Developmental Psychology: Mid-Term

__________ in childhood appears to result from a complex interplay of biological factors and environmental factors such as reinforcement and modeling. Evidence suggests that genetic factors may be involved in this behavior, including criminal and antisocial behavior

Aggression

According to Freud, during this stage of psychosexual development gratification is obtained through control and elimination of waste products.

Anal Stage

When they are given the opportunity to look at human faces, one-month-old infants tend to pay most attention to the __________________.

"edges," that is, the chin, an ear, or the hairline.

In keeping with the principles of cephalocaudal growth, an infant's brain triples in weight, reaching nearly ______% of its adult weight by the age of one year.

70

At two years of age, the brain already has attained ____% of its adult weight.

75

Numerous advantages are associated with breast-milk, which of the following is NOT a benefit.

Breast-fed infants bond more easily with caregivers.

A child's growth can be slowed from its genetically predetermined course by many organic factors, including illness and malnutrition. If the problem is alleviated, the child's rate of growth frequently accelerates to approximate its normal course. This is known as ______________.

canalization

This area of the brain is responsible for maintaining balance, controls motor behavior, and coordinates eye movements with bodily sensations.

cerebellum

The law of ___________ holds that properties of substances such as volume, mass and number remain the same—or are conserved—even if one changes their shape or arrangement.

conservation

Harry and Margaret Harlow conducted classic experiments to demonstrate that feeding is not as critical to the attachment process as Freud suggested. Infant monkeys spent most of their time clinging to the cloth mother, even though she did not offer food. The Harlows concluded that monkeys—and presumably humans—have a built-in need for _________.

contact comfort

At what level of moral reasoning, right and wrong are judged by conformity to conventional (family, religious, societal) standards of right and wrong?

conventional

Control is gradually transferred from parent to child in a process known as ___________.

coregulation

Psychologist Robert Sternberg constructed a three-part, or "triarchic," theory of intelligence. According to Sternberg what type of intelligence is defined by the abilities to cope with novel situations and to profit from experience?

creative

Evidence for _____________ is found in recovery from brain injuries of some people. Before puberty, children suffering left-hemisphere injuries frequently recover a good deal of speaking ability.

critical period

If scoring well on intelligence tests requires a certain type of cultural experience, the tests are said to have a ____________.

cultural bias

When children during the concrete-opertional stage are able to focus on multiple parts of a problem at once, they have engaged in ___________.

decentration

What is the imitation of actions after a time delay—occurs as early as six months of age? Piaget appears to have underestimated infants' competency and believed that it appeared at about 18 months.

deferred imitation

Media violence may ___________—to encourage a response that has been previously suppressed—aggressive behavior, especially when characters "get away" with it.

disinhibit

Heather shows seems dazed, confused, and disoriented when dropped off at daycare. She moves toward her mother while looking away from her. heather displays which pattern of attachment?

disorganized-disoriented attachment

It contributes to social development because children learn to share play materials, take turns, and try on new roles through __________.

dramatic play

Which of the following is a sex-linked disease?

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

____________ is study of behaviors that are specific to a species—is concerned with instinctive, or inborn, behavior patterns.

Ethology

Research shows that infant intelligence scores are stable and overall scores on the Bayley and other infant scales predict school grades or IQ scores among school-children very well.

False

True or False: Nail biting and smoking cigarettes are signs of conflict experienced during early childhood.

False

Sigmund Freud's (1856-1939) theory of psychosexual development focused on the three parts of the personality. Which part is present at birth and is unconscious. It represents biological drives and demands instant gratification, as suggested by a baby's wailing.

Id

When psychologists who study ______________ contemplate cognitive development, they are likely to talk in terms of the size of the person's short-term memory and the number of programs she or he can run simultaneously.

Information-Processing Theory

_________ is usually perceived as a child's underlying competence or learning ability, whereas _____________ involves a child's acquired competencies or performance.

Intelligence;achievement

_________ is the unfolding of genetically determined traits, structures, and functions; and the main principal of development.

Maturation

In the startle or ________, the back arches and the legs and arms are flung out and then brought back toward the chest, with the arms in a hugging motion. Absence of this reflex can indicate immaturity or brain damage.

Moro

Women who are infected with ___________ during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy stand at least a 20% chance of bearing children with birth defects such as deafness, intellectual disabilities, heart disease, or eye problems, including blindness.

Rubella

What disorder affects an estimated 4% to 5% of children and young adolescents; and occurs more often in girls and is often associated with school refusal?

Separation Anxiety Disorder

In which theory do the people after whom one patterns one's own behavior are termed models?

Social Cognitive Theory

_________________ refers to the development of children's understanding of the relationship between the self and others.

Social cognition

Ainsworth developed the ____________ method as a way of measuring the development of attachment. In the test, secure infants mildly protest their mother's departure, seek interaction upon reunion, and are readily comforted by her.

Strange Situation

At 10 to 12 months, infants tend to repeat syllables, showing what linguists refer to as _________.

echolalia

According to _______________ psychologists, gender differences were fashioned by natural selection in response to problems in adaptation that were repeatedly encountered by humans over thousands of generations. Men, who have generally been the hunters, breadwinners, and warriors, are more likely to be seen as adventurous, aggressive, and assertive. Women, who have more often been the homemakers and caretakers, are more likely to be seen as affectionate, agreeable, and emotional.

evolutionary

What drug was marketed in the 1960s as a treatment for insomnia and nausea and provides a dramatic example of critical periods of vulnerability to teratogens. This drug if taken during the second month of pregnancy almost invariably causes birth defects, such as missing or stunted limbs.

Thalidomide

True or False: During the middle ages. children were often treated as miniature adults.

True

True or False: Research with monkeys has helped psychologists understand the formation of attachment in humans.

True

True or False: To learn how a person develops over a lifetime, researchers have tracked some individuals for more than 50 years.

True

When a person speaks freely and with proper syntax but has trouble understanding speech and finding the words to express themselves, this is known as ____________.

Wernicke's aphasia

This refers to a range of tasks that a child can carry out with the help of someone who is more skilled, as in an apprenticeship.

Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

In what type of thinking, do children attribute life and intentions to inanimate objects, such as the sun and the moon?

animism

Children must acquire an understanding of the difference between real events, on the one hand, and mental events, fantasies, and misleading appearances, on the other hand. This understanding is known as the _______________.

appearance-reality distinction

MZ twins are more likely to share psychological disorders such as _____________; a developmental disorder characterized by failure to relate to others, communication problems, intolerance of change, and ritualistic behavior.

autism

John B. Watson, the founder of ______________, argued that a scientific approach to development must focus on observable behavior only and not on things like thoughts, fantasies, and other mental images.

behaviorism

Austim is four to five times more common among ___________.

boys

Who is more likely to incur accidental injuries?

boys

Passage through the birth canal is tight, and the umbilical cord is usually squeezed during the process. Prolonged constriction is more likely during what type of birth?

breech (bottom-first) presentation

Studies suggest that the ___________ of intelligence is between 40% and 60%. About half of the difference between one's IQ score and those of other people can be explained in terms of genetic factors.

heritability

In many nonhumans, attachment occurs during a critical period of life. Waterfowl become attached during this period to the first moving object they encounter. This is known as __________.

imprinting

Preterm infants profit from early stimulation just as full-term babies do. What form of stimulation occurs when the baby spends time each day lying skin to skin and chest to chest with a parent?

kangaroo care

Language acquisition involves an interaction between environmental influences—such as exposure to parental speech and reinforcement—and an inborn tendency to acquire language. Chomsky believes that the _________serves children all over the world because languages share a "universal grammar"—an underlying deep structure or set of rules for transforming ideas into sentences.

language acquisition device (LAD)

What stage did Freud believed that sexual feelings remain repressed (unconscious) during this period?

latency stage

Erikson extended Freud's five stages to eight to include the concerns of adulthood. Rather than label his stages after parts of the body, Erikson labeled them after ____________; an internal conflict that attends each stage of psychosocial development—that people might encounter during that stage.

life crisis

Evidence is mixed on whether placing disabled children in separate classes can also stigmatize them and segregate them from other children. In ______________, disabled children are placed in regular classrooms that have been adapted to their needs.

mainstreaming

SIDS is most common among

male babies.

The research team followed up the phenomenon and discovered many such neurons in the frontal lobes of their monkeys, just before the motor cortex, which they dubbed ___________. They are also found in humans, are activated when the individual performs a motor act or observes another individual engaging in the same act

mirror neurons

During what stage do children consider behavior correct when it conforms to authority or to the rules of the game?

moral realism

In the disease _________________, myelin is replaced by hard, fibrous tissue that disrupts the timing of neural transmission, interfering with muscle control

multiple sclerosis

Chemicals that transmit neural impulses across synapses from one neuron to another are called _______________.

neurotransmitters

The development of ______________ is tied into the development of infants' working memory and reasoning ability and is the recognition that an object or person continues to exist when out of sight.

object permanence

The term infertility usually is not applied until the couple has failed to conceive on their own for ___________.

one year.

Young children try to talk about more objects than they have words for. To accomplish their linguistic feats, children often extend the meaning of one word to refer to things and actions for which they do not have words. This process is called _________.

overextension

What is the tendency to perceive an object to be the same, even though the sensations produced by the object may differ under various conditions?

perceptual constancy

The oppositional thumb comes into play at about 9 to 12 months. This ability enables infants to pick up tiny objects and is know as the _________________.

pincer grasp

When children adjust their speech to fit the social situation, they are showing __________.

pragmatics

Older fathers are more likely to ________________________.

produce abnormal sperm, leading to fertility problems.

Also known as altruism, this behavior is intended to benefit another without expectation of reward and includes sharing, cooperating, and helping and comforting others in distress.

prosocial behavior

What hormone does the fetus secret that may actually signal the mother when it is "ready" to be born?

prostaglandins

A trait that is not expressed when the gene or genes involved have been paired with dominant genes.

recessive trait

Sam is now a "big" brother. Since his baby sister came home, Sam has been clingy, he often cries, and has had toilet accidents. Sam is display what type of behavior?

regression

Preterm infants with _____________ show poorer development in cognitive, language, and motor skills over the first two years of development than full-term infants

respiratory distress syndrome

It is characterized by anxiety about separating from parents and may be expressed as ___________—fear of school—or of refusal to go to school.

school phobia

Patterns of activity are repeated because of their effect on the environment. An example is an infant may now learn to pull strings in order to make a plastic face appear or to shake an object in order to hear it rattle. This is known as ______________.

secondary circular reactions

When infants and toddlers visually begin to recognize themselves and differentiate themselves from other individuals such as their parents, they are developing the _____________.

self-concept

Teachers who expect less from a student may spend less time encouraging and working with children; teacher expectations can become __________________.

self-fulfilling prophecies

Teachers, male and female, were more likely to accept calling out from boys. Girls were more likely to be reminded that they should raise their hands and wait to be called on. Boys, it appears, are expected to be impetuous, but girls are reprimanded for "unladylike behavior--this is an example of ____________.

sexism

From Skinner's perspective, children acquire their early vocabularies through _________. That is, parents require that children's utterances be progressively closer to actual words before they are reinforced.

shaping

Infants display ___________, as early as six months of age. They use caregivers' facial expressions or tone of voice as clues on how to respond

social referencing

Alice is five, she often gets up in the middle of the night and rearranges her toys then returns to her room and goes back to bed. Alice has what sleep disorder?

somnambulism

When held under the arms and tilted forward so that the feet press against a solid surface, a baby will show what reflex in which the feet advance one after the other?

stepping

__________________ is use to treat ADHD, it promotes the activity of the brain chemicals dopamine and noradrenaline.

stimulants

Most infants develop _______ at about six to nine months of age. It is common and a normal behavior.

stranger anxiety

What is the "let's pretend" type of play—may seem immature to busy adults meeting the realistic demands of the business world, but it requires cognitive sophistication?

symbolic play

English philosopher John Locke (1632-1704) believed that the child came into the world as a ____________, a "blanktablet" or clean slate—that was written on by experience.

tabula rasa

What is a stable way of reacting and adapting to the world that is present early in life?

temperament

According to Ainsworth, the attachment-in-the-making phase occurs at about what age?

three to four months

Many researchers, using a variety of methods, find that Piaget may have ____________.

underestimated the ages when children are capable of doing certain things.

Neonates can see, but they are nearsighted. They can best see objects that are about seven to nine inches from their eyes. What refers to the self-adjustments made by the eye's lens to bring objects into focus?

visual accommodation

Vygotsky's concept in which he believed children develop new cognitive skills from working with more skilled individuals. This concept is known as ____________.

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Babies with __________ are often smaller than normal, and so are their brains.They have distinct facial features: widely spaced eyes, an underdeveloped upper jaw, a flattened nose.

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

These children tend to be more highly motivated to achieve and perform better academically and are more cooperative.

firstborn

Cultural stereotypes of males and females are broad expectations of behavior that people call _____________.

gender roles

The following is an example of what motor skill? Children, age 3 or 4 can walk up stairs as adults do, by placing a foot on each step.

gross motor skills

What type of development proceeds from the upper part of the head to the lower parts of the body.

Cephalocaudal

A child who exhibits poor appetite, insomnia, lack of energy and inactivity, loss of self-esteem, difficulty concentrating loss of interest in people and activities they usually enjoy, crying, feelings of hopelessness and helplessness, and thoughts of suicide can be said to have what disorder?

Childhood depression

What theory holds that the child's abilities to mentally represent the world and solve problems unfold as a result of the interaction of experience and the maturation of neurological structures.

Cognitive-developmental theory

Children with ___________________ persistently break rules or violate the rights of others. They exhibit behaviors such as lying, stealing, fire setting, truancy, cruelty to animals, and fighting

Conduct disorder

Which of the following statements are true regarding the effects of maternal employment on children:

Daughters of employed women are more achievement oriented and set higher career goals for themselves than daughters of nonworking women.

______________ is the discipline that studies the physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development of humans.

Developmental Psychology

One of the concepts of ______________ is that not only physical traits but also patterns of behavior, including social behavior, evolve and are transmitted genetically from generation to generation.

Evolutionary psychology

________________proposes that children use gender as one way of organizing their perceptions of the world. It is a cluster of concepts about male and female physical traits, personality traits, and behaviors.

Gender-schema theory

What has been used to help clients stick to diets, quit smoking, and undergo dental treatments with less discomfort. It has also been used with some success as an alternative to anesthesia during childbirth?

Hypnosis

Who hypothesized that cognitive processes develop in an orderly sequence of stages? Some children may advance more quickly than others, but the sequence remains constant.

Jean Piaget

Males with which one of the following syndromes produce less of the male sex hormone testosterone than normal males and have an extra X sex chromosome (an XXY sex chromosomal pattern).

Klineflelter syndrome

There is no known limit to the amount of information that can be stored in _____________ memory.

Long-term

What is a serious mood disorder that begins about a month after delivery and may linger for weeks or months? It is characterized by serious sadness, feelings of hopelessness, helplessness, and worthlessness, difficulty concentrating, mood swings, and major changes in appetite (usually loss of appetite) and sleep patterns (frequently insomnia).

Major depression with perinatal onset

In ______________ children learn to do something because of its effects.

Operant conditioning

Which of the following genetic abnormalities is characterized by the inability to metabolize an amino acid called phenylalanine, so it builds up in their bodies and impairs the functioning of the central nervous system, resulting in mental retardation, psychological disorders, and physical problems.

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

According to this view of attachment, the caregiver, usually the mother, becomes not just a "reinforcer" but also a love object who forms the basis for all later attachments.

Psychoanalytic