DEV 13
what name is associated with a longitudinal study on the effects of divorce on children?
Hetherington
TRUE regarding the influence of peers?
It is an important part of the socialization process
TRUE of conduct disorder?
It is associated with a lack of sympathetic arousal There is a genetic component Family factors such as harsh discipline and poor monitoring are involved
Cara blames herself for the divorce of her parents. Why might this be the case?
She frequently heard her parents disagreeing over how to raise her
Olivia is achievement oriented and sets high career goals for herself. She is flexible in her gender-role stereotypes. What might we assume about Olivia?
She has a mother who works outside the home
What area within psychology studies a child's understanding of the relationship between self and others?
Social cognition
Depression in middle childhood occurs equally among boys and girls. T/F
TRUE
Economic support is related to child adjustment post-divorce. T/F
TRUE
In middle childhood, children begin to describe themselves using abstract, internal traits. T/F
TRUE
Later-born children are more likely to be popular than first-born children. T/F
TRUE
Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) frequently occurs in conjunction with social anxiety. T/F
TRUE
argues for a genetic component to self-esteem?
The concordance rates for self-esteem are higher among identical twins than for fraternal twins
What do cross-cultural studies show about the effects of divorce on children?
The effects are very similar cross-culturally
How can we sum up the predictors of how children will respond to divorce?
The effects can be somewhat offset by social support
If children show a physiological "alarm reaction" to marital conflict, what is occurring?
Their heart rate and blood pressure increase
TRUE regarding stepfamilies?
There is a higher risk of being physically abused in stepfamilies
what mothers will have better-adjusted children?
There is too little information to tell
Why are peers important?
They help in socializing children They are of a different generation and have different perspectives than parents They have different skills and competencies than parents
Why do later-born children tend to be more popular than first-born children?
They tend to be more sociable
Tyler has been categorized as "aggressive and insecure" six years after a parental divorce. Given the research, what can we assume about Tyler?
Tyler is a boy
Reese describes herself by saying, "I am a girl. I love soccer. I have a younger brother. I ride the bus to school. I like strawberries." This self-description is typical of
a child in early childhood.
A study by Cole and others (2001) found that problems in all of the following ________ predicted the development of feelings of depression in elementary school children.
academic competence physical appearance sports competence
Wendy Goldberg's meta-analysis (2008) of studies conducted on the effects of maternal employment revealed that
among lower-income families, maternal employment benefited child achievement.
When it comes to childhood anxiety disorders, many health professionals suggest that antidepressants
are best used when psychological treatments have been ineffective.
Compared to early childhood, self-definitions in middle childhood are
based on abstract and internal traits.
To be diagnosed with conduct disorder, the behavior must
be a pattern that has persisted for at least six months.
Psychotherapy for depression tends to
be mainly cognitive behavioral in nature.
Someone who experiences learned helplessness in a particular area is likely to
believe that success in that area is based on ability.
Marital conflict
causes psychological distress in children and adolescents.
During middle childhood,
children and parents spend less time together. fathers' involvement tends to center on recreational activities. children continue to spend more time with their mothers than with their fathers. children's friendships are almost exclusively with others of the same sex.
When discussing sex with children,
children find mothers more approachable than fathers.
during middle childhood
children friendships are almost exclusively with others of the same sex
The gradual transfer of control from parent to child is known as
co-regulation.
Treatment for childhood depression focuses on
cognitive behavioral therapy. antidepressant medications. encouraging children to do enjoyable things and to develop social skills.
"I failed this project, so I will probably fail at school" is an example of
depressive thinking. attributional style. a cognitive distortion.
Erikson and Freud agreed that the main task of middle childhood is to
develop intellectual and social skills.
The middle childhood years are marked by
development of new skills. . expansion of self-understanding. increasing importance of social relationships.
According to recent longitudinal research (DuBow et al., 2009), a parent's education level when a child is 8 years old predicts child
educational and occupational success 40 years later.
The period of concrete operations is characterized by a decline in
egocentrism.
Children of divorced parents are more likely to
engage in substance abuse.
The psychological adjustment of children with lesbian or gay parents is
equal to the adjustment of children with heterosexual parents.
During the ages of 6 to 12, the child's social world
expands.
In a Japanese study (Holloway et al., 2006), mothers who were most satisfied were those who were highly committed to their roles in the workforce and
felt they were doing an excellent job as mothers.
Research has shown that ______ are slightly more likely than _______to define themselves in terms of the groups to which they belong.
females; males
Depressed children
frequently have depressive episodes as adolescents and adults.
Five- to 7-year-olds are able to judge their abilities in seven different areas. These areas include physical ability, peer relationships, and
general school performance.
When treating school phobia, the most important first step is
getting the child back into school.
Maternal employment in the United States
has increased dramatically in the past 50 years.
Jared is 6 years old. He is experiencing nausea and vomiting each morning before school. Jared may
have separation anxiety disorder.
Peers
help children learn how to express their impulses. give children practice in sharing and cooperation. help children realize that others share the same troubles they do.
Some children benefit from psychological treatment after divorce. A program mentioned in the text that includes mothers
helps children handle stressors and learn not to blame themselves.
In a research study by Richard Green (1978), he found that children reared by lesbians or transsexuals tended to be _________ in sexual orientation.
heterosexual
Effects of divorce on children may depend upon
inadequate problem solving on the part of the parents. marital conflict. change in financial status.
According to Erikson, children in middle childhood are in the ________ stage of psychosocial development.
industry versus inferiority
Children who are depressed tend to interpret failures as
internal and stable.
Selman called Stage 3 of friendship (ages 10 to 15),
intimate and mutual sharing.
Peer rejection
is associated with problematic adjustment later in life.
After a few weeks of taking clarinet lessons, Kamron has decided that playing the clarinet has to do more with ability than effort and that he simply does not have the ability. Instead of persisting or changing his strategy, he decides to quit. This is known as
learned helplessness.
Four-year-old Daniel is presented with the story of Holly in one of Selman's perspective-taking exercises. Daniel says that he would not save the kitten because he has allergies to kittens and that his father would not save the kitten because he probably has allergies, too. Which of Selman's stages does this type of thinking represent?
level 0
Erin is 8 years old. According to Erikson, she's in the industry versus inferiority stage. In order to successfully navigate this stage, Erin will need to
master the tasks and challenges of being an 8-year-old.
Some studies find that it is not divorce, per se, that leads to problems among children. Rather, ______ is an important contributing factor.
maternal depression
Depression in childhood
may be accompanied by behaviors such as conduct disorder and physical complaints.
School refusal
may be due to high parental expectations or problems with classmates.
Children rejected by their peers
may have been rejected because of behavioral and learning problems. usually show little or no change in order to become accepted. may have been rejected because of aggressive behavior.
Children
may share things with their peers that they will not share with their parents.
A Japanese study looked for genetic components to self-esteem. The researchers found greater concordance (agreement) for self-esteem in
monozygotic twins.
The child's developing cognitive ability in middle childhood leads to
more critical appraisals of parents.
The effects of maternal employment on child development are related to
neither the timing nor the continuity of maternal employment.
Paternal employment has no negative effect on children. b. is more harmful to children than maternal employment. c. is related to positive effects on children. d. None of these
noen
TRUE about conflict and friendships? Seeking revenge enhances friendships b. Boys are more interested in resolving conflicts than girls c. There are no gender differences in conflict and friendships d. None of these
none
can be said with certainty about the problems demonstrated by children of divorce? Divorce causes adjustment problems in children b. Divorce causes psychological disorders in children c. The effects of divorce are entirely mitigated by degree of parental conflict d. None of these
none
High self-esteem is related to
parenting style. close relationships between parents. closeness of child to parents.
In middle childhood, children rate ________ as their best source of emotional support.
parents
Selman's stages of friendship are based upon children's
perspective-taking skills.
There is a significantly higher incidence of _______ by stepparents than by biological parents.
physical abuse infanticide sexual abuse
The self-concepts of preschoolers and those in middle childhood differ in that
preschoolers see themselves as either "good at doing things" or not.
According to Freud, during middle childhood, psychosexual feelings
recede.
During middle childhood, parent-child interactions focus on
school-related matters. assignment of chores. peer activities.
Separation anxiety disorder
separation anxiety that interferes with activities.
There is evidence that depressed children and adults underutilize the neurotransmitter
serotonin.
Maria is 11 years old. She will likely choose her friends based upon
similarity in behavior and personality
Cognitive behavioral approaches to treating conduct disorder
teach children to ask others to stop annoying behavior, rather than hitting them. teach children better social skills. teach children to "stop and think."
Children with mothers working outside the home
tend to be more flexible in their gender roles.
Physical attractiveness
tends to be more important for the popularity of girls than for boys.
Treatment for conduct disorder
tends to be more successful when it rewards good behavior and includes parent training.
In terms of maternal employment and delinquent behavior,
the effects appear to be related to degree of parental supervision.
The period during which psychosexual feelings become unconscious so that children can focus on social and intellectual skills is known as
the latency stage.
Parental bickering, or severe fighting in front of the children, is linked in research studies to
the same kinds of problems that children experience when their parents get separated or divorced.
Younger children might have higher levels of self-esteem than older children because
their initial self-concepts may be unrealistic due to their egocentrism.
As children progress into middle childhood,
they become increasingly capable of monitoring their own behavior.
A global attribution is one that
those who are depressed tend to make.
During middle childhood, children depend less upon external rewards and increasingly regulate their own behavior. T/F
true
Research indicates that working-class, full-time homemakers were more likely to be depressed than employed mothers. In turn, maternal feelings of depression were related to
use of permissive and authoritarian parenting styles.
Patterson (2003) studied personal and social development of children with lesbian and gay parents and found that
when parents got divorced due to sexual orientation, children experienced adjustment issues similar to when heterosexual parents get divorced.
Research on gay and lesbian parents has fallen into two categories: general child adjustment and
whether or not the children of gay and lesbian parents are more likely to be gay or lesbian themselves.
It has been found in cross-cultural studies that girls tend to have higher self-esteem in ______, whereas boys tend to have higher self-esteem in ______.
writing; math
Up through age 7, a friend is one that
you engage in activities with
What can be done to increase the popularity of unpopular children?
Provide training in social skills
How soon after divorce do most girls return to pre-divorce levels of functioning?
2 years
Marcus calls Jake his friend because Jake lives next door and they both like to play trucks. According to Selman's stages of friendship, how old is Marcus likely to be?
3-6
Nearly ______ of European-American children and ______ of African-American children will spend at least part of their childhood in a single-parent home.
40%; 75%
For identical twins, the concordance rate for depression is approximately _______ in females.
49%
The incidence of infanticide is ______ times as great in stepfamilies than in genetically related families
60
typical developmental path for self-esteem?
A decline in middle childhood until age 12 or 13 followed by an increase in adolescence
What might explain the long-term effects of divorce?
A decline in parenting after the divorce
According to Piaget, which stage of cognitive development is associated with middle childhood?
Concrete operations
Trevor is 10 years old. In the past year, he has skipped school, been in fights, and set fire to his room. Trevor blames other people for his problems. These behaviors are characteristic of which of the following?
Conduct disorder
Regardless of the emotions associated with a divorce, what tends to happen to children afterward?
Downward movement in financial status
Aggressive children tend to seek out friends who are more passive. T/F
FALSE
Children of working mothers usually show serious adjustment problems. T/F
FALSE
Conduct disorder typically does not emerge until adolescence. T/F
FALSE
In middle childhood, children are most likely to play in mixed-gender groups. T/F
FALSE
In middle childhood, peers are rated as a child's best source of emotional support. T/F
FALSE
Selman argued that children develop perspective taking through three stages. T/F
FALSE
The best way to treat school phobia is to let the child stay home. T/F
FALSE
When 5-year-old Gracie is asked, why is Caroline your friend? She says, "Because Caroline always does what I want to do." This represents which of Selman's stages of friendship?
One-way assistance
accurately shows the influence of others on child self-esteem?
Parents and classmates are most influential, followed by close friends and teachers
How many "best" friends might the typical 9-year-old have?
Four
TRUE of friendships in middle childhood?
Girls are more likely to seek out confidants
what situation is most likely to lead to negative outcomes for children?
Having a stay-at-home mother and financial problems in the family
Why is it the case that even though girls are doing as well in math and science as boys, they are less confident in their abilities in these areas?
Parents hold stereotyped views that girls will do less well in math
takes on increasing importance in middle childhood?
Peers
What is known about the long-term effects of divorce on children?
Anger toward the parent they perceive as responsible for the breakup persists
Approximately how many children will spend some part of their childhood in a stepfamily?
1 in 3
Approximately how many children each year experience the divorce of their parents?
1 million
how children in middle childhood regulate their behavior?
Children increasingly regulate their own behavior
Stephanie is 7 years old. She is presented with the story of Holly in one of Selman's perspective-taking exercises. Stephanie states that Holly's father would be upset because she climbed the tree. But if Holly told him she climbed the tree to rescue a kitten, then he would not be upset. Which of Selman's stages does this type of thinking represent?
Level 1
Celia is 13 years old. She answers Selman's perspective-taking exercise by saying that society expects children to obey their parents. Because of this, Holly should realize why her father might punish her. Which of Selman's stages does this represent?
Level 4
causes the greatest increase in behavior problems in children?
Marriages with high levels of marital conflict
