Developmental chapter 17, 18, 19, 20
Women are especially vulnerable to _____, which is the leading cause of broken bones in women.
osteoporosis
Identify the possible double jeopardy for elderly ethnic minority individuals.
racism and ageism
A gene called ________ is linked to increasing presence of plaques and tangles in the brain.
ApoE
In the context of a cross-sectional study of self-esteem by Robins and others in 2002 involving a diverse sample of more than 300,000 individuals, which of the following statements is true of the research findings?
The self-esteem of males and females converged in their 70s and 80s.
In the context of Kübler-Ross' stages of dying, in the _____ stage, the dying person recognizes that denial can no longer be maintained.
anger
_____ illness is long-term, often lifelong, and requires long-term, if not lifelong, management.
chronic
According to a cross-sectional study by Ursula Staudinger, which of the following is the most important investment for adults between 25 and 34 years of age?
work
Which of the following is true of altruism and volunteering in adults?
A common perception is that older adults need to be given help rather than give help themselves.
Which of the following is a drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat Alzheimer disease?
Aricept
Angeline's husband passes away in a car accident. Her son, who is in high school, is deeply upset and refuses to speak to anyone. Angeline tries her best to console him and also gives him time to overcome his grief. Considering his age and the current situation, which of the following reactions can Angeline most likely expect from her son?
He will develop abstract conceptions of death.
Which of the following could be the probable reason why older adults tend to report being less lonely than younger adults?
Older adults have more selective social networks and a greater acceptance of solitude.
Which of the following statements about older workers is true?
Older workers experience more job satisfaction than younger workers.
Which of the following emotional reactions is most common in the Gond culture of India in response to death?
anger
In Judaism, _____ refers to the period between death and burial.
aninut
According to Erikson, the positive resolution of which developmental stage culminates in appreciation of interdependence and relatedness in old age?
basic trust vs. mistrust
In order to maintain his status as an admired pianist, the late Arthur Rubinstein during his old age used special strategies, such as slowing down before fast segments, thus creating a perception of faster playing. Which factor of Baltes's theory does this reflect?
compensation
Studies on the Big Five factors of personality found that transition into late adulthood was characterized by increases in the aspects of impulse control, reliability, and conventionality. To which Big Five personality factor do these aspects belong?
conscientiousness
Life ________ is the number of years that the average person born in a particular year will probably live
expectancy
Your elderly aunt Marie was recently admitted to a nursing home where there is a "residents' advisory board," consisting of the people who live in the home. The board consults with the staff on changes that affect the residents' lives and help plan the monthly activities. Based on a study by Judith Rodin and Ellen Langer, you would expect Marie to be
happier than she was when she did not have any input into decisions affecting her life.
Identify the region of the human brain in which neurogenesis has been documented in adults.
olfactory bulb
Maria is 75 years old. She is experiencing severe loss of bone tissue. Maria is most likely to be diagnosed with
osteoporosis.
The concept of ________ emphasizes that changes in cognitive activity patterns might result in disuse and consequent atrophy of cognitive skills.
"use it or lose it"
According to current projections, what is the expected number of U.S. centenarians by the year 2050?
600,000
Which of the following statements is true of the American attitude toward death?
Americans are generally death avoiders and death deniers.
Which of the following is true of changes in sensory functioning in late adulthood?
For adults who are 75 years and older, there is a significant loss of hearing at high and middle frequencies.
Which of the following is a drug that is used in the treatment of Parkinson disease?
L-dopa
Which of the following is a characteristic of centenarians in the New England Centenarian Study (NECS)?
Only a small percentage of centenarians have had significant changes in their thinking skills.
Which of the following observations about the connection between weight and mortality is true?
Women who were 20 or more pounds underweight lived longer.
A person with ________ does not feel well, loses stamina easily, has a poor appetite, and is listless and unmotivated.
major depression
An intermittent, recurrent wish or need to recover the deceased person is known as
pining.
Zack is having a conversation with his friend Ben in a crowded room. Despite the presence of many voices around him, Zack focuses on what Ben is saying. This is an example of ________ attention.
selective
The term ________ refers to the ability to focus on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant.
selective attention
According to Paul Baltes, which of the following is most likely to deteriorate as a person's age increases?
visual and motor memory
Which of the following is one of the earliest symptoms of Alzheimer disease?
word-finding/generating difficulties
Which of the following is a compensation strategy suggested by Baltes and his colleagues?
If things do not go well for you, be willing to let others help you.
Which of the following statements is true of the dual-process model of coping with bereavement?
Restoration-oriented stressors is one of the key dimensions of the dual-process model.
Mae is 87 years old. She is most likely to have difficulty in understanding a person when he or she
calls her on the phone.
_____ are the leading cause of injury deaths among adults who are 65 years and older.
falls
The _____ are the age subgroup of older adults most likely to be living in poverty.
oldest-old
The late Arthur Rubinstein, during his old age, maintained his status as an admired pianist by a few simple strategies. One of those was reducing the scope of his performances and playing fewer pieces. Which aspect of Baltes's theory does this reflect?
selection
According to the Alzheimer's Association, individuals who are ________ years or older are at risk for developing dementia.
85
Naomi and Carla are first-year medical students. They are currently learning about the brain and its functions. Naomi is of the opinion that the cortical death definition should be adopted as the criterion for death. However, Carla disagrees with her. Which of the following statements best explains why Carla disagrees with Naomi?
If the cortical death definition were adopted, then physicians could declare that a person is dead when there is no cortical functioning in that person, even though the lower brain stem is functioning.
Which of the following is true of divorce or remarriage in older adults?
Rising divorce rates, increased longevity, and better health have led to an increase in remarriage among older adults.
________ attention is focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or some other aspect of the environment.
Sustained
Laws in _____ states (in the United States) accept advance directives/living wills as reflecting an individual's wishes.
50
In 2017, in the U.S., the average age of retirement was ________ for men and ________ for women.
64; 62
In the United States, the concern about whether the young should be required to pay for the old has especially increased with the enactment of the government's _____.
Affordable Care Act
A recent meta-analysis of seven studies concluded that dietary intakes (not vitamin supplements) of vitamin E, C, and beta-carotene were linked to a reduced risk of _____ disease.
Alzheimer
Which of the following is true of the influence of education on the cognitive functioning of older adults?
For older adults with less education, frequently engaging in cognitive activities improve their episodic memory.
Haruto is a 103-year-old centenarian living in Okinawa, Japan. He leads a healthy life. Which of the following factors has most likely contributed to his longevity?
Haruto engages in spiritual practice.
In the study by Judith Rodin and Ellen Langer (1977), which of the following was found to be the result of older adults having perceived control over their own lives?
It was found to increase longevity.
Which of the following is true of hearing loss in older adults?
Older adults accept loss of hearing as a part of growing old.
Which of the following statements is true of the attitudes toward death among older adults and younger adults?
Older adults are less likely to have unfinished business than are younger adults and hence are more likely to cope with death better than younger adults.
In the context of socioemotional selectivity theory, which of the following statements is true according to studies on the emotional life of older adults?
Older adults focus less on negative events in their past than younger adults do.
7-year-old Matthew's mother met with an accident and passed away recently. He has started asking his father about his mother's whereabouts and cries for her all the time. His father is trying his best to pacify him with toys and other gifts, but he knows that sooner or later he must deal with this situation. Which of the following is the best strategy for dealing with Matthew's questions?
The father should be honest about his mother's death.
Which of the following is true of changes in touch and pain sensitivity in older adults?
The most frequent pain complaints of older adults are back pain, peripheral neuropathic pain, and chronic joint pain.
Which of the following best describes sirtuins?
They are a family of proteins that have been proposed as having important influences on longevity, mitochondria functioning in energy, calorie restriction benefits, stress resistance, and cardiovascular functioning.
Which of the following statements about retirement in America is true?
When retired adults return to the labor force, it occurs on average 4 years after retirement.
Which of the following is true of attention?
When two competing tasks are reasonably easy, age differences among adults are minimal or nonexistent.
Kübler-Ross describes the _____ stage as the end of the dying struggle.
acceptance
What is the "triple jeopardy" faced by African American and Latino women when it comes to income and financial levels of support in the elder years?
ageism, sexism, and racism
A recent study reported by De Meyer and others revealed that ________, which is a protein fragment that forms plaques in the brain, was present in the spinal fluid of approximately 75 percent of the individuals with mild cognitive impairment.
amyloid beta
Rueben has been diagnosed with lung cancer and has been told by his doctor that he has only a few more weeks to live. He is shocked as he thought his symptoms were merely because of chest congestion and that they were not too serious. After speaking with the doctor, he comes to know that his death is imminent and there is nothing he can do about it. He thinks that it is unfair because he has never smoked a cigarette all his life. He starts questioning himself and his loved ones "Why me?" In the context of Kübler-Ross' stages of dying, which stage is most likely exemplified in this scenario?
anger
Ada knows that she has liver cancer and that she will not live much longer. Based on her mother's advice, she joins a prayer group and begins attending church regularly. In her prayers, she asks God to let her live one more year and promises God that she will set everything right with her family and loved ones. In the context of Kübler-Ross' stages of dying, Ada is most likely in the _____ stage.
bargaining
According to Baltes, in which of the following scenarios is the need for compensation for older adults the most obvious?
being bedridden because of an illness
Gisela is suffering from a condition that involves thickening of the lenses of her eyes. This causes her vision to become cloudy or distorted. Identify the condition that Gisela is suffering from.
cataracts
Which of the following is one of the best predictors of job performance in older adults?
cognitive ability
In the context of Kübler-Ross' stages of dying, after accepting the certainty of death, a period of _____ or preparatory grief may appear.
depression
Which of the following is a risk factor in the development of cataracts?
diabetes
One of the conditions to which prolonged, elevated levels of stress-related hormones have been associated with is
diabetes.
Which of the following is a result of declining color vision in the green-blue-violet part of the color spectrum?
difficulty in accurately distinguishing between objects of closely related colors
When Kendall was in college, she discovered that she was pregnant. Since she was not ready to have a baby at that age, she went through a medical abortion. Post the procedure, Kendall felt very low and upset and could not grieve openly as she wanted to keep her pregnancy a secret from everyone. Years later, when she had a miscarriage, she started grieving for the baby she lost and for the baby she had aborted. In this scenario, identify the type of grief Kendall is most likely displaying.
disenfranchised grief
________ attention involves concentrating on more than one activity at the same time.
divided
According to a study by Dols and others, which of the following is more effective in treating older adults' depression than antidepressants?
electroconvulsive treatment
4-year-old Rebecca's grandfather died a few weeks ago. Rebecca is very fond of him and would wait for him to visit her house every weekend. Now that it has been a few weeks since he last visited, Rebecca has been asking her mother why her grandfather has not come over to visit her. Considering that Rebecca is only a child, which of the following approaches should her mother follow while answering her questions?
explain as simply as possible that her grandfather died and answer any questions Rebecca has about his death
4-year-old Rebecca's grandfather died a few weeks ago. Rebecca is very fond of him and would wait for him to visit her house every weekend. Now that it has been a few weeks since he last visited, Rebecca has been asking her mother why her grandfather has not come over to visit her. Considering that Rebecca is only a child, which of the following approaches should her mother follow while answering her questions?
explain as simply as possible that her grandfather died and answer any questions Rebecca has about his deathCorrect
A cross-sectional study by Ursula Staudinger found that for adults from 55 to 65 years of age, _____ became most important in terms of personal investment.
family
Which of the following biological theories of aging states that people age because their cells' normal metabolism produces unstable oxygen molecules?
free-radical theory
According to Erikson, which of the following stages of development does an individual experience in middle adulthood?
generativity vs. stagnation
Which of the following is a major disease that can impair the vision of older adults?
glaucoma
A cross-sectional study by Ursula Staudinger found that for participants from 85 to 105 years old, _____ became the most important personal investment.
health
According to new studies, which of the Big Five factors of personality was linked to an increased risk of older adults' developing Alzheimer disease across a 6-year time frame?
high level of neuroticism
A recent study of older adults by Manning and Miles revealed that religious service attendance was associated with a
higher level of resilience in life.
The _____ portions of the brain often die sooner than the _____ portions.
higher; lower
Travis, who is 25 years old, knows that Beijing is the capital of China, but he cannot remember when or where he learned this. This is an example of how semantic memory
is independent of an individual's personal identity with the past.
Stuart is 67 years old, widowed, and lives alone. Recently, he has started drinking too much and frequently engages in binge drinking. Stuart's example presents a case of
late-onset alcoholism.
Martha, who is 80 years old, has recently been diagnosed with lung cancer. Over the last few weeks, her pain has increased tremendously. Her doctor is trying his best to cure her illness, but the cancer cells have spread and chemotherapy is taking a toll on Martha's overall health. Considering her age, Martha is reluctant to be admitted in the hospital for long as she wants to die peacefully surrounded by her family. She has been advised by her family to consider hospice as it would
make the end of her life as free from pain and anxiety as possible.
The type of care that is designed to reduce pain and suffering and help individuals die with dignity is known as _____ care.
palliative
Damon met with a car accident 4 years ago and has been terminally ill since then. He suffered multiple fractures to his skull that caused him to slip into a coma. He has been in a vegetative state for over 3 years now. His family finally agrees to end his suffering by turning off his respirator. In this scenario, the withholding of the respirator is an example of _____ euthanasia.
passive
In a cross-sectional study of individuals ranging in age from 13 to 90 years, researchers found that self-control was lowest in the _____ domain for individuals who were 60 to 90 years old.
physical
The ________ is one area that shrinks more than others with aging.
prefrontal cortex
A changing identity, such as from "wife" to "widow," is an example of
restoration-oriented stressors.
In the Jewish community, the members of a grieving family all walk together for a short distance to symbolize their
return to society.
Venette recounts a funny story that she had recently heard to her friend Clarice. Clarice tells her that she has heard the story before, and, in fact, she had been the one to originally tell the story to Venette. From the scenario, it can be said that Venette has poor _____ memory.
source
Telomeres and telomerase are increasingly thought to be key components of the ________ process, providing a possible avenue to restrain cancer and delay aging.
stem cell regeneration
In _____, the deceased are forgotten as quickly as possible, and life is carried on as usual.
the Hopi of Arizona
Which of the following is referred to as the final stage in the marriage process?
the time from retirement until death
Wilma is considering hospice care for her elderly father. She reaches out to a few hospice care agencies to know more about this program. She is aware that the idea behind this program is to make the end of life for a patient as free from pain, anxiety, and depression as possible and not to find a cure for an illness. The agencies inform her about another important purpose of this program. In this scenario, which of the following is most likely a purpose of hospice care?
to aid dying patients to face death with dignity
Which of the following is a term used to describe sustained attention?
vigilance
