Developmental Psych Ch. 1-3

According to emotional development theories, _____

11-year-olds are better at understanding other people's emotions than 3-year-olds.

What is the difference between a cross-sectional study and a cross-sequential study?

A cross-sectional study compares groups at the same time, while a cross-sequential study compares groups over different periods of time

All of the following statements are true about correlational research, EXCEPT

It is not able to show negative relationships, or relationships that change in different directions

Which of the following accurately describes the sampling frame in a research study?

It is the group of people from which the sample is drawn

The effects of major social and cultural trends or events on a particular group is referred to as what?

The cohort effect

When someone refers to the population of a study, they are referring to:

The group of people a researcher is interested in

Under which circumstances would a true experiment NOT be used?

When a random sample cannot be used

Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment wouldn't be approved today because it _____.

caused physical and psychological harm

An infant's crying, cooing and smiling behaviors are intended to

ensure the child's needs for safety and comfort get met

The process of maturation involves _____ and _____ growth that accompanies or continues beyond the process of physical growth.

intellectual; emotionl

A toddler who is able to understand simple relationships between actions or representations is at which stage of cognitive development?

inter-relational

The sample of a study consists of

the group of subject in the study

A scientist plots data points from an experiment, and notices that the dependent variables and the independent variables in the data set are decreasing together. What kind of correlation have they discovered, and why?

A positive correlation, because these describe situations where the dependent variables and the independent variables in a data set increase or decrease together.

In what way is a survey better than a case study? I. It allows the researcher to collect information on a lot of people. II. It doesn't take that much time. III. It produces the most accurate data.

I and II

According to Bruner, a child between the age of one and six exists in the:

Iconic stage

Which of these scenarios illustrates the multidimensional aspect of human development?

In his late 40s, Bill notices several new things happening to him. He needs a new eyeglass prescription, becomes a bit forgetful, and feels disconnected from his friends.

Which of the following will not help a researcher ensure that their research is representative?

Increasing the sample diversity

What is a condition or piece of data in an experiment that can be controlled or changed?

Independent Variable

All of the following are benefits of a true experiment, EXCEPT

It always helps to prove that your hypothesis is true

According to attachment theory, the parent-child relationship is important because:

It lays the groundwork for all other relationships

Why is physical development important for babies and toddlers?

It leads to improved motor skills, which allows them to explore the environment

Which of the following scenarios illustrates the principle of multidirectionality of development over time?

Jana is amazed at how quickly her 5 year old picked up German phrases on their trip. Jana couldn't seem to remember any of it, though she did pick up social customs that the child didn't even notice.

Sonia walks over to the stove and reaches up toward it only to feel an intense heat that makes her pull her hand back quickly before she is badly burned. From that point on she never reaches up toward the stove. This process of changing behavior based on uncomfortable stimuli is an example of _____.

Learning

The study of how people grow and change during all phases of their lives is called _____.

Life span development

Research studies that look at one individual or one group over a period of time are called ___.

Longitudinal research

As a young adult, Cara begins a career, learns new skills in the workplace and forms a healthy relationship. She is showing signs of:

Maturation

The cohort that came of age around the year 2000 is most commonly referred to as which of the following?

Millennials

What is it called when dependent variables and independent variables in a data set either increase or decrease opposite from one another?

Negative correlation

How to Bruner and Piaget's views differ?

Only Bruner believed that development is a continuous process, not a series of stages

Which of the following demonstrates the sequence of complexity in order?

Operational consolidation, unifocal coordination, bifocal coordination, elaborated coordination

Lynette feels socially inept and has a constant fear of being shamed or rejected by others. As a result, she avoids interacting in social situations and is reserved in her close relationships. This is an example of a _____.

Personality disorder

Lionel notices that his customers spend more on rainy days and it seems like as the rain gets heavier, their spending increases. This is an example of _____.

Positive correlation, since it demonstrates that as good weather decreases, spending increases

Kim is participating in an experiment. She has as much a chance of being in Group A as she does of being in Group B. What is this called?

Random Sampling

Janet is studying the effect of social media use on academic achievement for fourth graders at the school where she teaches. Which of the following sampling methods would provide Janet with the most representative sample of the fourth grade population?

Randomly choosing ten students from each of the fourth grade classrooms by picking names from a hat.

How do you define cross-sectional research?

Research studies that make a comparison of different groups at the same time

Which of the following is NOT a strategy older adults can use to delay a slowdown in their cognitive development?

Sleeping more

How are social development and emotional development different?

Social development is about learning to interact with others, while emotional development is about understanding emotions.

Prevailing theories in psychology suggest that the main factors influencing our personalities include all of the following EXCEPT which one?

Strangers

By looking at long-range data, a sociologist notices that occurrences of drunk driving are on the decline. How could the cohort effect be used to explain these changes?

Successive generations have been increasingly warned against the dangers of drunk driving, thus lowering drunk driving incidents

Which of the following statements is true?

The independent variable is changed in the experimental group

As Tara conducts her research, she becomes concerned that her sample might not really represent the population under study in the research. Why is this a MAJOR concern?

The research cannot be generalized to the wider population if the sample is not truly representative

Alex and Betty are the exact same age, but Alex has a learning disability. Should we expect their respective levels of cognitive development to be the same or different? Why?

They may be different, because Alex has a disability

Why might a researcher choose to do a case study rather than a survey or an interview?

They produce the most accurate data

Which of the following is TRUE about central conceptual structures?

They provide a framework for organizing information

Why do people collect data?

To see if their hypotheses are true or not

Which of the following is NOT a type of human development?

Traditional

How do you test an experiment's hypothesis?

You compare results from the experimental group with results from the control group

Bill received a new toy ball. It was not round like all of his other toy balls, but oval. He had to _____ this new information in order to understand how to play with it.

accommodate

Deception in psychological research is _____.

allowed but minimized as much as possible

The process of incorporating new information into existing knowledge is known as ____, whereas the process of adjusting our schemas to fit new information and events is known as ____.

assimilation; accommodation

Dr. Hollins is interested in finding more about how parents work with their children when they are helping them with homework. Which of the following would probably provide the most detailed and accurate portrayals for use in Dr. Hollins' research?

case studies

Which of the following is included in both Case's theory and Piaget's cognitive development theory?

cognitive development occurs in stair step-like stages

A researcher performs a cross-sectional study examining how interpersonal communication changes over a lifetime. One of the researcher's cross-sections, consisting of adults who reached adulthood in the early 2000s, demonstrates a very different, technology based style of communication in early adulthood as compared to the other groups. These findings might reflect the _____ since young adults who came of age in the early 2000s were surrounded by technology.

cohort effect

Dr. Edmundson is conducting research on memory over an average lifespan. He breaks his study participants down into four groups arranged by age groups; 18 - 35, 36 - 53, 54 - 71, and 72 - 89. Then he has all four groups take the same set of memory tests on a Saturday in late May. Dr. Edmundson is using a _____ research design.

cross-sectional

Doctor Weiss conducts an experiment where he manipulates the speed of an educational video, and then tests student recall of the material to see whether a difference in pace of an educational presentation affects recall. In this experiment, the level of student recall is the _____.

dependent variable

The study of how people's thoughts, behaviors, emotions, and relationships change as they grow is referred to as _____.

developmental psychology

Molly overheard her dad telling her mom he got 'creamed' by his friend in a tennis match. This confused Molly, causing her to experience a conflict or _____, because she couldn't imagine her father turning into a creamy liquid.

disequilibrium

A personality trait is considered to be___

enduring

In evaluating potential experiments, a research organization's Institutional Review Board tries to _____.

find a balance between the value to science and the potential harm done

Development is the process of ____ and ____ that humans go through over their lifetime

growth; change

Development is the process of _____ and _____ that humans go through over their lifetime.

growth; change

Mary is designing a research study and preparing to select her sample. Which of the following are all important considerations concerning the representativeness of her sample?

her sampling procedure, sample size, and participation rate

Dr. Zant is conducting an experiment to see whether or not a preview video, outlining some of the content that students will hear in a lecture, seems to aid student retention. Half of the students in the experiment are shown the video before the lecture, while the other half only see the lecture. In this experiment, the preview video is a(n) _____.

independent variable

Researchers provide a(n) _____ form to study participants in order to provide details regarding the study, as well as information regarding any risks or benefits connected with participation.

informed consent

Which method(s) of data collection make use of interviews?

interviews and case studies

Janet plans to study changes in intelligence over a period of 20 years for her group of research participants. She plans to test participants' IQs at five year intervals with one final test at the end of the 20 year period. Janet's study is _____.

longitudinal

The two guiding principles for ethical standards in psychological research are _____.

minimize harm and obtain informed consent

The concept that development occurs biologically, intellectually, and emotionally is called _____.

multi-dimensionality

___ are a person's usual ways of thinking, behaving and feeling

personality traits

The American Psychological Association most commonly allows experiments to be conducted involving all of the following, EXCEPT

primates

Sam solicits volunteers for his study on consumer preferences, and ends up with a group of 60 volunteers from which he will pick a study sample. He then places the names of all of the volunteers on separate slips of paper in a bowl, and has a blindfolded friend reach in and pull out 20 names to use in the sample. This is an example of _____.

random sampling

Adolescents gain _____ skills as the prefrontal cortex of their brain develops.

reasoning and problem-solving

Dr. Jensen is conducting research in which one group is given a twelve week live course in Biology while another is provided with a self-paced online course that covers the exact same material. At the end of the experimental period, both groups are given a test in order to see which group retained more of the course content. The dependent variable in this experiment is the _____.

retention score

According to Piaget, _____ is a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

schema

As part of his dissertation research, James is sending questionnaires to all of the students enrolled in the university's economics department along with an explanation of the research he is conducting and a request for student participation. This is an example of _____ research.

survey

How are surveys and interviews similar?

they both might elicit inaccurate responses

A cross-sequential study compares _____.

two separate but similar longitudinal research studies that are conducted at different times

The attachment theory asserts that human behavior is influenced by _____.

unconscious urges and instinctual biological drives

Fourteen-year-old Rex is able to propose and test a mathematical hypothesis through various assessments. According to Case, Rex is at which stage of development?

vectorial

Learning how to do multiplication is an example of _____.

Cognitive development

Which of the following statement about growth is FALSE?

Growth impacts the mind

What is a distinguishing characteristic between growth and maturation?

Growth is limited, maturation is limitless

Calvin is a singer who gets anxious when speaking to large groups. However, once he starts singing, he immediately feels confident and calm. His transient anxiety in front of large groups is an example of which of the following?

A state

Which of the following would be a good fit for a case study?

An in-depth examination of one study subject, when a researcher has a long time in which to conduct the study.

At age 26, Sergio has had several romantic relationships that failed due to his jealousy and overdependence. Which of the following is a possible explanation for Sergio's behavior?

As an infant, he was insecurely-attached and received little attention or was abused

Which of the following is an example of a positive correlation?

As income goes up, purchases go up

Why is it important to know a person's date and place of birth when doing social research?

Because a group of people born at a certain time and in a certain place are subject to similar influences

A scientist is designing an experiment with rats, and designates weight as the dependent variable. Why might this be the case?

Because the weight will be influenced by an outside factor that the scientists controls.

Why is plasticity important for development?

Because without plasticity, change would impossible

How can a researcher increase the validity of a case study?

By describing only what is being seen and avoid making inferences

Sam's younger brother stops crying when he hears a specific nursery rhyme. As a child, Sam plays the song often for his little brother. As an adult, Sam tries to play the same song for his young daughter when she is crying. Sam's behavior is an example of learning because:

He adapted his behavior based on environmental learning

Timmy now understands that when you double something you will have twice as much as you started with. Just last year he had trouble understanding this concept and would always have to see examples done with blocks or beads. Timmy's increased understanding is an example of _____ development.

Cognitive

This is the theory that describes learning as an active process of constructing new ideas or concepts based on previous knowledge:

Constructivism

Which of the following studies could the cohort effect be most problematic for?

Cross-sectional studies

Traditional theories of plasticity state that it _____ as people get older. However, current research contends that plasticity _____ as people age.

Declines; stays the same

The process of change that all humans experience is called

Development

Human development _____only in younger years. It happens ____.

Does not take place; across the lifespan

How can educators implement Piaget's principles?

Educators should include objects in the classroom so that the child can act on them. Different actions by the child should produce different effects.

This is the stage of representation in which an object can be directly manipulated, but without an internal representation of said object:

Enactive mode

Bruner's three stages of cognitive representation follow which order, from earliest to latest?

Enactive, iconic, symbolic