Developmental Psych Exam 1
What is the potential problem with swaddling?
Because it distances the baby from the mom's body, it has the downside of limiting skin-to-skin contact between caregiver and child Continuous human touch is most effective at calming crying during the first days of life.
Describe the second trimester. What is quickening?
Begin to feel better Hormone levels calm down Others notice pregnancy Quickening? First feeling of baby moving at approximately 18 weeks 20-24 weeks partner can feel baby
Define nature
Biology
Briefly describe Sickle cells anemia
Blood disorder that limits body oxygen supply; can cause heart and kidney failure
What is contexts of development?
Broad general influences
How is preferential-looking paradigm and habituation used to test infant sensory abilities and cognition?
By showing newborns small and large-stripped patterns and measuring preferential looking, researchers have found that at birth our ability to see clearly at distances is very poor. Idea that what we look at (preference) often we lose interest in it after a while
Describe amniocentesis
Can determine the fetus's fate. Doctor inserts a syringe into the woman's uterus and extracts a sample of amniotic fluid The cells can reveal a host of genetic and chromosomal conditions, as well as the fetus's sex Planned for a gestational age (typically 14 weeks) when there is enough fluid to safely siphon out and time to decide whetter or not to carry the baby to term It too carries a small chance of infection and miscarriage, depending on the skill of the doctor performing the test
Describe chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
Can diagnose a variety of chromosomal and genetic conditions. A physician inserts a catheter into a woman's abdomen or vagina and withdraws a piece of the developing placenta for analysis. Advantage = knowing early on about problems; however, this test can be slightly dangerous, as it carries a risk of miscarriage and limb impairments
What do contractions do?
Cause the cervix to efface (thin) and dilate (open) to allow the fetus to descend in the birth canal
What are some causes and problems with low/very low birth weight?
Causes: - smoking - preemie - malnutrition - Smaller parents - Placenta problems --> high blood pressure Problems - Issues with brain development - Growth - motor abilities - intellectual and social difficulties
Explain how 3 growth principles of development apply to motor development
Cephalocaudal = first babies lift their head, then pivot their upper body, then sit up without support Proximodistal = infants have control of their shoulder before they make their arms and fingers obey their commands Mass-to-specific = From the wobble first step at age 1 to the home run out of the ballpark during the teenage years--as the neurons myelinated-big, uncoordinated movement are honed and perfected as we move form infancy to adult life
What are hormones?
Chemical substances that target certain tissues and body processes and causes them to change--orchestrate ovulation as well as the other events that program pregnancy
How have our conceptions of childhood, later life, and adult life changed?
Childhood - 1 in 3 babies died back then. - in the late 1900's 3 of almost every 10 US children did not live beyond age 5 - Children began to work at a young age - During the industrial revolution, poor girls and boys made up more than a third of the labor force in British mills - Most people entered their work lives after seventh or eighth grade - Now we have delayed the beginning of adulthood to an older age. Developmentalists have identified an "in between" stage of life: emerging adulthood. Later life - Average life expectancy has increased - This has moved grandparenthood, once being a sign of "old," down into middle age - Women can start new careers in their early 50s - We have moved beginning of old age beyond 65 Adult life - People can have sex without being married - Women could fulfill themselves in a career - Encourage husbands to share the housework and child care equally with their wives - Divorce became an acceptable alternative to living in an unfulfilling marriage - To have a baby, women no longer need to be married - Women now make up more than half the US labor force
Define self-soothing
Children's ability, usually beginning at about 6 months of age, to put themselves back to sleep when they wake up during the night
What is the language acquisition device?
Chomsky's term for a hypothetical brain structure that enables our species to learn and produce language
Describe language acquisition device; who coined the term and why?
Chomsky's term for a hypothetical brain structure that enables our species to learn and produce language Why?
Who determines babies gender?
Dad
Briefly describe Tay Sachs Disease
Deceleration of mental and physical development caused by accumulation of fatty material in the neurons Recessive
Describe the natural birth options we discussed in class
Def: labor and birth without medical intervention Options: - Certified midwife: more personal, holistic presence, in your hour - Doula: Advocate while you are in labor - Lamaze method: Trying to distract you from the pain and focuses on breathing. They are OKAY with medical intervention - Bradley method: Focuses on the pain, DADS play a key role in labor, they go through a college course where they go over diet, nutrition, etc. They are NOT OKAY with medical intervention.
Define developed world
Defined by WEALTH, or high median per-person incomes. In these countries life expectancy is high. Technology is advanced. People have widespread access to education and medical care.
Briefly describe Hemophilia
Delayed blood clotting --> internal and external bleeding. Sex-linked
Define correlational research
Determining whether two or more variable are related to one another NOT able to determine cause and effect Could be a third variable that would explain the relationship
Describe Elinor Gibson's depth perception research
Developed the visual cliff = a table that appears to "end" in a drop-off at its midpoint; used to test for infant depth perception Placed infants on one end of the checkered board pattern while their mothers stood at the opposite end The middle of the board had a sign that moved from table to floor level so it would seem that the babies would fall if they crawled beyond Found that even when parent encouraged their children to crawl to them, by 8 months of age, babies refused to venture beyond what looked like the drop-off
Define child development
Development from birth to adolescence
Describe the fetal stage
Development occurs at more of a leisurely rate. - It takes 7 months to transform the embryo into a resilient baby ready to embrace life. Need this long so that the human brain can form
Explain naturalistic observation: Pros and Cons
Direct observation of behavior Pro = direct view of behavior Con = reality of conducting
How does gender impact development?
Do you live in a society where men are encourage to be househusbands and women to be corporate CEOS? Females outlive males by at least 2 years Women are the physiologically hardier sex. Boys more aggressive than girls? Boys = blue, girls = pink?
Describe the modes of inheritance for single gene disorders
Dominant: Only one parent has to have the problem gene (50/50 chance of child getting illness) Recessive: Both parents need to have the problem gene for child to end up with illness (25% chance) Sex-linked: MOM is the one that carries the problem gene on one X chromosome. This is not a problem for girls but for BOYS. Boys have a 50/50 chance
What are basic newborn states?
Eating Crying Sleeping
Define implantation
Embedding into the uterine wall
Compare and contrast the effects on a pregnancy (emotional, socially, financially, and physically) of a supportive (present) dad vs a non-supportive (not present) dad
Emotions: Have support from your husband when women hormones are off balance Social: If you are a single mom there is the social stigma of people being judgy. Women also enjoy having someone to share the joys of pregnancy with Financial: Health insurance plans. Dad can work while mom doesn't have to. Mom can take maternity leave. Physical: Dad is often the driver to the hospital. Help mom get around when gets bigger and becomes more difficult.
Define individualistic culture
Emphasize independence, competition, and personal success. Children are encouraged to believe in their own personal power, to leave their parents, to stand on their own as self-sufficient and independent adults
Define accommodation
Enlarging our mental capacities to fit input from the wider world Create new schema or adjust an existing one
Define nurture
Environment
What is the developmental systems perspective?
Everything is important because everything affects everything Microsystem = school, church, peers, family (things directly contacting) Mesosystem = How the groups interact and respond to one another Exosystem = Whats your neighborhood like, whats your parents workplace like, extended family, media, social services Macrosystem = What are the cultural values at large?
What is the developmental systems perspective and what does it emphasize/stress?
Examining the total ecology, or life situation of the child forms the heart of this contemporary perspective Stresses - the need to use many different approaches - the need to look at how processes interact
Define stunting
Excessively short stature in a child, caused by chronic lack of adequate nutrition
Describe the second trimester
Feeling much better and connecting emotionally. Hormones calm down Quickening Baby belly shows
Define zygotes
Fertilized ovum not attached to uterine wall
Describe ultrasound
Fetal diagnostic test Provides a clear image of fetus, used to date pregnancy and assess in utero growth, in addition to revealing physical abnormalities
Define holophrase
First clear evidence language, who babies use a single word to communicate a sentence or complete thought
Describe Piaget's Sensorimotor stage
First stage of development, lasting from birth to 2, when babies' agenda is to pin down the basics of physical reality
Describe psychoanalytic theory
Focus on early childhood and unconscious motivations It analyzes the psych or our inner life. Freud became convinced that our actions are dominated by feeling of which we are not aware. the roots of emotional problems lay in repressed (made unconscious) feelings from early childhood. In other words, "mothering" during the first five years of life, determines adult mental health. Id = present at birth, is the mass instincts, needs, and feeling we have when we arrive in the world Ego = during early childhood, the conscious, ration prat of our personality. Functions = thinking, reasoning, planning, and fulfilling our id desires in realistic ways. Superego = moral arm of our personality -- exists in option to the id's desires. According to Freud 1. Human beings are basically irrational 2. Life-long mental health depends on our parents' caregiving during early life 3. Self-understanding is the key to living a fulfilling adult life.
Define myelination
Formation of a fatty layer encasing the axons of neurons. This process, which speeds the transmission of neural impulses, continues from birth to early adulthood
Define synaptogenesis
Forming of conceptions between neurons at the synapses This process, responsible for all perceptions, actions, and thoughts, is most intense during infancy and childhood but continues throughout life
Define colic
Frantic, continual crying in the first 3 months of life; due to immature nervous system - lasts for 3 hours at a time and as often as 3x per week
Describe longitudinal research
GOLD STANDARD Can examine individuals change over time and look at predicting later behaviors from earlier ones. Problem = EXPENSIVE and difficult to follow large groups over a long time. Some people will continue with the study while others won't
Explain operant conditioning
General law of learning that causes each voluntary action, and forming our first word to mastering higher math. - Responses we reward, or reinforce, are learned
What did Bedard et al., 2017 find regarding sugar and child outcomes?
He found that moms who took in more sugar when they were pregnant, were at a higher risk of having babies with allergies, and had twice as high risk of developing allergy-based asthma
What did DeRosiers et al., 2018 find regarding low carb diets and fetal outcomes?
He found that people who were on a low carb diet in months prior to conception would have a decrease in folate intake which then leads to a moderate increase risk in NTDs particularly for unplanned pregnancies. (neural tube defects) Also, he found that it did not help at all if women took supplements. It did not reduce the risk of NTD
What did Bornehag et al., 2018 find regarding acetaminophen use and child outcomes?
He reported that when women took acetaminophen/tylenol GIRL babies were more likely to have language delays (less than 50 words) at 30 months.
What is infant-directed speech? Why is it important?
Helps with language development Important? Babies whose parents use IDS communications tend to have babies who speak at younger ages key --> to help with language development, spend a LOT of time talking to your baby!
Define developing world
Here people may not have indoor plumbing, clean running water, or access to education. They may even die at a young age from "curable" infectious diseases Babies in the poorest regions of the globe face a tweet-first-century lifespan that has striking similarity to the one developed-world children faced more than a century ago.
Define infant massage?
Holding and stroking infant
Define blastocyst
Hollow sphere of cells (~100) preparing for implantation - upon arrival to the uterus, cells differentiate into layers
What do developmentalist study?
How people change over time. Lifespan development is the scientific study of human growth over the lifespan. Child development Gerontology Adult development They draw from a multidisciplinary approach They are interested in: - Milestones --> What we can expect at different points in peoples lifespan development - Individual differences --> How we are alike and different from one another. Some people enter puberty earlier than others. Why? - Life transitions --> Normative --> parenthood, retirements, adolescence Non-normative --> domestic violence, trauma, divorce - Life practices --> Discipline, sleep arrangements, feeding choices
Describe the A-not-B error
In Piaget's framework, a classic mistake made by infants in the sensorimotor stage, where babies approaching age 1 go back to the original hiding place to look for an object even though they have seen it get hidden in a second place.
What are circular reactions?
In Piaget's framework, repetitive action-oriented schemas (or habits) characteristic of babies during the sensorimotor stage
Define object permanence
In Piaget's framework, the understanding that objects continue to exist even when we can no longer see them, which gradually emerges during the sensorimotor stage
Define quantitative research
In order to make general predictions about people, we need to examine the behavior of different individuals. We need to pin down our concepts by using SCALES or ratings with NUMERICAL VALUES that can be tallied and compared.
Describe the rooting reflex?
In response to their cheek being touched, newborns will turn toward that location and begin to suck
How has childhood changed over time in terms of cohort?
In the past: - Kids started to work earlier - Kids played outside more - It was common for kids to not finish school - Kids now have a time frame where they can focus on themselves and put off responsibilites
Define cesarean section
In which a surgeon makes incisions in the woman's abdominal wall and enters the uterus to remove the baby, is the lifesaving final solution for labor and delivery problems
Why is REM sleep important for infants?
In which dreaming is intense Babies are in this stage quite long because it helps them consolidate memory, it is an incredible time babies spend in this phase in order to absorb the overwhelming amount of information that must be mastered during the first years of life. If they are in REM sleep they it is good because they will be able to sleep for a long time and it is an active sleep. They have a hard time putting themselves back to sleep so it is good when they are in an active sleep ????
Explain twin/adoption studies
In which identical twins are separated in childhood and reunited in adult life. If Joe and James, who have exactly the same DNA, have similar abilities, traits, and personalities, even though they grow up in different families, this would be strong evidence that genetics plays a crucial role in who we are.
What are some critiques of Piaget's work?
Infants grasp the basics of physical reality well before age 1 Infants' understanding physical reality develops gradually
What is attachment theory?
John Bowlby Babies need to be physically close to a caregiver during the time when the are beginning to walk. Disruptions in this biologically programed attachment response, he argued, if prolongs, might cause serious problems later in life. - Our impulse to be close to a "significant other" is a basic human need during every stage of life
Define observer reports
Knowledgable person such as a parent, teacher, or trained observer completes scales evaluating the person. Sometimes peers rank the children in their class.
How have relationships chanced with the advance in technology?
Labeled our 21st century "culture of connectivity" - be tethered to our significant others every moment of the day - Fostered the development of social networking sites, such as FB, that permit us to broadcast every feeling to an expanding array of "friends"
Define emerging adulthood
Lasting from age 18 to roughly the late twenties, is devoted to exploring our place in the world Phase of life that beings after high school and tapers off toward the late 20s and is devoted to constructing an adult life.
Describe the embryonic stage
Lasts roughly 6 weeks, and is the most FAST-PACED period of development. All the MAJOR ORGANS are constructed. By the end of this stage what once looked like a clump of cells now looks like a recognizable human being. Connects to the maternal bloodstream By WEEK 3 = circulatory system forms, and its pump, the heart, starts to beat Formation of the neural tube.
Define modeling
Learning by watching and imitating what other people do
Define baby-proofing
Making the home safe for a newly mobile infant
Who is the more likely culprit for fertility issues--men or women?
Male
What are testes?
Male structures comparable to the ovaries--are continually manufacturing sperm
Define plastic
Malleable, or capable of being changed (used to refer to neural or cognitive development)
How do miscarriages affect dads?
Men have a double burden - They may feel compelled to put aside their feelings to focus on their wives
Briefly describe Phenylketonuria
Metabolic disorder that if untreated can cause intellectual disability. People are missing an enzyme
What is evolutionary psychology?
Mirror image of behaviorist Look to nature, or inborn biological forces that have evolved to promote survival, to explain how we behave. Why do pregnant women develop morning sickness just as the fetal organ are being formed, and why do newborns prefer to look at attractive faces rather than ugly ones?
Define DNA
Molecule containing genetic info
Define ovulation
Moment, typically around day 14 of a woman's cycle, when a mature ovum erupts from the ovary wall.
Describe Down syndrome
Most common chromosomal abnormality People have intellectual disability Have heart disease/other health issues Physical Characteristics: - Slanted eyes - Stocky build - Round face - Flattened skull - Protruding tongue - Short limbs
Define sex-linked disorders. Example
Most often the women is caring a recessive gene for the illness on one of her two X chromosomes. Since the daughter gets another X chromosome from her father, she does not get affected. This one only affects boys Hemophilia
Briefly describe Cystic fibrosis
Mucus production clogs lungs and pancreas. People can wear a chest vest that vibrates to help loosen up the mucus
Define collectivist culture
Place a premium on social harmony. The family generations expect to live together, even as adults. Children are taught o obey their elders, to suppress their feelings, to value being respectful, and to subordinate their needs to the good of the wider group.
Define normative transitions
Predictable transitions such as retirement, becoming parents, or starting middle school
Describe and provide examples for primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, and tertiary circular reactions
Primary = 1-4 months of age = Repetitive actions centered on the child's body - sucking toes, sucking thumbs Secondary = 4 months of age to baby's first bday, centered on exploring the external world - Grabbing for toys, batting mobiles, pushing one's body to activate the lights and sounds on a swing Tertiary = 1-2 years = child flexibly explores the properties of objects, like a "little scientist" - Exploring the various dimensions of a toy; throwing a bottle off the high chair in different directions, putting different kinds of food in the computer, flushing dollars down the toilet
What are some benefits of breastfeeding?
Provides immunities to middle ear infections and gastrointestinal problems Makes toddlers more resistant to colds and the flu Show accelerated myelin formation They get higher scores on intelligence tests They seem less physiologically reactive to stress, at age one
Describe the principles of prenatal development
Proximodistal development: growth occurs from most interior (proximal) part of the body to the outer (distal) sides - arms and legs grow then fingers and toes Cephalocaudal sequence: Growth occurs in a sequence from head to toe - Mammoth head-looking embryo from which arms and legs sprout Mass-to-specific sequence: Large structures precede increasingly detailed refinements - head forms before eyes and ears.
Define assisted reproductive technology
Refers to any strategy in which the egg is fertilized outside the womb. Most widely used ART procedure is in vitro fertilization
Define self-efficacy
Refers to our belief in our competence, our sense that we can be successful at a given task
Describe correlational studies
Researchers chart the relationships between the dimensions they are interested in exploring as they naturally occur
What is a cross-sectional study?
Researchers compare DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS AT THE SAME TIME on the trait or characteristic they are interested in
Explain adoption studies
Researchers compare adopted children with their biological and adoptive parents. Here they evaluate the impact of heredity on a trait by looking at how closely they children resemble their birth parents (share only genes) and their adoptive parents (with whom they share only environment)
Explain twin studies
Researchers typically compare identical Twins and fraternal twins on the trait they are interested in (playing oboe, obesity, and so on) Idea is that if a given trait is highly influenced by genetics, identical twins would be much more alike in quality than fraternal twins because identical twins come from the same egg.
What is a longitudinal study?
Researchers typically select a group of a particular age and periodically test those people over years
What are some critiques of developmental research?
- Consider the study's participants. How were they selected? Ask yourself, "Can I generalize from this particular group to the wider world? - Examine the study's measures. Are the accurate? What biases might they have? - In looking at the mian correlation studies in this book, be attuned to the fact that their findings might be due to other forces - With cross-sectional findings, beware of making assumptions that this is the way people REALLY change with age - Look for longitudinal studies and welcome their insights. However, understand that--especially during adult life--these investigations are probably tracing the lives of the best and brightest people rather than the average adult
What are the vestibular system and the proprioceptive system?
- Controlled by fine hairs in ears, tell us where we are in relation to gravity, right side up or upside down, stationary or moving - Controlled by nerve endings in limbs, tells us: position of limbs, joints bent or straight, muscles tense or relaxed
Describe the methods of sleep training we discussed in class
- Crying it out - Ferber (gradual crying-it-out) - No Cry sleep solution - Secrets of the baby whisperer - Babywise - Fading
Describe the basic principles of teratogens
- Embryonic stage is when most vulnerable time for major damage since this is the time of CONSTRUCTION - Brain can be impacted by teratogens throughout the pregnancy; later exposure (2nd or 3rd) typically associated with learning impairments and or behavior problems - Have a threshold level above which damage occurs - Unpredictable--dependent on fetal and maternal vulnerabilities (biology/genetics)
Define Individualistic culture
- Emphasizes independence, competition, and personal success.
Define collectivist culture
- Emphasizes social harmony
Describe the medical interventions for birth that we discussed in class
- Episiotomy: I think when they cut the vagina somewhere in order to make the opening bigger for the baby - Epidural: Drug that is inserted into the spinal cord which lowers your lower body - Electronic fetal monitor: Put on the moms belly and is able to track the babies heart rate, etc. - Forceps: Can use them to attach to the babies head and pull them right out - Vacuum: Basically like a vacuum to the babies head to pull them out - C-section: Method of delivering a baby surgically by extraction get baby through incisions in the woman't abdominal wall and in the uterus
What are the symptoms women might experience in the third trimester?
- Fatigue may return - Backaches - Swelling extremities - Heartburn - Insomnia - Braxton hicks - Sciatic nerve pain
What are some hypotheses for the cause of morning sickness?
- Fetal protection. Women are turned off to foods that are bitter and spicy because they know that it can cause birth defects - Maternal-embryo protection. Avoid foods that could give you food poisoning - Gestational metabolic syndrome avoidance. Avoid foods that would raise blood sugar levels - Nutrient seeking.
Define assimilation
- Fitting environmental input into our existing mental capacities (schemas)
What are symptoms of pregnancy during the first trimester?
- Frequent urination - morning (all day) sickness - lightheadedness - nausea - breast tenderness - fatigue - Headaches - Missed period
How does gender affect our development?
- Having kids changes career trajectories more for women than men - Girls are more emotionally expressed, like pink, dolls, not as aggressive - Boys have a shorter life expectancy, like blue, trucks, and are more aggressive. Career interests are often different too, but that is changing.
Why is Piagets theory considered stage theory?
- He talks about the different stages in with infants develop their motor skills (sensorimotor skills)
What are some cons of IVF?
- Headaches involved in ART - the pain - Expense - chance of miscarrying if many eggs take - The virtual certainty of having fragile, small babies when several conceptions come to term - or issues attached to third-party arrangements
Describe HELLP syndrome
- Hemolysis, elevated Liver enzymes, and Low Platelet count. Hemolysis = the breakdown of red blood cells - Type of preclampsia - Happens in 1 to 2 out of 1,000 pregnancies Symptoms - blurry vision - rapid weight gain - Headaches - Belly pain - nausea - fatigue Need to give birth as soon as possible If you have previously had a pregnancy with HELLP then you have a 25% chance of getting it next time - Anywhere between 1-20% of moms die from it - Anywhere between 10-60% of babies die from it.
What are the benefits of breastfeeding?
- Immune-boosting - Brain development (myelin formation and IQ) - Lower stress reactivity (moderate levels help them to habituate to cortisol) - Less likely to become obese, Develop type 1 diabetes, develop allergies, and experience SIDS
How has adulthood changed over time?
- It was common for women to be stay at home moms, while now a days it is not uncommon to have stay at home dads. - Women were more likely to not go on to college while now it is more likely. - Dating is different, the length of time, how casual it is now, texting instead of asking out in person. TECHNOLOGY plays a gigantic role.
Define schema
- Organized understanding (everything in memory has a schema)
How has late adulthood changed over time?
- People are living longer - People when they retire, often travel, go somewhere warm
Describe Piaget's cognitive development theory
- Principle that from infancy to adolescence, children progress through FOUR QUALITATIVELY DIFFERENT STAGES of intellectual growth
What are some threats at birth?
- Problems with contraction mechanism - inability of the cervix to fully dilate - deviations from the normal end-down position as the fetus descends and positions itself for birth - Difficulties stemming from the position of the placenta or the umbilical cord as the baby makes its way into the world
According to Harvey Karp, what is the best way to sooth a crying baby?
- Shushing - Swinging - Sucking - Stomach/side position - Swaddling
What are some facial abnormalities that are associated with FASD?
- Small head - Short stature ....
How does culture and ethnicity affect our development?
- The culture you grow up in can influence you a lot. - Our western area/culture prioritizes independence, competitions, and personal success. - Different cultures value religion at a different degree
Why is stimulation of the vestibular and proprioceptive systems important for the baby's development?
- The vestibular helps the baby develop balance and movement or stationary movement - The proprioceptive system helps babies develop their motor skills of sensing where their limbs are in order to be manipulated
What do newborns prefer to look at in terms of faces?
- Their mom's face - Attractive people - People who look at them directly
What are some reasons women might discontinue breastfeeding earlier than planned?
- They go back to work - Social factors = it may start to become awkward around others and socially unacceptable for as long as they are doing it. - Painful/infections = can happen in the first 2 weeks - Low supply. Starts to go down - Exhaustion = everything starts to get old. (all the work that it takes)
Define disequilibrium
- Uncomfortable with our understanding and have to accommodate new info
Describe kinesthetic sense
- Vestibular system - Proprioceptive system
How does socioeconomic status affect our development?
- Where you grow up affects the level of education you receive (Chicago example) - Lower income families are maybe not as likely to go to prestige colleges where teachers are very good.
What are some critiques of developmental research?
- Who are the participants? - Is the study generalizable? - Sound measurements? - Alternative explanations for correlational research? - Cross sectional = Can't be sure that this is how people really change (cohorts effects) - Longitudinal = Only successful people will continue on?
What are the outcomes in countries that do not have access to c-sections?
- postpartum hemorrhage - infections - pregnancy blood-pressure complications - Maternal mortality
What is deferred imitation and pretend play and what are they a sign of?
- watching someone perform an act and then performing that action at a later date - occurs when a child is using an object as something else, pretending that the object has properties that it has not, and/or when the child is using imaginary objects
Describe the motor milestones observed in the first 12-15 months
0-1 month = Lift head 2-4 months = Roll over 5-8 months = Sit up alone 6-10 months = crawl 6-12 months = pull up 8-12 months = Cruise 10-14 months = stand 12 months = walk If at 15-16 months cannot walk, then that could be a bad sign
What theories tend to fall under the nature perspective?
1. Attachment theory (nature and nurture) John Bowlby Nurture: caregiver relationship extremely important for adaptive development Nature: attachment response is biologically programmed; babies NEED to be physically close to their caregiver. 2. Evolutionary psychology --> Study the role inborn, species-specific behaviors play in development. Examine similarities such as language acquisition and phobias 3. Behavioral genetics --> Study what role genetics play in individual differences in behavior (or not) Examine DIFFERENCES such as identical twins
Describe which theories tend to fall under the nurture perspective?
1. Behaviorism: John Watson, BF Skinner. Reinforcements --> development The way people behave affects peoples growth/emotions Ex: Fight with mom. If the mom keeps fighting, nothing is really getting done. To fix that you can takes something away if the daughter keeps on arguing **Do not engage** 2. Social Learning Theory: Albert Bandura Learn by watching and modeling others (He watched children playing with dolls, etc.) We can have positive and negative role models 3. Psychoanalytic Theory: Freud Behavior determined by unconscious feelings/motivations and childhood experiences Poor mothering --> poor mental health outcomes as an adult. Works to unearth repressed experiences feeing patient to live fulfilled life 4. Attachment theory: caregiver relationship extremely important for adaptive development --> learn how to regulate emotions, can trust people
Describe the three stages of birth
1. Dilation and effacement - longest stage --> 6-12 hours for first child - Contractions, apx 20 min apart that work to dilate and efface cervix (as stage progresses, contractions become closer and closer together, every 2-5 min) - At the end of stage, cervix is dilated to TEN centimeters 2. Birth - Begins when baby's head starts to move through cervix to birth canal (crowing: appearance of scalp) - Ends when baby is completely outside of mother - Lasts around 45-60 minutes --> PUSHING stage 3. Expulsion of placenta (afterbirth) - Placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are pushed out - Lasts minutes
What are 3 categories of teratogens?
1. Drugs --> prescriptive, non-prescriptive, recreational, alcohol 2. Maternal disease --> Viruses, infections 3. Environmental toxins --> lead, mercy, radiation, pesticides
What 2 factors play a role in how a woman feels about her pregnancy and impending motherhood?
1. Economic concerns (puts at risk of feeling demoralized and depressed. 2. Feeling loved by one's mate
Describe Shepard's Criteria
1. Exposure during important developmental stages 2. Consistent findings in at least 2 studies 3. Delineation of clinical cases leading to syndrome 4. Rare exposure --> rare defect 5. Animal model? 6. Biologic sense 7. Refers to chemical exposures (N/A here)
Why can Zika be considered teratogenic?
1. Exposure early in pregnancy --> microcephaly 2. New studies in the works (not met yet) 3. Zika infection --> typical pattern (microcephaly) 4. Rare exposure (zika) --> rare event (microcephaly) 5-7. Not required teratogen label
Describe the stages of prenatal development and what occurs during each stage
1. Germinal Stage - first 14 days of development = fertilization --> implantation = embedding of the blastocyst into uterine wall. 2. Embryonic stage - Week 2 - week 8 Starts when blastocyst attaches to uterine wall - Organ/system construction time = week 3 circulatory system forms and HEART starts to beat = 20-24 days post-fertilization neural tube forms (neural tube = cylindrical structure that forms along the back of the embryo and develops into the brain and spinal cord, almost all of your neurons originated in neural tube cells 3. Fetal stage - Week 9 - Week 40 (birth) - Slower pace of development - Brain developing, hence the long duration of time - From 4-7 months brain almost doubles in size.
What are some criticisms of Piagets's theory in terms of sensorimotor development?
1. Infants have basics of physical reality before age 1 (A) 2. Infants' understanding physical reality develops gradually (B)
What are the three themes of developmental psychology?
1. Nature vs Nurture --> Epigenetics = how the environment, life events, stress, can directly affect your biology, and can turn on or off genes, but doesn't change your DNA Genes Shape life experiences: evocative = evoke certain reaction to different temperament. Active forces = Sports, sign up for babel team, etc. Experiences needed to express genetic talents --> You need to live in environment to show your talents 2. Continuity vs Stages --> Piaget looked at stages, saying that people have stages that are fundamentally different. Vs continuity where people are continually changing, there is no in-between 3. Stability vs. Change --> Stability = difficult cranky baby --> also a cranky teen or CHANGE, difficult cranky baby --> bubbly 5 year old
Explain each subset of the sensorimotor stage
1. Simple reflex - Birth to 1 month - Task centered on THEMSELVES - Reason for action = REFLEX Ex: sucking, rooting, grasping 2. Primary circular reactions - 1 to 4 months - Repetitive habits (chance) centering around baby's body - Task centered on their own body (repetitive behavior) - Reason for action = happened by chance Ex: sucking thumb, kicking legs 3. Secondary circular reactions - 4 months to 8 months: Habits center on environment (repeat bc of consequence) - Task centered on objects - Reason for action = they like the consequence (repeat it) Ex: grab toys, hit mobile, shake rattle 4. Coordination of secondary circular reactions - 8 months to 1 year: Coordinate vision and touch (hand-eye coordination); intentional actions - Task centered on the environment - Reason for action = INTENTIONAL acts Ex: uses a stick (tool) to bring a desired toy within reach 5. Tertiary circular reactions - 12 to 18 months: interested in properties of objects and what they can do with them (experimenting) - Task centered on environment objects - Reason for action = "Little scientists" Ex: dropping things, spin, slide 6. Internalization of schemas - 18 to 24 months: Use of primitive symbols to form enduring mental representations - Task centered on SYMBOLS to form enduring mental representations - Reason for action = N/A Ex: infant observes another child throw tantrum, remembers it and throws one next day
What are 2 factors that may affect how stress during the prenatal period influences a developing baby?
1. The intensity, quality, and timing of the stress may matter - Does the person have an overload of problems, few social supports, or is she experiencing a difficult pregnancy? 2. The person's personality and coping style matters most - The way that women can HANDLE stress
What are some challenges to breastfeeding?
1. The need to work 2. Embarrassment to nurse their babies in public (not practical) 3. The pressure to live up to the image of the ideal breast-feeding mom present problems 4. It can also be physically hard
Describe postpartum depression
10-15% of women - Major depressive disorder with onset either during pregnancy or within a month after birth Symptoms - lethargy - trouble sleeping - depressed mood - lost in interest of things used to like before Issues with attachment and cognitive development of mother and baby Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale
How far can an infant see in the first month?
20/400
Where do the chromosomes come from when a new life is formed?
23 from mom and 23 from dad
Define trimester
3 month segment of pregnancy; there are 3 trimesters in a typical pregnancy
How many chromosome do humans typically have? (individual or paired?)
46
Define colic
A baby's frantic, continual crying during the first THREE months of life; caused by an immature nervous system
Define dendrites
A branching fiber that receives information and conducts impulses toward the cell body of a neuron
Define undernutrition
A chronic lack of adequate food
What is a representative sample?
A group that reflects the characteristics of the population about whom you want to generalize
Define axons
A long nerve fiber that usually conducts impulses away from the cell body of a neuron
Define self-report strategy
A measurement having people report on their feelings and activities through questionnaires
Define naturalistic observation
A measurement strategy that involves directly watching and coding behaviors
Define genetic counselor
A professional skilled in both genetics and counseling, to help you think through your choices
Define preferential-looking paradigm
A research technique to explore early infant sensory capacities and cognition, drawing on the principle that we are attracted to novelty and prefer to look at new things
Define reflex
A response or action that is automatic and programmed by non cortical brain centers
What is quickening? Occurs when?
A sensation like bubbles that signals the baby kicking in the womb that occurs in the SECOND TRIMESTER
Define socioeconomic status and describe how it may affect development
A term referring to our education and income--on our unfolding lives - Living in poverty makes people vulnerable to a cascade of problems--from being born less healthy, to attending lower-quality schools; from living in more dangerous neighborhoods, to dying at a younger age
Describe natural birth
A vague label for returning the birth experience to its "true" natural state
Define ovaries
Almond-shaped organs that contain the woman's ova or eggs
What is a social-interactionist perspective?
An approach to language development that emphasizes its social function, specifically that babies and adults have a mutual passion to communicate
Describe Preeclampsia
An increase in blood pressure after 20 weeks pregnant; often includes damage to liver and kidneys Symptoms - High blood pressure - Protein in urine - Severe headaches - Blurry vision - Swelling in extremities and face - Nausea - Belly pain Cure = deliver baby 8% of maternal deaths (50-70 women per year) If you had it in previous pregnancies then you are 10-20% likely to get it again
Define social cognition
Any skill related to understanding feelings and negotiating interpersonal interactions
What is social cognition?
Any skill related to understanding feelings and negotiating interpersonal interactions
Define low birth weight
Arrive into the world weighing less than 5.5 pounds
What is attachment parenting?
Attachment parenting is a parenting philosophy that proposes methods which aim to promote the attachment of parent and infant not only by maximal parental empathy and responsiveness but also by continuous bodily closeness and touch.
Define theories
Attempt to explain what causes us to act as we do
Define non-normative transitions
Atypical transitions such as divorce, death of a child, how declines in economy affect how we approach the world
Define very low birth weight
Babies weighing less than 3.25 pounds
Describe the third trimester of pregnancy
Back to not being so fun Experience - Backaches - leg cramps - numbness and tingling as the uterus presses against the nerves of the lower limbs - heartburn - insomnia - anxious anticipation
What did Paul et al. conclude about co-sleeping?
Room sharing with infant at 4 and 9 months associated with less nighttime sleep in short and long term (2,5 years); worse sleep consolidation; unsafe sleep practices
Describe miscarriage
Roughly 1 in 10 pregnancies end in a first trimester fetal loss. Women in their late thirties chance of miscarriage escalates to 1 in 5. 40-50% of all pregnancies end in miscarriage
What is possible third variable when it comes to explaining the benefits of breastfeeding?
SOCIAL CLASS Is it really breast MILK that promotes health, or the extra nurturing that got along with providing this natural food?
Explain the Apgar scale
Scale that rates your babies health - Heart rate - Respiratory effort - Muscle tone - Color - Reflex irritability Receive either a 0, 1, or 2 on each index Assessed at 1 min and 5 min after birth 7-10 = good condition 5 = may be developmental issues 3 or less = emergency, baby may not survive
Define Life span development
Scientific study of human growth over the lifespan
When can babies start to put themselves back to sleep?
Self soothing - usually able to put self back to sleep around 6 months
How does culture and ethnicity affect development?
Shapes peoples values
What is a child's sleep schedule as a TWO year old?
Sleeping 12 hours at night but dropping the morning naps
What is a child's sleep schedule like at ONE years old?
Sleeping 12 hours at night with 2 naps during the day
Explain how smoking and alcohol might impact a developing baby
Smoking - low birth weight baby (premie) susceptible to a host of developmental issues - Hyperactivity - Sleep problems Second hand smoking is just as problematic. It prevents enough O2 to baby. Exposure during last trimester is most detrimental Alcohol - Fetal alcohol synderome (small lip, smooth brow) - Small head size - Short stature - Facial abnormalities - Attention problems - Hyperactivity - Learning disabilities - Memory problems - Speech and language delays - Low IQ - Heart, kidney, or bone problems
Why should we be cautious about the correlational findings between breastfeeding and positive outcomes in babies?
Social class --> Caucasian, older, well-educated, and affluent
How do feelings of co-sleeping differ across cultures?
Some cultures are okay with family beds, our culture is not quite like that, we think that babies need to have their own room to develop their independence early
What is object permanence?
Something exists even when can't see them
Describe the sucking reflex
Spontaneous sucking movements newborns produce, especially when anything touches their lips
Define adult development
Study of adulthood. The physical and or emotional changes that occur during adulthood or older adulthood
Define gerontology
Study of aging and older adults
What is a teratogen?
Substance that crosses the placenta and harms the fetus
How can a crying baby be soothed?
Swaddling = the standard western infant calming technique of wrapping a baby tightly in a blanket or other garment and rock the baby (provide pacifier, a breast, bottle, or anything that satisfies the sucking) Kangaroo care = carrying a young baby in a sling close to the caregiver's body. This technique is most useful for soothing an infant Infant massage
Describe cross-sectional research
Test different age groups at the same time Ex: Group of 5 year olds, 10, 15, 50, and 80 Compare across cohorts Limited to testing group differences
Define babbling
The alternating vowel and consonant sounds that babies repeat with variations of intonation and pitch and that precede the first words
Define sucking reflex
The automatic, spontaneous sucking movements newborns produce, especially when anything touches their lips
What is maximum life expectancy
The biological limit of human life = 105
What is the age of viability?
The earliest date at which can be born and POSSIBLY live (22-23 weeks)
Describe the germinal stage of prenatal development
The first 2 weeks after fertilization--when the cell mass has not fully attached to the uterine wall. Within 36 hours, the fertilized ovum, which is now a zygote, makes its first cell division. Then the tiny cluster of cells divides every 12-15 hours as it wends its ways down the Fallopian tube When the cell enters the uterine cavity, they differentiate into layers--some destined to form the pregnant support structures, others the child to be. Now called a BLASTOCYST, ball of roughy 100 cells then faces implantation--embedding into the uterine wall.
Define amniotic sac
The fluid-filled chamber within which the baby floats. Provides insulation from infection and harm
Define synapse
The gap between the dendrites of one neuron and the axon of another, over which impulses flow
Define infertility
The inability to conceive a child after a year of unprotected intercourse--is far from rare
Define twentieth-century life expectancy revolution
The most dramatic increase in longevity occurred about 100 years ago, when public health improvements and medical advances, such as antibiotics, wiped out deaths from many INFECTIOUS DISEASES. In the last 50 years, our prepress has been slower because the illnesses we now die from, called chronic diseases--such as heart disease, cancer, and stroke--are tied to the aging process itself
Define cerebral cortex
The outer, folded mantel of the brain, responsible for dining, reasoning, perceiving, and all conscious responses.
Define habituation
The predictable loss of interest that develops once a stimulus becomes familiar; used to explore infant sensory capacities and thinking
Define infant-directed speech
The simplified, exaggerated, high-pitched tones that adults and children use to speak to infants that function to help teach language
Define co-sleeping
The standard custom, in collectivist cultures, of having a child and parent share a bed
What is the placenta?
The structure protecting from the wall of the uterus during pregnancy through which the developing baby absorbs nutrients
Define epigenetics
The study of how our environment--often, but not exclusively, intrauterine and early childhood experiences--alters the outer cover of our DNA, causing effects that last throughout life.
What is meant by little-scientist phase?
The time around age 1 when babies use tertiary circular reactions to actively explore the properties of objects, experimenting with them like "scientists"
What is SIDS?
The unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant, often while sleeping, during the first year of life.
Define income inequality
The widening gap between the superrich and everyone else
Why do babies cry?
They cry in order to communicate because they can't talk Cry in order to communicate that they are: - hot - cold - hungry - need a diaper change - wants attention - tired - gassy - reflux; may be for no discernible reason
What is the multidisciplinary approach to developmental psychologist?
They draw from nursing, neuroscience, social policy, and psychology. They look at MILESTONES. When kids start to talk, crawl, walk, etc. They look at individual differences. How some babies talk sooner than others, etc. Life transitions such as transitioning to elementary school, college, marriage, new job, etc. Life practices such as nursing, teachers, etc. `
How might a miscarriage affect dads?
They have to shelve own grief as well as be supportive and put their focus on their partners grief. Everybody is focused on mom that people often forget that dads grieve too. This can lead to moms feeling bad for putting the dads in this situation too.
What are some problems if a baby is unable to self-soothe?
They may have chronic sleep issues which leads to irritable, stressed out parents and vic versa
What/who do young infants prefer to look at?
They prefer to look at a photo of their mother instead of a stranger They prefer ATTRACTIVE looking people too Prewired to gravitate to relationships Newborns look longer at faces when the "eyes" are gazing directly at them
Describe newborns' sleep patterns
They will sleep 18 out of the 24 hours of the day 90% of that time is spent in sleeping/drowsy phase Around SIX months, baby able to sleep for SIX hours continuously (hopefully) 1 year = 12 hours at night with 2 naps during day 2 years = 12 hours at night but drop morning nap Preschool = No naps! Infants go right into REM sleep and stay there for most of their time asleep
What is effacement?
Thinning of the cervix
Briefly describe Huntington's disease
This is where people develop dementia and live approximately 35 years?
Define chromosomes
Threadlike structures that come in 23 pairs with one member of each pair coming from each parent. Contain DNA
Define genetic testing
Through a simple blood test, people can find out whether they carry the gene for these (and other) illnesses
Define sensitive period
Time when area of the body is most susceptible to damage from a teratogen (usually when it is in the midst of developing)
Describe the trophoblast and embryoblast/inner cell mass.
Trophoblast: Support structures for the pregnancy Embryoblast: Child to be
Compare and contrast ultrasounds, villus sampling, and amniocentesis
Ultra sounds = an image of a fetus in the womb that helps to DATE the pregnancy, assess the fetus's growth, and identify abnormalities Chorinoic villus sampling (CVS) = A relatively risky FIRST-TRIMESTER preganancy test for fetal genetic disorders. Physician inserts a catheter into the womens abdomen or vagina and withdraws a piece of the developing placenta for analysis Amniocentesis = A SECOND TRIMESTER (Week 14) procedure that involves inserting a syringe into a woman's uterus to extract a sample of amniotic fluid, which is tested for a variety of genetic and chromosomal conditions. Carries a small chance of infection and miscarriage
Define genes
Units of hereditary info; help cells reproduce themselves and help manufacture the proteins that maintain life
What is the neural tube?
Upper part of this cylinder becomes the brain, and the lower part becomes the spinal cord. Almost ALL neurons originate here. from the first months in the womb
What are the important structures involved in prenatal development?
Uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes, ovaries
Define qualitative research
Want to understand the unique lives of people by conducting in-depth interviews.
What is the social-interactionist perspective on language?
We all have a desire to communicate which drives the development of language (socially motivated)
How should Christians handle research findings that conflict with our faith?
We need to be honest with our findings. This does not mean though that we have to change what we think all the time.
How does age play a role in miscarriages?
When a women is 35> is increases likelihood for a miscarriage. 1 in 5 pregnancies miscarry
Define fertilization
When egg and sperm unite
How does fertilization occur? How many sperms reach the egg, etc.?
When egg and sperm unite
Describe ovulation
When ovum (egg cell) is released from the ovary Tends to be around day 14 of the cycle Triggered by hormones: FSH, estrogen, and LH Takes egg approximately 3 days to travel to uterus
When do babies start to sleep for longer stretches?
When they are 6 months can sleep 6 hours hopefully, but once they turn ONE they should be sleeping 12 hours
What is a quasi-experiment?
When you cannot randomly assign
Describe true experiments
Where researchers isolate their variable of interest by manipulating that condition (called the independent variable) and then randomly assign people to either receive that treatment, or another, control intervention.
Explain reinforcement
Where we can reinforce positive or negative behavior. - It is a powerful source for both good and bad
What is dilation?
Widening of the cervix
Who is statistically more successful when it comes to fertilization--Y sperm or X-sperm? Why?
Y sperm - Scientist estimate that 20% more male than female babies are conceived. The Y sperm is lighter and a faster swimmer - The X sperm is more resilient and slower.
Does infant-directed speech help with language development?
YES! Babies identify individual word better when they are uttered in exaggerated IDS tones
Can babies distinguish between new faces of different ethnicities? For how long? Why does this ability cease?
Yes, disappears by 9 months
Define kangaroo care
carrying a young baby in a sling close to the caregiver's body. This technique is most useful for soothing an infant
Define telegraphic speech
first stage of combing words in infancy , in which a baby pares down a sentence to its essential words.
Define cervix
narrow lower portion of the uterus
What is average life expectancy?
our 50/50 chance at birth of living to a given age (for baby boomers = 105)
Define umbilical cord
protruding from what will be the babies bellybutton, the conduit through which nutrients flow
What is fetal alcohol syndrome?
qualities include: - Smaller-than-normal birth weight and brain - Facial abnormalities - developmental disorders ranging from serious intellectual disability to seizures and hyperactivity
Define swaddling
the standard western infant calming technique of wrapping a baby tightly in a blanket or other garment and rock the baby (provide pacifier, a breast, bottle, or anything that satisfies the sucking)
Define baby-boom cohort
People born from 1946-1964, has made a huge impact on the western world as it moves through society (reason lies in SIZE)
Define young-old
People in their 60's and early 70's, often look and feel middle-aged. They reject the idea of old
Define old-old
People in their late 70's and beyond - More likely to have physical and mental disabilities so more prone to fit the stereotype of frail, dependent older adult
Define gestation
Period of pregnancy
Describe sensorimotor stage
Piaget's first stage of cognitive development, lasting from birth to age 2, when babies' agenda is to pin down the basics of physical reality
Define uterus
Pear-shaped muscular organ in woman's abdomen where developing baby grows
When do we start making inferences about others' goals and feelings?
- According to the video, around 5 months
Describe babies hearing--where can they hear? Any preferences?
- Babies can hear in utero and after birth, and are quickly able to echolocate - Sensitive to HIGH-PITCHED sounds --> parents/infant-directed speech - Smooth, melodic tunes preferred for relaxing and sleeping (lullabies)
Describe baby's smell and taste senses? Any preferences?
- Babies have more SWEET taste buds when they are born, prefer moms breast milk which is more sweet - Smell = Prefer moms breast pad versus a clean one
What is the hypothesized cause to the symptoms of the first trimester?
- Caused because a lot of hormones are being produced. - A lot of progesterone can cause lightheadedness and fatigue - Also hcg levels peak between weeks 8 and 11. This suggests a healthy pregnancy
Who assists women with natural childbirths?
- Certified midwives - Doula, nonmusical pregnancy and labor coach
Who was Jean Piaget?
- Child genius - Trained in BIOLOGY - COGNITIVE development theory = Piaget's Principe that from infancy to adolescence, children progress through four QUALITATIVELY DIFFERENT stages of intellectual growth
What are some contexts in which we develop?
- Cohort - socioeconomic status - culture and ethnicity
Define equilibrium
- Comfortable with our understanding and can take in (assimilate) new information
What is cognitive behaviorism/social learning theory?
Albert Bandura - The power of MODELING, or learning by watching and imitating what other people do. - Efficacy feeling determine the goal we set. They predict which activities we engage in as we travel through life
What are the milestones and corresponding ages in the first 2 years of life for language development?
- 2 to 4 months = Cooing: first sounds growing out of reflexes. Ex: "ooo" - 5 to 11 months = Babbling: alternate vowel-consonant sounds. Ex: "ba-ba-ba," "da-da-da" - 12 months = Holophrases: first one-word sentences. Ex: "ja" ("I want juice") - 18 months to 2 years = Telegraphic speech: Two-word combinations, often accompanied by an explosion in vocabulary. Ex: "Me juice"
What can babies see at 2 months?
- 20/400 vision - Can see like 18 inches away
At what point in a pregnancy is a fetus viable? At what point is there a 50/50 chance of survival?
- 22-23 weeks is when baby has the chance of survival outside of the womb (23 weeks = 52.5% of time all intervene)
What are some possible causes of SIDS?
Abnormalities in a particular region of the brain Have either too many or too few neurons in a section of the brain stem involved in coordinating tongue movements and maintaining the air way when we inhale Has been linked to pathologies in the part of the brain stem producing cerebrospinal fluid, too. Post-birth environmental causes - linked to infants being inadvertently smothered, and being placed face down in a "fluffy" crib
Describe sleep patterns for the first year of life. (include when babies sleep or not and what their sleep looks like form physiological standpoint)
Active sleep (REM sleep, uneven breathing, smiling, grimacing) = 50% Quiet sleep (slow, regular breathing) = 30% Drowsiness, sleep-wake transition = 7% Nonalert awake = 3% Alert awake = 7% Fussing, crying = 3% SIX months = 6 hours a night
Describe the first trimester
After the blastocyst implants into the uterus--a few days before the women first misses her period--pregnancy often signals its presence Headaches, urination, feel incredibly tired, breast tender/painful to touch, etc. Hormones trigger these symptoms. Progesterone surges. Placenta produces its own unique hormone, HCG, thought to prevent the women's body from rejecting the "foreign" embryo. Given this hormonal onslaught, the body changes, and the fact that the blood supply is being diverted to the uterus, the tiredness, dizziness, and headaches makes sense. Morning sickness
What is in vitro fertilization?
After the woman is given fertility drugs (which stimulate multiple ovulations) her eggs are harvested and put in a laboratory dish, along with the partner's sperm, to be fertilized. A few days later, the fertilized eggs are inserted into the uterus. Then, the couple anxiously wait to find out if the cells have implanted in the uterine wall.
Describe an experiment
CAN determine cause and effect NEED two things - Random assignment - Manipulated independent variable Problems: can be unethical
What is the A-not-B error?
Classic mistake where babies go back to original hiding spot to look for an object even though they have seen it get hidden in a second place
What are the contexts of development described in Belsky?
Cohort (our birth group, age group in which we travel through life) - Changing conceptions of childhood - Changing conceptions of later life - Changing conceptions of adult life - From relating in the real world to residing in cyberspace: online relationships - From living in an expanding economy, to facing financial hardship: the great recession Socioeconomic status (education/income on our unfolding lives) Culture and ethnicity Gender
Describe cross-sequential research
Combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal - include different age groups at one time and follow the different age groups over time.
What matters most when it comes to coping with infertility?
Communicating collaboratively around fertility issues is essential, as science offers couples so many options to help fulfill the quest to have a (partly) biological child
Compare and contrast true experiment and correlational studies
Correlational: may be mixing up the result with the cause, may be another variable that explains the results True experiment: Random assignment and a manipulated variable
How does developmental psychology take a multidisciplinary approach, explore milestones, focus on individual differences, and explore life transitions and impacts?
Multidisciplinary - Draws on fields as different at neuroscience, nursing, psychology, and social policy to understand human development. (biologically oriented psychologist = examine toddler output of salivary cortisol when they arrive at daycare, Anthropologist = look at cultural values shaping day-care choice, social policy = explore impact of offering universal government-funded day care in Finland/France, biochemist = study Alzheimers disease and decode what produce plaques and tangles that ravage the brain, nurse = Alzheimers unit, etc. Milestones - Physical aging, puberty, or menopause about? Ate there emotions we feel as we approach that final universal milestone, death? Individual differences - How much does personality or intelligence change as we travel through life? What causes the difference between people in temperament, talents, and traits? Why do people face puberty earlier? or age more quickly or slowly? Life transitions/impacts - Retirement, becoming parents, beginning middle school, divorce, death of child, etc. - explores practices like smoking, spanking, or sleeping in the same bed with your child
Define behavioral genetics
Name for research strategies devoted to examining the genetic contribution to the differences we see between human beings. How genetic is the tendency to bite our nails, develop bipolar disorder, have specific attitudes about life?
What is miscarriage and how frequently does it occur (both known and estimates of unknown)
Naturally occurring loss of a pregnancy and death of a fetus 10%. of KNOWN pregnancies lost in first trimester Most likely closer to 40-50% of all pregnancies end in miscarriage
Describe morning sickness
Nausea and sometimes vomiting
Define recessive disorders. Example
Need to get copy of problem gene from both mom and dad Cystic fibrosis Sickle cell anemia Tay-Sachs disease
Define rooting reflex
Newborns' automatic response to a touch to the cheek, involving turning toward that location and beginning to suck
What is a child's sleep schedule for a preschooler?
No naps!
What are gametes?
Nuclei of sperm or egg that has 23 cells
Describe down syndrome
Occurs because a cell-division error, called nondisjunction, in the egg or sperm cause an extra chromosome or piece of that copy to adhere to chromosome pair 21.
Define dominant disorders. Example
One parent harbor the problem gene, each child the couple give birth to has a 50/50 chance of getting ill. Huntington's disease
Define cohort
Our birth group, the age group with whom we travel through life
Explain developmentalists' current view of the nature-nurture debate
Our nature (genetic tendencies) shape our nurture (life experiences) We need the right nurture (life experiences) to fully express our nature (genetic talents)
Define fallopian tubes
Pair of slim tube structures that connects the ovaries to the uterus
What is co-sleeping?
Parent and child share bed (many definitions include sharing a room)
Explain observer reports: Pros and Cons
Parent, teacher, or research assistant completes questionnaire evaluating subject Pros = Structured look at behavior Cons = Biases
Explain Self-reports: Pros and Cons
Participant completes questionnaire on feelings, thoughts, etc. Pros = Quick Cons = Reporter bias
