DEP

The leading cause of death in young children in the United States is:

Accidents

In the nature-nurture issue, nature refers to an organism's _____; nurture refers to its _____.

- Biological inheritance - Environmental experiences

Several studies, including a longitudinal study and data from a University of Michigan study, indicate that binge drinking peaks at:

21 to 22 years of age

The fetus that Calista is carrying has just reached the age of viability, meaning that it has a chance of surviving outside of the womb. Therefore, it can be inferred that Calista is _____ weeks pregnant.

24 to 25

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2014 the average age for first marriage was approximately _____ for men and _____ for women.

29; 27

It is estimated that approximately ______ of children born to married parents in the United States will experience their parents' divorce.

40%

On average, children gain ______ pounds per year during middle and late childhood.

5 to 7

As opposed to the trend in young children, teenagers typically prefer to have:

A smaller number of friendships that are more intense and intimate

Rachel is a single, never-married adult who is looking for a potential marriage partner. Consistent with a current research study, Rachel's most important criterion is that the man has:

A steady job

Dual-language instruction, formerly known as bilingual education, involves:

A teacher speaking both English and the native language of the learner during instruction.

Gabriel said to his son, "I can tell you are getting smarter because you can talk about things like democracy and freedom in a more philosophical way." Basically, Gabriel is saying his son is capable of:

Abstract thinking

Improvements in attention, memory, effortful and goal-directed thinking, and behavior have been linked to:

Aerobic exercise

According to Sternberg, someone who scores high on traditional IQ tests and has high grades in school is also high in ______ intelligence.

Analytical

Alayna wasn't paying attention and backed into the refrigerator. She immediately turned around, patted the refrigerator door, and said "I'm sorry." This is an example of:

Animism

Bullies often:

Are in the same class as their victims

______ is a relatively mild autism spectrum disorder in which the child has relatively good verbal language, milder nonverbal language problems, and a restricted range of interests and relationships.

Asperger syndrome

Beverly is conducting a workshop for young parents from disadvantaged backgrounds. She advises taking a _____ approach, setting high expectations while helping children meet such expectations, and discussing discipline and the reasons for house rules. "For those with alcohol issues in the family, this parenting style is linked to lower alcohol consumption in adolescence."

Authoritative

Logan is a supportive, warm, and loving parent, but he also has high expectations of his children. He encourages independent and age-appropriate behavior from his children, and truly takes pleasure in watching them mature. Baumrind would classify him as a(n):

Authoritative parent

All of the following are associated with adolescent depression EXCEPT

Authoritative parenting (lack of a best friend, peer rejection, problems in romantic relationships)

Development can be defined as the pattern of movement or change that:

Begins at conception and continues through the lifespan.

Bernice was raised by two lesbian mothers, whereas Jessica was raised by a heterosexual couple. According to research, it is most likely that:

Bernice and Jessica are the same with regard to popularity and mental health.

Irena, age 16, is a first-generation immigrant whose parents came to the US from UK when she was a baby. Irena enjoys many of the same things that her American friends do, but respects her culture's traditions and speaks to her parents in their native language. Irena seems to have formed a ______ identity.

Bicultural

For years, debate has focused on whether breast feeding is better for the infant than bottle feeding. The growing consensus is that:

Breast feeding is better for the baby's health

The most common form of child maltreatment is:

Child neglect

Research has shown that infants born to adolescent mothers are more likely to have:

Childhood illnesses

The longitudinal study conducted by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in 1991 concluded that:

Children who were given high-quality child care performed better on cognitive and language tasks

The nucleus of each human cell contains ______, which are threadlike structures made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

Chromosomes

Several adolescents may form what researchers would call a _____ because they have spent time with each other, share mutual interest, and enjoy each others company.

Clique

Putting together a two-word sentence and solving a crossword puzzle are examples of _______ processes that affect development.

Cognitive

Miranda and Blake are a typical young adult couple building a life together. Their lifestyle, choosing to live like a married couple but without getting married, is known as:

Cohabitation

In terms of self-understanding, children in late childhood are more likely than children in early childhood to:

Compare themselves with others

Erica, who has two children, marries Wayne, who has a daughter from a previous marriage. They decide that all three children will live primarily with them. After the union, their family will be considered a ______ stepfamily.

Complex

Hidalgo, eight, is very good at addition and subtraction, but he has a hard time understanding the complex algebraic problems that his 14-year-old sister does. Hidalgo is currently in which of Piaget's stages of development?

Concrete Operational

What did Harlow's experiments on monkeys reared by surrogate mothers show regarding the attachment process?

Contact comfort is the crucial element regardless of the age of the monkey.

In an experimental study, the ______ group serves as a baseline against which the effects of the manipulated condition can be compared.

Control

Angie's mother allows her to schedule her own study and relaxation times, with the expectation that Angie must continue doing well in school and must discuss her activities with her mother ahead of time. Her mother checks on Angie's school progress frequently and also talks to her about her social life and problems. This approach is called:

Coregulation

The _____, where fibers connect the brain's left and right hemispheres, thickens in adolescence, and this improves adolescents' ability to process information.

Corpus collosum

In ______ research, the goal is to describe the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics.

Correlational

Dr. McLean has designed a study to test the cognitive skills of people in their thirties, fifties, and seventies where data are collected over the course of a day through a series of tests. What type of research approach is Dr. McLean using?

Cross sectional

Identify the correct sequence of vocalization in infants.

Crying, cooing, babbling

In the United States, the average age of menarche has _____ since mid-19th century.

Declined significantly

Vladimir and Dennis have recently become stepbrothers. They have lived in poverty, known many delinquent adolescents, and watched their respective parents divorce. One difference in them is that Vladimir's mother monitors his schoolwork and as a result has good grades. Dennis is a very poor student. Research would predict that:

Dennis will become a delinquent and Vladimir will not.

The "visual cliff" experiment was used to measure:

Depth perception

In a study conducted by Nelson & others in 2007, both parents and college students agreed that taking responsibility for one's actions and _____ are important aspects of becoming an adult.

Developing emotional control

Leading researcher Charles Nelson proposed the view that, although adolescents are capable of very strong emotions, their prefrontal cortex hasn't adequately developed to the point at which they can control these passions. His view reflects the rapidly emerging field of _____, which involves connections between development, the brain, and socioemotional processes.

Developmental social neuroscience

Eric's parents are both engineers who want him to follow in their profession. They are looking for a school for Eric that will emphasize academic success in the sciences, maximize academic learning time, and set high expectations. They believe a ______ approach will best prepare Eric for the future.

Direct instruction

______ is caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21.

Down syndrome

During which period of development is the unborn baby MOST at risk of developing a structural defect due to the effects of a teratogen?

During the embryonic period

Sandra, age nine, was always behind in class because she could only write very slowly, and even then her painstaking efforts would be virtually illegible and riddled with spelling mistakes. Her teacher referred her to a psychologist who diagnosed her with a learning disability called:

Dysgraphia

_______ is a time of establishing personal and economic independence, career development, and, for many, selecting a mate, learning to live with someone in an intimate way, starting a family, and rearing children.

Early adulthood

Who is MOST likely to have sexual experiences, quit high school before graduating, cohabit, and marry earlier?

Early maturing girls

The most effective programs that discourage dropping out of high school include:

Early reading programs

The belief that no single theory of development is adequate to explain the rich complexity of life-span development, while acknowledging that each has useful things to offer, reflects the ______ theoretical orientation.

Eclectic

When Brianna is upset her mother facilitates open discussion about why she is upset and helps her figure out how to deal with the negative emotions. Therefore, Brianna's mother takes an ______ approach to parenting.

Emotion- coaching

Stephen is learning to manage his frustration when he can't make something work the way he wants it to. He used to throw things and cry when frustrated, but now he's learning to ask for help. Stephen is developing:

Emotional regulation

When her mother asks Selena why she feels so sad, Selena says it is because her best friend just lost her puppy. Selena is exhibiting:

Empathy

All of the following are strategies to improve young children's literacy EXCEPT: - using books to initiate conversation. - using "what" and "why" questions. - encouraging children to be quiet and listen carefully to the story. - choosing books that play with language.

Encouraging children to be quiet and listen carefully to the story.

When infants become stressed, they show better biological recovery from the stressors when their caregivers:

Engage in sensitve caregiving with them.

One of the differences between Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson is that:

Erikson emphasized the importance of both early and later experiences.

The ______ will fully replace the No Child Left Behind law by the 2017-2018 school year.

Every Student Succeeds Act

Reggie, age 16, gets into a lot of arguments with his parents. Going by what is generally observed about parent-adolescent conflict, it is likely that most of the arguments center around:

Everyday events of family life

Charles, a college student, knows his high stress level is keeping him from doing his best work. When talking with a counselor about his concerns, he was surprised when she said, "Studies have shown that young adults who _____ have less stress and greater life satisfaction."

Exercise regularly

Lucy wants her son, Kyle, to have the best environment to help him reach his full potential. According to those who study early experiences and the brain, Lucy should:

Expose him to a variety of stimuli.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about brain development?

Extensive brain development continues after birth, through infancy, and later.

Penny has been diagnosed as suffering from bulimia nervosa. Her story is typical in that it began with an episode of dieting. It is most likely that she:

Falls within a normal weight range

Which of the following best exemplifies the difference between how mothers and fathers interact with their children?

Fathers are more physical with their children

According to Jean Piaget, around age 11, the fourth and final stage of cognitive development, the _____ stage, begins.

Formal operational

Which of the following is a concern related to U.S. high school education?

Fostering of passivity in students

The zygote first begins rapid cell division in the ______ period of prenatal development.

Germinal

Fiona, age 10, is an outstanding pianist and has an IQ of 140. Fiona is:

Gifted

Across childhood and adolescence, research suggests that:

Girls engage in more prosocial behavior

When four- and five-year-olds scramble over jungle gyms and race their friends, they are demonstrating their:

Gross motor skills

According to many developmental psychologists, soothing a crying infant will:

Help the infant develop a secure attachment to the caregiver.

In the United States, the most widely recognized marker of entry into adulthood is:

Holding a permanent, full time job

Dr. Perkins predicts that children who spend more than two years playing a musical instrument will score higher on IQ tests than children who do not play music. This testable prediction is known as a(n):

Hypothesis

Which of the following statements about identity development is TRUE?

Identity development is a lifelong process of adjustments.

Jayden never seems to care about anything. He doesn't have a plan for what to do after high school, saying he'll figure that out after graduation. He tries to take the easiest classes and uses his free time to play video games. Jayden is displaying:

Identity diffusion

Fifteen-year-old Juanita wants to skip school today because she is having a bad hair day and is convinced that everybody will notice and think badly of her. "I can't let everyone see me this way," she thinks. Which aspect of adolescent egocentrism is Juanita experiencing?

Imaginary audience

Improvement of fine motor skills during middle and late childhood is a reflection of:

Increased myelination of the central nervous system

In recent decades the number of children diagnosed and treated for ADHD has ______.

Increased substantially, with most new cases diagnosed in boys

Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development, appearing during middle and late childhood, is called:

Industry vs. inferiority

Kenny is at the age where he wants to try everything, using his surplus energy to explore and play with everything in his environment. He is also anxious to explore his social world through conversation and playing games. According to Erik Erikson, Kenny is demonstrating:

Initiative

Aiden has moved several times during his college years and afterward. Some of his moves have been to enter or end a love relationship, and others have been to get closer to jobs. Aiden is displaying the characteristic of emerging adulthood Jeffrey Arnett described as:

Instability and identity exploration

In terms of a mathematical relationship, a person's mental age (MA) divided by chronological age (CA), multiplied by 100, would indicate that person's:

Intelligence quotient

Danielle and Bryan, college students, are developing romantic feelings for each other. They spend time together just talking about their past experiences, their hopes and fears, and the kind of persons they would like to become. Erikson would say they are demonstrating the key characteristics of:

Intimacy

According to recent research on age and happiness, whom would we expect to be the happiest?

Jeremiah, who is 74 years old

In the first six months, infants show the emotions of

Joy and anger

______ has the longest span of any period of development and the number of people in this age group has been increasing dramatically.

Late adulthood

_____ is the illicit drug most widely used in the United States, and its use by adolescents increased from 2008 to 2011.

Marijuana

Which of the following factors is NOT associated with an increase in divorce?

Marrying late in life (having a baby prior to marriage, low education levels, low income)

Women's friendships are characterized by all of the following except:

Matching interests in activities and sports. (extended talking and listening, depth and breadth of topics, self-disclosure and mutual support)

Dylan does his homework in front of the television while listening to music on his iPod and also simultaneously text messaging his friends. This is indicative of a major trend in the use of technology known as:

Media multi tasking

The theory of ______ refers to awareness of presence and distinction between one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others.

Mind

Myron is concerned that his son is not getting enough exercise, particularly for a teenager. After some research, Myron finds that the U.S. federal government's exercise recommendations for adolescents are a:

Minimum of 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous exercise per day

The ______ is a philosophy of education in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities, moving between activities, and developing self-regulation.

Montessori approach

First-born and only children are alike in that both are ______ than later-born children.

More achievement oriented More anxious More rebellious ???

The Strange Situation is an observational measure of infant attachment developed by Mary Ainsworth. It requires the infant to:

Move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with his or her caregiver and an adult stranger.

Psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, neuroscientists, and medical researchers all share an interest in understanding development through the life span. This indicates how development is:

Multidisciplinary

Many individuals become wiser as they age, but their performance on tasks that require speed in processing information starts to decline. This illustrates how throughout life, some dimensions or components of a dimension expand and others shrink, or how development is:

Multodirectional

The process of ______ related to hand-eye coordination is not complete until middle or late childhood.

Myelination

Patrick is an experienced farmer who is very good at his job. He seems to have an intuition about the weather, the wind, and the animals' behaviors. According to Howard Gardner, which of the following types of intelligence is Patrick most likely to score highly on?

Naturalist

Observing behavior in real-world settings and making no effort to manipulate or control the situation is called ______ observation.

Naturalistic

Bellah sits in the back of the room, and very few of the children in class ever speak to him. He does not have any best friends or enemies among his classmates. He isn't directly picked on or bullied, but most of the time he feels invisible. Which of the following is Bellah's probable sociometric status?

Neglected

Keesha's father died unexpectedly in an accident when she was four years old. This incident will likely affect Keesha's development and is an example of a:

Nonnormative life event

The understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched is called:

Object permanence

Danny's mother is even-tempered, fair, and tactful. Seeing this, Danny, too, is growing up to be a polite, good-natured boy. This imitation or modeling of behavior mirrors the concept of ______ in Bandura's social cognitive theory.

Observational learning

Infants nearly triple their birth weight by the age of:

One year

At six years old, Gina's body mass index (BMI) is in the 95th percentile. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, she would be classified as:

Overweight

According to Pomerantz, differences in academic achievement between students in the United States and China is primarily a function of:

Parental involvement

Which one of the following is an advantage of waiting until your thirties to start a family?

Parents have more income for child-rearing expenses.

According to Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of love, love is characterized by the dimensions of:

Passion, commitment, and intimacy

Marly describes her friend, Gina, as having blonde hair, green eyes, and fair skin with freckles. Marly has described Gina's:

Phenotype

When asked why she participated with other students in a protest against women on her campus, Kai says that all human beings should have equal rights. According to Kai, the university has rules that treat women unfairly and she is morally against such discriminatory practices. What is Kai's likely moral level according to Lawrence Kohlberg?

Postconventional reasoning

Adjusting speech to communicate with a two-year-old, a same-aged peer, or an adult shows an understanding of ______.

Pragmatics

In the ______ stage, children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings.

Preoperational

Jared, a four-year-old, is talking continually as he puts wooden shapes together to make a castle, describing the colors and how the shapes fit together. This form of self-talk is used for self-regulation, keeping himself focused on his task. Developmentalists call this:

Private speech

Infants control the muscles of their trunk and arms before they control their hands and fingers, and they use their whole hands before they can control several fingers. This indicates a ______ pattern of growth.

Proximodistal

______ theories describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion.

Psychoanalytic

Preschool children mainly describe themselves in all of these terms EXCEPT: - physical activities. - material possessions. - body attributes. - psychological traits.

Psychological traits

Engaging in face-to-face play primarily promotes an infant's ______ development.

Psychosocial

_____ is a brain neuroendocrine process occurring primarily in early adolescence that provides stimulation for the rapid physical changes that accompany this period of development.

Puberty

Piaget believed that children's thinking in one stage is ______ that in another stage.

Qualitatively different from

When engaging a problem, those who are beyond Piaget's formal operational stage realize that even though there is a temptation to be abstract and idealistic in a situation, there are times when the more effective option is to be practical and pragmatic. This is displaying:

Realistic thinking

______ are built-in reactions to stimuli; they govern the newborn's movements, which are automatic and beyond the newborn's control.

Reflexes

B.F. Skinner was a behaviorist; as such, he would argue that the most important things that shape development are:

Rewards and punishments.

_____ love has strong components of sexuality and infatuation, and it often predominates in the early part of a love relationship.

Romantic

Bit by bit, children pick up what is gender appropriate and gender inappropriate in their culture, and develop gender ______ that shape how they perceive the world and what they remember.

Schemas

As a baby, William developed a secure attachment to his mother. Years later, he is in a stable and secure love relationship with Lisa. This is consistent with longitudinal research showing that secure attachment to parents during childhood correlates with:

Secure attachment to romantic partners in adulthood

Researchers have had mothers put a dot of rouge on the noses of babies and place the babies in front of mirrors to see their reaction. These researchers are studying the concept of:

Sense of self

Children who have reached the concrete operational stage are capable of ______, which is the ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension, such as size or length.

Seriation

Which of the following statements about sexual orientation is considered TRUE today?

Sexual orientation is a continuum from exclusive male-female relations to exclusive same-sex relations.

Emerging adulthood is a time frame during which most individuals are:

Sexually active and unmarried

Rite of passage:

Signal an adolescent is ready for adult knowledge and lifestyles

The finding that individuals who have better social relationships with others tend to live longer than individuals who are lonely provides evidence that ______ is an importance developmental consideration.

Social age

Clara imitates her older sister by trying to wear high heels, and loves it when her sister puts makeup on her. Learning gender roles this way is consistent with the:

Social cognitive theory

Enzo used to play mostly by himself. It was a transition for him when he started preschool, but now he is good at taking turns and interacting in conversations. His ______ is increasing dramatically, as expected.

Social play

A recent national survey of U.S. adults revealed that 52% reported that they considered or made a career decision, such as looking for a new job, declining a promotion, or quitting a job, because of:

Stress in the workplace

Alicia is pregnant and a heavy smoker. Which of the following is her baby MORE likely to have than is the baby of a nonsmoker?

Sudden infant death syndrome

According to Freud, it is through a child's struggle to reduce anxiety and avoid parental punishment, while maintaining parental affection and internalizing parents' standards of right and wrong, that prompts the ______ to develop.

Superego

______ can be defined as an individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding emotionally.

Temperament

Which of the following is a trend in the U.S. workforce?

The disappearing long-term career for an increasing number of adults

Baby Jane, three days old, is shown four drawings: a bright blue square, a white oval, a yellow circle, and a drawing of a face. Consistent with Fantz's work, which drawing would she probably prefer to look at?

The face

Zone of proximal development (ZPD) is Vygotsky's term for:

The range of tasks difficult for a child to master alone but that can be learned with help from more skilled individuals.

Regarding the four problem behaviors common in adolescents (drug abuse, juvenile delinquency, sexual problems, and school related problems), researchers are finding:

These problems often coexist

Which of the following is TRUE about why males are more likely than females to succeed in committing suicide?

They use more lethal means than do females

Almost half of all deaths from 15 to 24 years of age are due to:

Unintentional injuries

Individuals in which of the following countries held the most favorable attitude toward corporal punishment and were most likely to remember it being used by their parents?

United States

All of the following are ways to effectively treat postpartum depression EXCEPT:

Withdrawal of social support.

Which of the following statements about working while in college is true?

Working more hours results in decreased grades.

Matthew has kept his childhood tradition of recording his height and weight across his college years. His data are consistent with a recent study that found weight usually _____ from the freshman year in college to the senior year.

increases