Developmental Psychology ch.6
Harter believes that when children reach concrete operations
hey realistically evaluate their abilities and decide whether they like or dislike the person they see
information-processing approach.
a perspective on understanding cognition that divides thinking into specific steps and component processes, much like a computer
Piaget's Stages: Focus on Childhood
of Description (years) stage Sensorimotor The baby pin down the basics of physical reality. This stage ends with the development language. 2-7 Preoperations Children's perceptions are captured by their immediate appearances: "What they see is what is real." They believe, among other things, that inanimate objects are really alive and that if the appearance of a quantity of liquid changes (for example, if it is poured from a short, wide glass into a tall, thin one), the amount of liquid itself changes. Concrete Children have a realistic understanding of the world. Their operations thinking is really on the same wavelength as that of adults. While they can reason conceptually about concrete objects, however, they cannot think abstractly in a scientific way. 12+ Formal operations: Reasonjng is at pinnacle: hypothetical, scientific, flexible, fully adult. Our full cognitive human potential has been reached.
Synaptogenesis
(making billions of connections between neurons) is on an extended blossoming and pruning timetable, too, especially in the brain region for emotions and manage actions
Pruning of the frontal lobes does not begin until a person reaches about _____ years old.
9
relational
A high school athlete attempts to "psych out" his counterpart on a rival team by spreading a vicious social media rumor ahead of an important game. This example illustrates _____ aggression.
internalizing
An example of a(n) _____ problem is excessive shame and low self-worth.
externalizing tendencies
Arthur has _____ because he tends to act on his immediate emotions and behave aggressively.
internalizing
Astrid is excessively timid, self-conscious, and depressed. Astrid has _____ tendencies.
work to some extent
Bullying programs that aim to change schoolwide norms for bullying behavior
In order to effortlessly relate to people or to lie effectively
children must switch back and forth mentally from their own perspective to another person's point of view
externalizing tendencies
Children with this have special challenges. Like Adam in the chapter-opening vignette (or boys and girls with ADHD), they act on their immediate emotions and often behave disruptively and aggressively. Perhaps you know a child who bursts into every scene, fighting, bossing people around, wreaking havoc with his classmates and adults.
internalizing tendencies
Children with this have the opposite problem. Like Jimmy in the introductory vignette, they hang back in social situations. They are timid and self-conscious, frightened and depressed.
Reaching Piaget's and Erickson's middle childhood landmarks
Depends on that human masterpiece structure and frontal lobes.
"_____" is a general term referring to the frontal lobe's ability to inhibit one's responses and to plan and direct one's thinking
Executive function
making memories
Information processing approach belives information passes through different stages
internalizing tendencies
Jaden, a 9-year-old child, is extremely fearful of high places, thinking that he may fall at any moment. He also sees himself as a failure at everything he does, even when his performance is reasonably good. Jaden has _____.
Erikson's Psychosocial Stages
Life Stage Primary Task Basic trust versus mistrust Toddlerhood (1 to 2 years) Autonomy versus shame and doubt years) Initiative versus guilt Middle childhood (7 to 12 years) Industry versus inferiority Adolescence to emerging adulthood (teens into Identity versus role confusion twenties) Early adulthood (twenties to early forties) Intimacy versus isolation Middle adulthood (forties to sixties) Generativity versus stagnation Late adulthood (late sixties and beyond) Integrity versus despair .
reactive
Matthew kicked Xavier when Xavier threatened to take Matthew's snack. Matthew is showing _____ aggression.
has externalizing tendencies
Megan acts on her immediate impulses and behaves disruptively and aggressively. Megan
Emotional regulation
One way that Bailey manages his feelings is through __
Frontal Lobes
Region for thinking through our actions and manage our emotions
during toddlerhood
Research suggests that prosocial behavior begins _____.
"I can tell her anything, and I know she will stand up for me."
Ten-year-old Bella has a best friend named Sophia. Which would be Bella's MOST likely description of why Sophia is her best friend?
shame; guilt
Teresa was humiliated when her teacher yelled at her in front of the class. Jason felt terrible about insulting his younger brother and apologized. Teresa experienced _____, while Jason felt _____.
selective attention
The ability to manage our awareness to focus on just what we need to know
hostile attributional bias
They see threat in benign social cues. A boy gets accidentally bumped at the lunch table, and he sees a deliberate provocation
Which child is in middle childhood?
Toya, who is 8
elementary school-age; internal qualities
When asked to explain why Josie is her best friend, Samantha answers, "Because she makes me laugh and is nice to me." These girls are MOST likely _____ children because they describe their friendship in terms of _____.
Marco, who is 7½ years old
Which boy is the LEAST likely to engage in frequent physically aggressive behavior?
Luis, who is friendly and confident
Which fourth-grader is the LEAST apt to be the victim of bullying?
Cyberbullying
_____ is defined as using electronic media to harm another person.
learned helplessness
______ develops when people feel unable to affect the outcome of events, and so give up without trying.
Trouble controlling emotions is
a disadvantage world wide
Rehearsal
a major way we learn, epeat material to embed it in memory
Aggression
acts designed to cause harm
relational aggression
acts designed to hurt relationships
working memory
cognitive action takes place, we keep information in awareness and act to either process it or discard it Working memory is made up of limited-capacity holding bins and an "executive processor," Ex: In fact, for adults, working memory bin capacity is roughly the size of a city and local street address: seven chunks of information.
According to Piaget, middle childhood corresponds to the ______ stage of cognitive development.
concrete operations
Pia is 8 years old. According to Piaget, Pia is MOST likely in the ______ stage of cognitive development.
concrete operations
Empathy
developmentalists use for directly feeling another person's emotions
Emotion regulation
developmentalists use for the skills involved in controlling our feelings so that they don't get in the way of a productive life
Prosocial behavior
developmentalists use to describe such amazing acts of self-sacrifice, as well as the minor acts of helping, comforting, and sharing that we perform during daily life
Following a stroke, Violet has difficulty ordering problem-solving steps in a logical sequence. Additionally, she is much more impulsive than she had been before the stroke. Violet's _____ appear(s) impaired.
executive functions
Following a stroke, Harriet has difficulty ordering problem-solving steps in a logical sequence. Additionally, she is much more impulsive than she had been before the stroke. Harriet's _____ appear(s) impaired, reflecting damage to the _____ lobe.
executive functions; frontal
myelin sheath-the
fatty neural cover-grows into our twenties.
Erik Erikson called the psychosocial task children face during elementary school _____.
industry versus inferiority
Ellen is 7 years old. She is in the _____ stage of life.
middle childhood
Sympathy
muted feeling that we experience for another human being
Suppose a developmental scientist developed a measure called the Helicopter Parenting Inventory (HPI). Higher scores on the HPI indicate more extensive parental surveillance of children. Scores on this measure should be ______ correlated with the amount of physical activity among middle school students.
negatively
Piaget and Vygotsky gave us terrific insights into how children think.
neither theorist explained why industry locks in.
Reactive aggression
occurs in response to being hurt, threatened, or deprived. José, infuriated at Johnny, kicks him back.
self-awareness
our perceptions about ourselves
Mrs. Brierly tells her study skills class that "repetition is the key to learning." This advice emphasizes the role of _____ in learning.
rehearsal
children reach concrete operations
roughly at age 7 and 8
induction
studies of prosocial behavior focus on a socialization technique, Caregivers who use induction point out the ethical issues when a child has performed a hurtful act.
cerebral cortex
takes more than two full decades to mature.
Guilt
the more sophisticated emotion we experience when we have violated a personal moral standard or hurt another human being
Erikson's theory
the price of entering the real world is both industry and inferiority. In fact, inferiority ("I'm jealous because he is better than me!") helps propel industry ("I need to work hard so I can be better than him!")
Shame
the primitive feeling we have when we are personally humiliated
Self-esteem
the tendency to feel good or bad about ourselves—first becomes a major issue in elementary school
moral disengagement
universal human tendency to succumb to what Albert Bandura
Expanding working memory explains
why theory-of-mind capacities blossom during elementary school.
Reece, age 10
Personality theorist Harry Stack Sullivan believed that children's friendships fulfill the developmental needs of self-validation and intimacy. Which child is Sullivan MOST likely describing?
Which framework on cognitive development are theorists using if they analyze the development of human memory, concentration, and the ability to plan ahead?
an information-processing perspective
working memory and theory of mind are both facets
basic self-control skill critical to children succeeding in life
Relational aggression refers to _
behavior aimed at harming the victim's social relationships
esearchers find that working memory
bin size dramatically enlarges during early elementary school
Executive functions
broad term that refers to every frontal lobe feat of self-control
According to Harter
children draw on five areas to determine their self-esteem: scholastic competence (academic talents); behavioral conduct (obedience or being "good"); athletic skills (performance at sports); peer likeability (popularity); and physical appearance (looks). As you might expect, children who view themselves as failing in several competence realms often report low self-esteem
learned helplessness
feeling that they are powerless to affect their fate
After a stroke, Reginald has difficulty ordering problem-solving steps in a logical sequence. Moreover, he is noticeably more impulsive than he had been in the past. Reginald appears to have suffered damage to the _____ lobe.
frontal
Chelsea is 18 years old and has just acquired her driver's license. Despite her mother's warnings, she still acts impulsively when she drives. For example, she always speeds up to "beat" yellow lights, and she changes lanes without looking. Chelsea's impulsivity may be caused by the slow development of her _____ lobes.
frontal
Obesity, as the stereotypes table suggests,
has clear negative emotional effects
Physically active parents
have daughters and sons with better motor skills
A male's frontal lobes do NOT mature physiologically until he reaches _____.
his twenties
Proactive aggression
hurtful behavior that we initiate to achieve a goal. Johnny kicks José to gain possession of the block pile.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
inattentiveness and hyperactivity/distractibility—is the most widely diagnosed childhood disorder in the United States
As developmentalist Carol Dweck has demonstrated
one key to enhancing academic self-efficacy is to praise children for effort ("You are trying so hard!"), rather than making comments about basic ability ("You are incredibly smart!")
