth when checking for pockets? A. 1 location for each tooth B. 2 locations C. 4-6 locations on each tooth D. only probe the spaces between the teeth

c

What is the process called when one person is performing an oral examination and the other is charting the findings during a dentistry procedure? A. "assistance dentistry" B. "charting assistance" C. "4 handed dentistry" D. "teamwork"

c

What is the purpose of polishing the teeth? A. To freshen the patient's breath. B. To clean away tartar that has been left behind. C. To smooth out etches in the tooth's surface left from scaling. D. To cool the surface of the tooth.

c

infraorbital nerve block: procedure

can be palpated dorsal to the roots of the maxillary 3rd premolar; needle is inserted just rostral to the foramen opening and is then advanced into the infraorbital foramen

long, pointed tooth for tearing and holding; aka fang and cuspid

canine

used to loosen the periodontal attachment of #4 teeth (104, 204, 304, 404) for extraction. The shape of its head is different than the other elevators we have seen and that is to provide better access to the deep root

canine root tip elevator

which teeth serve the purpose of catching prey and grabbing toys?

canines

which teeth may or may not be present in the horse?

canines, wolf teeth

aka cavities; genetics may play a role; more common in ______ than ______

caries, cats, dogs

covers the root of the tooth

cementum

occlusal surface

chewing or biting surface of tooth

extraction technique that involves tracing individual roots blindly, lots of small motions with elevators and patience and must be careful with amount of leverage on adjacent teeth

closed

mesial surface

closest to the midline

fractured tooth where pulp is exposed but no abscess

complicated

part of the tooth visible above the gumline

crown

hand tool with round toe and half moon cross section; used sub and supragingivally

curette, universal curette

For lateral shots of mandibular molars, the tubehead should be pointed: A. at a 45 degree angle to the sensor B. at a 60 degree angle to the sensor C. parallel to the sensor D. perpendicular to the sensor

d

What is a good landmark on the patient to know where the roots of the mandibular canine teeth end? A. halfway down the jawline B. in line with the medial canthus of the eye C. It is always an inch past the incisors D. where you can palpate the beginning of the mandibular symphysis

d

What is the first step in any oral examination? A. Recording your findings in the medical record. B. Palpate the outside of the face for any swelling or heat. C. Offer the pet a treat to see how they chew. D. Obtain a thorough history from the owner.

d

When taking maxillary radiographs, the tie for the endotracheal tube should be: A. left untied to move out of the way. B. tied around the sensor to hold it in place. C. tied at the top of the muzzle on the maxilla. D. tied to the mandible or behind the ears.

d

Which is NOT true regarding the use of an ultrasonic scaler? A. You should not stay on one tooth too long. B. The water spray is used to cool the scaler. C. You should set the frequency of the machine to match the type of scaler tip you're using. D. You need to apply a lot of pressure to the tooth for the scaler to be effective at removing tartar.

d

aka baby teeth

deciduous teeth

used to remove big chunks of calculus; no longer best practice to use because of damage to tooth and gingiva possible

dental calculus removing forceps

thin, delicate, curved and pointed instrument that is used on the surface of the tooth and allows the user to feel for any abnormalities present

dental explorer probe; shepherd's hook explorer probe

powered dental instrument used to smooth out rough surfaces

dental polisher

surrounds and protects tooth pulp

dentin

very hard part of the tooth that contains tubules with nerve endings that may be exposed when a tooth is fractured, causing pain and possible infection

dentin

mental nerve block: procedure

displace the labial frenulum ventrally dog: needle inserted just rostral to the mesial root of the 2nd mandibular premolar cat: needle is inserted between mandibular canine and 3rd mandibular premolar

dental formula for a dog? puppy?

dog: 2 (I 3/3, C 1/1, PM 4/4, M 2/3) = 42 Puppy: 2 (i 3/3, c 1/1, pm 3/3) = 28

long narrow skull type generally doesn't cause many tooth problems

dolichocephalic

covers the crown; hardest substance in the body

enamel

if there is an abscess present with a fractured tooth, it is

extracted

used after tooth has been loosened from attachment with an elevator, these provide good grip of the tooth

extraction forceps

aka exodontics

extractions

inferior alveolar nerve block: procedure

extraoral: palpate notch ventral mandibular body and visualize ventral line from the lateral canthus of the eye; pass needle through skin and stay on lingual surface of mandible intraoral: palpate foramen intraorally on medial surface of caudal mandible needle does not enter foramen; anesthetic placed at the foramen, close to the medial surface of mandible, with 27 gauge needle along medial surface of bone into region of foramen, inserted at a 20 degree angle from the long axis of the mandible approx. 1cm caudal to the M3 (dog) or 1/2cm caudal to M1 (cat)

dental bur used to smooth the edges of an extraction site before closure

finishing

dental bur used to section multirooted teeth for removal

fissure; cross cut fissure

____________ is primarily used for sharpening instruments while a _________ is used to smooth burrs on the edge of the instrument after sharpening

flat stone, conical stone

what is the main purpose of having a patient in an inclined position during dentistry procedures?

fluids can run out of the oral cavity easier

dental problem common in both dogs and cats and is usually a result of trauma like: HBC, playing/colliding with another animal, fighting, chewing on hard objects (rocks, bones, nylabones, kennels), falling cats

fractured teeth

junction where roots join the neck of the tooth

furcation

severe gingival recession can lead to ________ exposure

furcation

epithelial tissue around the tooth

gingiva

structures that make up the periodontium

gingiva, cementum, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone

the very edge of the gum tissue that should be 1-2 mm coronal to the level of the alveolar bone

gingival margin

the space between the marginal gingival tissue and the tooth itself?

gingival sulcus

periodontal disease grade described as gingivitis that does not cross the mucogingival junction/line; no signs of attachment loss

grade I image: gingivitis

periodontal disease grade described as early/mild; up to 25% attachment loss

grade II

periodontal disease grade described as moderate; btw 25-50% attachment loss

grade III

periodontal disease described as severe; more than 50% attachment loss

grade IV image also shows gingival recession, root exposure, calculus

what is the main function of molars and premolars?

grinding

preventive dentistry at the clinic includes:

hand scaling, ultrasonic scaling and polishing, oral rinses, fluoride application

a hand instrument with a short blade shaped much like the gardening tool. It can work both above and below the gingiva. It is not as frequently used as other hand instruments

hoe dental scaler

tooth stuck under the gums

impacted

rostral teeth used for grasping

incisors

all mandibular teeth, bone and lingual soft tissue on the same side administered

inferior alveolar nerve block

anesthesia of bone, teeth and soft tissue from maxillary 3rd premolar rostrally on same side administered

infraorbital nerve block

used in extractions to loosen tooth attachment by inserting it in the sulcus around the tooth and applying pressure

luxating dental elevators; luxators

__________: poorly positioned teeth; can be due to skeletal abnormalities; can be extracted if causing problems like pain, difficulty eating or closing mouth; rarely _________ can be used

malocclusions, braces/orthodontics

both prognathism and brachygnathism refer to the position of the ___________

mandible

oligodontia

many teeth (but not all) missing

carnassial teeth

maxillary PM4, mandibular M1

dental arcade

maxillary and mandibular arcades

bone, teeth, and soft tissue from the last upper molar rostrally on same side administered

maxillary nerve block

bone, teeth, soft tissue from mandibular 2nd premolar (canines) or mandibular 3rd premolar (felines) rostrally on same side administered

mental nerve block

a tooth root or tooth surface that is toward the front of the oral cavity is referred to as

mesial

most common, "normal" skull type; upper and lower jaws line up, few malocclusions, teeth have adequate room, no crowding, less common to have retained deciduous teeth

mesocephalic

hypodontia

missing teeth due to failure to develop; common in small breeds

what is the tooth numbering system called?

modified triadan system

caudal most teeth, used for grinding

molar

used to be used for longer dental procedures to prop the mouth open, but it is no longer best practice to use these because it must too much stress on the patient's jaw

mouth speculum, gag

the indentation in the gum tissue that separates the attached gingival tissue and the alveolar mucosal tissue

mucogingival line

(caudal) maxillary nerve block: procedure

needle inserted in a dorsal direction at 90 degree angle just caudal to last molar; advance needle no more than 3-5mm depending on size of patient

extraction technique that involves creating gingival flaps and requires high speed drill to remove bone to expose roots prior to using pressure

open

abnormal growth of tissue in oral cavity

oral mass

an opening or communication between the oral and nasal cavity; occurs secondary to periodontal disease or loss of any maxillary teeth, most commonly the canine tooth; symptoms: sneezing, nasal discharge, and bad breath odor.

oronasal/oral nasal fistula

if pulp is exposed it can cause:

pain/inflammation, infection, pulpitis/necrosis of pulp, periapical abscess

within the oral cavity, the inside surface of a tooth on the maxilla is called __________ and the inside surface of a tooth in the mandible is called ______

palatal, lingual

this contains fibers that connect the alveolar bone to the cementum of the tooth, creating a cushion

periodontal ligament

This long thin probe has delineated markings on it that represent 1mm (sometimes more than 1mm). It is used subgingivally, by walking it around the tooth in the gingival sulcus to evaluate pocket depth and can also evaluate bone loss, mobility, and gingival bleeding.

periodontal probe

ultrasonic tip used to clean out deep pockets

periodontal tip

the supporting structures around the teeth are collectively called ____________

periodontium

used to loosen the periosteal ligament by inserting it into the gingival sulcus and releasing the attachment for easier removal.

periosteal elevator

when using an Arkansas stone for sharpening dental instruments, you should:

place a couple of drops of sharpening oil on the stone

evaluation of gingiva looks for:

pocketing bleeding recession color cobblestone appearance signs of abscess

cheek teeth for cutting and slicing; aka bicuspid

premolar

aka underbite

prognathism

pros and cons of root canal as tx for pulp exposure

pros: maintains tooth (esp. important for canines and carnassials), less painful, no post-op restrictions cons: follow up radiographs for monitoring, many come back and require extraction

pros and cons of tooth extraction as tx for pulp exposure

pros: no long term follow up cons: tooth is lost, it's a surgical procedure, requires pain management, post-op restrictions required if abscess present

center of tooth

pulp cavity

discoloration can be a sign of this endodontic disease; commonly seen as a result of prior trauma to inner structures of the tooth

pulpitis

triadan system: 1st number refers to the _________ while the 2nd and 3rd numbers refer to the ________

quadrant, tooth

baby tooth that never fell out

retained deciduous

tx complicated tooth fracture

root canal or extraction

dental bur used to remove bone or expose tooth root; if tooth is unable to be extracted whole

round

hand tool with pointed toe and triangular cross section; used supragingivally only

sickle scaler

diffuse inflammation of the entire oral cavity; commonly seen in cats; thought to be immune mediated; full mouth extractions often indicated

stomatitis

below the gumline

subgingival

extra teeth

supernumerary

above the gumline

supragingival

contact surface

surface of tooth next to another tooth

hyperactive tooth nerves can cause

teeth chatter

when numbering a tooth, the first digit refers to

the quadrant in the oral cavity

dental disorder that affects 20-70% of cats; its cause is unknown though may have to do with vitamin d levels in commercial cat food; lesions are often seen at the "neck" of the tooth

tooth resorption

any tooth with exposed pulp needs to be treated by root canal, vital pulp therapy (under 18 mo) or extraction to prevent this

tooth root abscess

buccal surface

towards the cheek

coronal

towards the crown

labial surface

towards the lips

palatal surface

towards the palate (thus maxilla)

apical

towards the root

lingual surface

towards the tongue (thus )mandible

discolored teeth are fairly common and can have many different causes including:

trauma, pulpitis, pulp necrosis, tetracycline during development

true or false: since cats are missing their maxillary first premolar, there is not a 105 or 205 tooth

true

true or false: the hand scaler should only be used on the crown as it is too sharp to be used under the gumline

true

power instrument that uses vibrations and water to remove dental calculus

ultrasonic scaler

ultrasonic vs hand scaling

ultrasonic: ►Uses moisture and sound waves ►Requires continuous motion across the teeth to prevent damage ►Pressing harder is counter productive ►Must polish when finished ►Can fail to get in certain dental crevices hand scaling: ►More time consuming ►Requires good hand skills of operator to balance pressure ►Motion is to scrape along the enamel, not constant motion ►Requires tool maintenance ►Must polish when finished ►More options to get in difficult tooth crevices

fractured tooth where pulp is not exposed and there is no abscess

uncomplicated

most commonly used ultrasonic tip

universal tip

placed in the gingival sulcus to loosen the attachment of a tooth to be extracted; they come in different sizes and are labeled with numbers

wingtip dental elevator

dental patient release

►Review of clinical severity and radiographic findings ►Review of work done (extractions, sutures, cleaning, etc.) ►Post-anesthesia concerns ►Water offered in small volumes at first ►Keep separate from other pets ►Keep in draft-free, quiet & safe environment (cats & toilets!) ►Observe for pain ►Watch for bleeding and what to do if observed ►Medications - what, when, why? ►Post-dental feeding plan ►Soft foods?, reduced meal size?, treats? ►Chew toys? Home preventive measures recommended and when to start