Dev Psych Ch. 1 Review

The upper boundary of the human life span (based on the oldest age documented) is _____ years.

122

theory

A coherent set of ideas that helps to explain data and to make predictions.

hypotheses

Assertions or predictions, often derived from theories, that can be tested.

What do both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories emphasize?

Continuity in development

What do both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories of development assume?

Development does not occur in a stage-like fashion.

A person creates a unique developmental path by actively choosing from the environment the things that optimize their life. Which of the following statements describes this process?

Development is a co-construction of biology, culture, and the individual.

Which of the following correctly describes the life span in the study of human development?

It occurs throughout life. It involves growth and change.

life events are unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individual's life, but do not occur to every individual and do not always influence people in the same way.

Non-normative

Which of the following aspects of the life-span perspective is characteristic of an emphasis on change in human development?

Plasticity

Which of the following accurately represents the view of Laura Carstensen with regard to the increase in life expectancy?

Science, technology, and social expectations have not kept pace with the increase in people's life expectancy.

What does a higher correlation coefficient (whether positive or negative) mean?

The association between the two variables is stronger.

Which statement about the human life span is TRUE?

The maximum human life span has not changed since the beginning of recorded history.

psychoanalytic theories

Theories holding that development depends primarily on the unconscious mind and is heavily couched in emotion, that behavior is merely a surface characteristic, that it is important to analyze the symbolic meanings of behavior, and that early experiences are important in development.

True or false: Malnutrition and chronic illness are NOT developmental issues related to parenting and education.

True

Which of the following are criticisms of psychoanalytic theories?

a lack of scientific support overemphasis on sexual underpinnings an image of people that is too negative

During Erikson's stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt, what do infants begin to do?

assert their independence

Cohort effects are important in studies concerned with age because they

can powerfully affect the dependent measures.

If a study is "cross-cultural," this means that it

compares multiple cultures.

A(n) ______ is a setting where development occurs, such as in the family, peer group, or place of employment.

context

What term describes the beliefs, customs, and general behavior patterns of a group of people?

culture

Which of the following types of research designs aims to observe and record behavior?

descriptive

Life-span ______ is the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span.

development

The ______ period of development is typically a time of establishing personal and economic independence, career development, and, for many, selecting a mate.

early adulthood

Joey is 21 years old. He is looking at his career options and who and what he wants to be. These choices are typical of an individual in the stage of ______ adulthood.

emerging

The transition from adolescence to adulthood, lasting from about age 18 to 25 and characterized by exploration and experimentation, is referred to as

emerging adulthood

Which of the following are components of Bandura's social cognitive model?

environment person/cognition behavior

According to the ______, development reflects an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between genes and the environment.

epigenetic view

Dr. Ugoala is testing the effectiveness of a new teaching method by comparing exam scores between a class that gets the old method and a different class that gets the new method. What is the dependent variable in this example?

exam scores

True or false: Research using the life-span perspective is not relevant to social policy issues.

false

True or false: The life-span perspective involves sociocultural and individual factors, but not biological factors.

false

A key cognitive factor in Bandura's social cognitive theory is ______, in which individuals guide and motivate themselves by creating action plans, formulating goals, and visualizing positive outcomes of their actions.

forethought

Waylon is extremely dependent on his parents and is just beginning to develop language and symbolic thought. Waylon is in which developmental period?

infancy

A(n) environment is a controlled setting for scientific observation, in which many of the complex factors of the "real world" are absent.

laboratory

What method do researchers use when they need to exert significant control over what happens in their study?

laboratory research

In the life-span perspective, no age period dominates development. This highlights the view that development is considered to be

lifelong

Baltes and his colleagues believed that what three goals of human development (which correspond to the three broad stages of life) often conflict and compete with each other?

maintenance regulation of loss growth

In Bronfenbrenner's theory, relations between contexts, such as whether an employer is supportive of a college student's school obligations, is known as the

mesosystem

Development involves the interaction of age, body, mind, emotion, and relationships. These are continually changing and affecting each other. The best way to characterize this is that development is

multidimensional.

As adolescents develop romantic relationships, their time with friends may decrease. This is an example of the ______ of development.

multidirectionality

Development is ______, which means that researchers in many different fields have an interest in understanding the many aspects of development.

multidisciplinary

Patrick's mother died when he was 7 years old. This major impact on his life is best described as a

non-normative life event.

Nick's mother and mother-in-law are both in their 50s and are currently both experiencing menopausal symptoms. This would be an example of a _______ influence.

normative age-graded

Events or trends (such as social or economic trends) that are common to members of a particular generation are known as ______ influences.

normative history-graded

Adele and Bettina shared the experience of the Cuban missile crisis during their senior year in high school. This is an example of a

normative history-graded influence.

According to research by Baltes and Smith, cognition loss is most prevalent among the

oldest old

It is especially important to be aware of cohort effects when assessing adult intelligence because individuals born at different times had varying

opportunities for education.

The term ______ in development refers to the capacity for change.

plasticity

What of the following characteristics would be most likely to increase the odds of resilience in children?

relationship with a caring parent

Developmental ______ neuroscience examines the connections of socioemotional processes, development, and the brain.

social

______ status refers to a person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.

socioeconomic

Some developmentalists believe that biological inheritance and early childhood experiences are crucial to development and that early traits and characteristics persist throughout life. These developmentalists have a ______ perspective on development.

stability

What is a method of data collection that has uniform procedures for administration and scoring?

standardized tests

According to the epigenetic view, development is influenced by

the interchange between genes and the environment.

A ________ is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain phenomena and make predictions.

theory

True or false: Health and well-being is heavily influenced by lifestyle and psychological state.

true

By studying life-span development we learn information about ourselves, including which of the following?

who we are how we came to be this way how we will age