developmental psych: chp 10

evolutionary psychology

many human behaviors represent successful adaptation to the environment

negative affect

refers to the extent to which a child is angry, fearful, frustrated, shy, and not easily soothed

urgency/extraversion

refers to the extent to which a child is generally happy, active, vocal, and regularly seeks interesting stimulation

difficult temperament coincides with ____________ attachment

resistant

internal working model

a set of expectations about parents' availability and responsiveness, both generally and in times of stress

In the Strange Situation, a baby with ___________ attachment is upset when the mother leaves and remains upset when she returns, sometimes to the point of being inconsolable a. avoidant b. resistant c. secure

b

preoccupied adults

describe childhood experiences emotionally and often express anger or confusion regarding relationships with their parents

secure adults

describe childhood experiences objectively and value the impact of the parent-child relationship on their development

of the negative emotions, which one do we know the least about?

disgust

how do we control emotions?

diverting attention to other less emotional stimuli, thoughts, or feelings

basic emotions

emotions experienced by people worldwide, each of consists of three elements: a subjective feeling, a physiological change, and an overt behavior

self-conscious emotions

emotions involving feelings of success when one's standards or expectations are met and feelings of failure when they are not (exp. pride, shame, guilt, and embarrassment)

t/f: infants often prefer to play with their fathers and rely on fathers when they are distressed

false (rely on mothers when distressed)

t/f: those who don't regulate their emotions will not have problems interacting with peers and will not have adjustment problems

false (will tend to have these problems)

3 different ways environment also contributes to children's temperament

(1) temperament can be affected directly by parents' behavior, (2) the environment can amplify the genetic effects of temperament through the mechanisms, (3) temperament may make some children particularly susceptible to environmental influences

reciprocal relationships

(18 months on) infants' growing cognitive and language skills and their accumulated experience with their primary caregiver makes infants better able to act as true partners in the attachment relationship

true attachment

(6-8 months to 18 months) by approximately 7 or 8 months, most infants have singled out the attachment figure -usually the mother-as a special individual. The attachment figure is now the infant's stable social emotional base

attachment in the making

(6-8 weeks to 6-8 months) during these months, babies begin to behave differently in the presence of familiar caregivers and unfamiliar adults

preattachment

(birth to 6-8 weeks) during prenatal development and soon after birth, infants rapidly learn to recognize their mothers by smell and sound, which sets the stage for forging an attachment relationship

when do self conscious emotions surface

18-24 months (they require the child having some understanding of the self which typically occurs between 15 and 18 months)

when can infants first identify emotions in others?

4-6 months

By __ - __ months, infants use simple strategies to regulate their emotions

4; 6

Hannah is happy, usually adjusts well to new situations, and has regular routines for eating and sleeping. Hannah fits in which of the temperamental categories described by Thomas and Chess? a. easy b. slow-to-warm-up c. difficult

a

Select the statement that correctly describes influences on the quality of attachment. a. secure attachment is most likely when parents are sensitive and responsive b. when children are in day care, they are less likely to develop a secure attachment relationship c. secure and preoccupied adults are most likely to development secure attachment relationships with their children

a

Which of the following is a basic emotion? a. anger b. pride c. embarrassment

a

Which of the following statements about emotion regulation is correct? a. when children are less skilled in regulating their emotions, they tend to be less popular with peers b. infants are unable to regulate their emotions c. school-age children and adolescents are relatively more skilled at regulating emotions, mainly because they no longer resort to cognitive strategies

a

according to the evolutionary perspective, attachment ____________. a. evolved to increase the infant's odds of survival b. is learned through reinforcement and punishment c. has no adaptive value

a

attachment

an enduring social-emotional relationship to an adult

Mary Ainsworth's strange situation

an experimental method designed to measure the nature of attachment between mothers and babies

what is one of the first negative emotions to emerge from general distress (typically between 4-6 months)

anger

parents of securely attached infants

are highly sensitive to their infant's signals, emotionally expressive, encourage infant exploration, are happy to have close physical contact with baby

stranger wariness

at about 6 months, infants become very wary in the presence of an unfamiliar adult

slow to warm up coincides with ___________ attachment

avoidant

Compared with children who have secure attachment relationships, children with insecure attachment relationships ________________. a. have higher quality friendships b. are prone to anxiety and aggressive behavior c. do not differ

b

Research on the impact of heredity and environment on temperament shows that ____________. a. the impact of heredity is greater in infancy than in childhood b. temperament may make some children particularly susceptible to environmental influence c. temperament is due to a few specific genes

b

Temperament ____________. a. is moderately stable in infancy but becomes less stable in preschool years b. is linked to personality directly and indirectly c. is stable from infancy through adulthood

b

When Emma is upset, her mom can soothe her more quickly than other people can, even though Emma savors attention from lots of people. She's still comfortable with strangers. Which of Bowlby's stages of attachment best describe Emma? a. preattachment b. attachment in the making c. true attachment

b

Which of the following is not one of the temperamental dimensions proposed by Rothbart? a. effortful control b. activity c. negative affect

b

Which of the following statements accurately describes links between temperament and other aspects of development? a. children with a difficult temperament always have behavioral problems b. anxious children are more likely to comply with a parent's rules and requests c. is stable from infancy through adulthood

b

compared with U.S. children, Asian children are ____________. a. more likely to express emotion outwardly b. more likely to be embarrassed when recognized c. particularly likely to express anger

b

the first kind of fear to emerge in infancy is _________. a. fear of snakes and spiders b. wariness of strangers c. fear of imaginary creatures

b

Freud's theory of attachment

babies become attached to anyone who feeds them

temperament

behavioral styles which are fairly stable across situations and are biologically based

most 12 month olds ________. a. cannot distinguish happy faces from sad faces b. can distinguish real smiles from "fake" smiles c. use their parents' facial expressions to interpret unfamiliar situations

c

display rules

culturally specific standard for appropriate expressions of emotion in a particular setting or with a particular person or persons (vary across culture)

what are examples of basic emotions?

happiness, anger, surprise, interest, disgust, sadness, and fear

Thomas and Chess

identified three basic temperaments for infants; difficult, slow to warm and easy

parents of avoidant infants

impatient, frequently angry/resentful when baby interferes with plans, quite unresponsive to infants' signals, often express negative feelings about their infant, limit expressions of affection

Harlow and Zimmerman theory of attachment

importance of contact comfort

temperament is somewhat stable throughout ________ but becomes more stable in ____________ ________

infancy; preschool years

social referencing

infants in an unfamiliar or ambiguous environment often look at their mother or father, as if searching for cues to help them interpret the situation

slow to warm up temperament

intense reactions both positive and negative, responds slowly to novelty/change, sleeps/eats more regularly than difficult temperament, less regularly than easy temperament, shows mildly negative initial response to new stimuli but gradually adjusts after repeated exposure

parents of resistant infants

interested in their babies, willing to provide close physical contact, frequently misinterpret infants' signals, fail to establish routine with the baby, their moods affect interactions

effortful control

refers to the extent to which a child can focus attention, is not readily distracted, and can inhibit responses

difficult temperament

negative mood, cries often/loudly, laughs loudly, responds poorly to novelty/change, sleeps and eats irregularly, suspicious of strangers, adjust extremely slowly to new routines

separation anxiety

obvious signs of discomfort from attachment figures, peaks between 14-20 months

social smiles

occurs at 2-3 months of age, infants smile when they see another person

"slow-to-warm-up" babies

often unhappy but were not upset by unfamiliar situations (less common)

fathers spend more time ___________ with their babies instead of taking care of them

playing

John Bowlby's four phases in the growth of attachment

preattachment, attachment in the making, true attachment, reciprocal relationships

activity

referred to an infant's typical level of motor activity

persistence

referred to the amount of time that an infant devoted to an activity, particularly when obstacles were present

easy temperament coincides with _____________ attachment

secure

three types of relationship attachments

secure attachment, avoidant attachment, resistant attachment

stable attachments between infants and caregivers build _______ over many weeks and months

slowly

dismissive adults

sometimes deny the value of childhood experiences and sometimes cannot recall those past experiences precisely, yet they often idealize their parents

"difficult" babies

tended to be unhappy, were irregular in their eating and sleeping, and often responded intensely to unfamiliar situations (less common)

resistant attachment

the baby is upset when the mother leaves and remains upset or even angry when she returns and is difficult to console

secure attachment

the baby may or may not cry when the mother leaves, but when she returns the baby wants to be with her and if the baby is crying, it stops

Klaus and Kennell theory of attachment

the first 6-12 hours is a sensitive period for emotional bonding, skin to skin contact promotes closer connection between moms and babies

t/f: infants are biased toward negative emotions

true

t/f: the impact of heredity increases with age

true

"easy" babies

usually happy and cheerful, tended to adjust well to new situations, and had regular routines for eating, sleeping, and toileting

easy temperament

usually positive, responds well to novelty/change, quickly develops regular sleep and feeding schedules, takes to new foods easily, friendly with strangers and adapt to new situations easily

stranger anxiety

wary reaction to strangers, peaks at 8-10 months of age