Dev Psych Exam 2
True or false: For most jobs, there are no age-related differences in the work performance of young adults and middle-aged adults.
TRUE
True or false: Religious attendance and commitment have been positively associated with health outcomes in middle adulthood.
TRUE
_____ are DNA sequences that cap chromosomes.
Telomeres
The number one cause of death in middle age is
cancer
The leading causes of death in middle adulthood are
cancer and cardiovascular disease
One significant drawback of the life-events approach is that it places too much emphasis on:
change
Romantic love tends to be stronger in early adulthood, while ______ love tends to be stronger in middle adulthood.
companionate
Recent research on developmental changes in the five personality factors suggests that _____ continues to increase from early adulthood to late adulthood.
conscientiousness
"Lawn mower parents" are parents who
go to great lengths to prevent their child from experiencing adversity, stress, or failure.
In middle adulthood, affectionate or companionate love increases. This form of love includes which of the following qualities?
loyalty mutual emotional interest security
As compared to cross-sectional findings about cognition in middle age, longitudinal studies find
many cognitive skills peak in middle age.
The contemporary life-events approach claims that how a life event influences an individual's development depends not only on the event but also on which of the following?
mediating factors the individual's adaptation to the life event the life-stage context
Processing speed begins to decline in ______ adulthood. Multiple choice question.
middle
Middle adulthood is referred to as the "sandwich" generation because
middle-aged adults may have to care for their own adolescent children as well as their elderly parents.
Middle-aged adults who are divorced have ______ physical and mental health problems than/as those who are married.
more
The main way in which grandparenting has changed in recent decades is
more grandparents are raising their grandchildren.
Events such as the death of a parent, becoming a grandparent, and having one's last child leave the home are
more likely to occur in late midlife than in earlier midlife.
According to Levinson, the twenties is the ______ phase of adult development.
novice
Riley is 25 years old, and will soon be starting a career as a business analyst. According to Levinson, Riley is in the _____ phase of adult development.
novice
What constitutes middle age is getting more difficult to determine because
of the increase in average life expectancy.
Jacqueline nurtures and guides her adopted children. According to Erik Erikson, she has achieved _____ generativity.
parental
Who of the following are the most likely to experience a decline in marital satisfaction?
parents who experience the empty nest syndrome after living vicariously through their children
Zack is having a conversation with his friend Ben in a crowded room. Despite the presence of many voices around him, Zack focuses on what Ben is saying. This is an example of _____ attention.
selective
The Berkeley studies found that the most stable aspects of personality included all of the following, EXCEPT
self-control.
Frank, aged 67, recites a poem that he learned in grade school, much to the amazement of his grandchildren. This is an example of Frank's _____ memory.
semantic
Which of the following are drawbacks of the contemporary life-events approach?
-The life-events approach doesn't account for the impact of daily stressful experiences on development. -The life-events approach places too much emphasis on change. -The life-events approach does not recognize the stability of adult development.
Which of the following are true about the role of religion and spirituality in the lives of American adults?
-There is a significant increase in spirituality from middle to late adulthood. -More than 70 percent of middle-aged adults say that religion and spirituality are a major part of their lives.
According to Levinson, which of the following ages most closely corresponds to the point in adulthood when a person enters the phase of Becoming One's Own Man (BOOM)?
38
Late midlife is defined as the age period between
55 and 65 years.
Approximately ______ percent of 45- to 54-years-olds were in the workforce in 2019.
80
True or false: What is found about intellectual decline is the same whether data are collected cross-sectionally or longitudinally.
FALSE
Which of the following statements is reflective of current trends in family living arrangements for parents in middle age?
Because of uncertain economic times, the refilling of the empty nest is becoming a common occurrence.
_____ theory states that cells can divide a maximum of about 75 to 80 times, and that as we age our cells become less capable of dividing.
Cellular clock
Identify a possible reason for the changes in fluid and crystallized intelligence of different age groups in John Horn's cross-sectional study.
Cohort effects
Comparing cross-sectional data with longitudinal data, what did Schiae find?
Declines in intellectual abilities were more likely in cross-sectional assessments than in longitudinal assessments.
Which of the following statements is true of Austrian psychiatrist Viktor Frankl?
He argued that examining the finiteness of our existence and the certainty of death adds meaning to life.
Dominic creates mental images to help him remember directions. What is the mental strategy Dominic is using?
Imagery
_____ memory is memory without conscious recollection.
Implicit
As compared to early midlife, which of the following is more likely to characterize late midlife?
Losses begin to outnumber gains.
______ adulthood is a time for evaluation, assessment, and reflection about work.
Middle
In a study in which participants kept daily diaries over a one-week period, which of the following differences was revealed in the experience of stressors among different age groups?
Middle-aged adults experienced more "overload" stressors than young adults.
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding middle-aged workers?
Most have not yet reached their peak in earnings.
Big Five Factors of personality (OCEAN)
Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism (emotional stability)
What was Victor Frankl's view about people's search for meaning in life?
People find meaning, in part, by contemplating questions such as why we exist.
In which of the following areas is religion LEAST likely to promote health?
Physical activity
_____-time tasks are one common way of assessing speed of information processing.
Reaction
_____ attention is focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or some other aspect of the environment.
Sustained
True or False: work has a central role in middle adulthood.
TRUE
True or false: According to Levinson, adulthood has three main stages surrounded by transition periods.
TRUE
What was the name of Daniel Levinson's report on his extensive interviews with middle-aged men?
The Seasons of a Man's Life
Which of the following is true of the sense of personal control in middle age?
The sense of personal control is frequently challenged by increased responsibility and the aging process.
_____, which is closely linked to short-term memory, allows children and adults to manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending written and spoken language.
Working memory
A longitudinal study of individuals from their early thirties through their late sixties and early seventies showed that
a significant increase in spirituality occurred between late middle and late adulthood.
Which of the following descriptions fits middle adulthood?
a time to balance work and relationships amidst physical and psychological changes associated with aging.
According to the contemporary life-events approach, one of the factors on which the influence of life events depends is the individual's
adaptation to those life events.
Crystallized Intelligence
an individual's accumulated information and verbal skills.
In a recent large-scale study, fluid intelligence declined in individuals 65 years of age and older but not in those who were 45 to 60 years old. This finding
contradicts Horn's assertion that fluid intelligence declines in middle adulthood.
Daniel Levinson's studies suggest that most adults feel that middle age is a time of
crisis
An assessment of individuals of different ages at the same point in time is a ______ study.
cross-sectional
John Horn argues that ________ intelligence continues to increase in middle adulthood, whereas ______ intelligence begins to decline in middle adulthood.
crystallized; fluid
The _____ model of personality development states that with time and age people become more adept at interacting with their environment in ways that promote increased stability in personality.
cumulative personality
Friendships that begin in childhood and remain into adulthood are often _________ than those that begin in middle adulthood.
deeper
Grandparents who are full-time caregivers for grandchildren are at elevated risk for all of the following, EXCEPT
dementia
From about the age of 28 to 33, a man goes through a transition period in which he must face the more serious question of
determining his goals.
Angelo and his wife just had their last child move out of the house. The couple had lived vicariously through their children, letting the children's sports activities and various achievements dominate their lives. Now, they may experience _____, which includes a decline in marital satisfaction after children leave the home.
empty nest syndrome
Remembering where a person went on vacation last summer is an example of _____ memory.
episodic
In a recent study, highly educated older adults had better _____ than their less-educated counterparts, which was associated with slower age-related reduction in _____ (Chen & others, 2019).
executive function; executive function
According to Levinson, which of the following is a major task that needs to be mastered in early adulthood?
exploring the possibilities for adult living
Seasons of a Man's Life by Daniel Levinson was based upon the results of
extensive interviews with 40 middle-aged men.
Identify the Big Five personality factor that describes whether an individual is fun-loving or somber.
extraversion
A limitation of the contemporary life-events approach is that it
fails to address daily experiences that may also be a source of stress.
Which of the following biological theories of aging states that people age because their cells' normal metabolism produces unstable oxygen molecules?
free-radical theory
Saeko has committed herself to the continuation and improvement of society as a whole through her connection and relationship with her children and grandchildren. According to Erikson, she is
generative
According to George Vaillant's longitudinal studies, _____ in middle age was more strongly related than intimacy to whether individuals would have an enduring and happy marriage at 75 to 80 years of age.
generativity
Forty-year-old Maritska wishes to establish a pediatric AIDS foundation overseas. According to Erikson, she is focused on establishing a sense of
generativity.
Based on an analysis of essays written by participants in the nun study, which of the following parental behaviors would appear to work against their children's longevity?
helicopter parenting
Which of the following are memory strategies that can be used to help combat memory decline?
imagery organization
According to Horn, crystallized intelligence ______ in middle adulthood and fluid intelligence _______.
increases; decreases
A ______ study studies the same individuals over a period of time.
longitudinal
According to researcher Clas-Haken Nygard, the ability to work effectively ______ in middle age.
peaks
On average, a sense of personal control _______ in midlife and then ______.
peaks; declines
In which of the following jobs might a middle-age worker experience work-related declines?
professional athlete air traffic controller
Inductive Reasoning
refers to the ability to recognize and understand patterns and relationships in a problem and use this understanding to solve other instances of the problem.
In order to solve problems in their domain, experts are more likely than novices to use strategies that include all of the following, EXCEPT
relying exclusively on recent experiences.
According to Viktor Frankl, the three most distinct human qualities are freedom, responsibility, and
spirituality
Viktor Frankl has identified which of the following as our most distinct human qualities?
spirituality responsibility freedom
Jared is 50 years old. He has been working at a corporate law firm for the past 25 years. Even though he has been successful in his career, he realizes that he has done nothing for his children. According to Erikson's theory, Jared's realization indicates
stagnation
In the early version of the life-events approach, life events were viewed as
stressful circumstances that forced individuals to undergo a change in their personality.
Which research project studied more than 500 children and their parents in the 1920s and early 1930s and then again as they entered midlife, resulting in the book Present and Past in Middle Life?
the Berkeley Longitudinal Studies
Fluid Intelligence
the ability to reason abstractly.
The challenges facing many of today's middle-aged workers include all of the following, EXCEPT
the decline in information technologies.
The death of a spouse, divorce, and marriage all involve varying degrees of stress and are therefore likely to influence an individual's development according to
the early life-events approach.
The contemporary life-events approach takes into account all of the following, EXCEPT
the stability of one's personality over time.
Which of the following is a term used to describe sustained attention?
vigilance
According to Erikson, which of the following are ways in which middle-aged adults can develop generativity?
work generativity cultural generativity biological generativity
In the latter part of middle age, ______ memory capacity becomes more limited.
working
The mental "workbench" where people organize information, solve problems, and comprehend language is known as ______ memory.
working
The type of memory that allows individuals to manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending language is called ______ memory.
working