Developmental Psychology test 1 (part 2)
There are several advantages to taking a bio ecological approach to development, name 3:
1. It emphasizes the interconnectedness of the influences on development 2. Illustrates that influences are multidirectional 3. it stresses the importance of broad cultural factors that affect development A) The dominant Western philosophy is individualism, emphasizing personal identity, uniqueness, freedom, and the worth of the individual B) collectivism is the notion that the well-being of the group is more important than the part of the individual
Name two drawbacks of the humanist perspective, and one positive:
1. It has not had a major impact on the field of lifespan development and 2. It has not identified any sort of broad development change that is the result of age and experience. 3. The contribution of self-actualization, however, has been widely discussed in many fields.
What is one positive of the socio-cultural theory and two negatives?
1. It helps us understand a variety of environmental and cultural factors that shape development. 2. Some suggest the strong emphasis on culture and social experience ignores biological factors. 3. He minimizes the role individuals play in shaping their own environment.
What are some of the questions posed about Freud's theory. 1-3:
1. Question as to how applicable the theory is to multicultural populations 2. Because his theory focuses on men, it has been criticized as sexist and devaluing women 3. Erikson's view that development continues throughout the lifespan is highly important and has received considerable support
What are two drawbacks of the Evolutionary Perspective:
1. Some developmentalists criticize the evolutionary perspective for paying insufficient attention to environment and social factors 2. Others argue that there is no good way to experimentally support theories derived from evolution
What are the first three of five levels of the bio ecological approach?
1. The microsystem is the every day, immediate environment such as homes, caregivers, friends, and teachers 2. The meso system connects various aspects of the microsystem linking children to parents, students to teachers, employees the bosses, and friends to friends 3. The exosystem represents such broad influences as local government, the community, schools, places of warship, and the local media
What are the four factors of the Socialcognitive learning theory?
1. The observer must pay attention to the models behavior. 2. The observer must successfully recall the behavior. 3. The behavior must be reproduced accurately. 4. The observer must be motivated to lean and carry out behavior.
What are the stages of psychosocial development?
1. Trust vs. Mistrust. birth to 12-18 months. 2. autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt. 12-18 months to 3 years. 3. Initiative vs. Guilt. 3 to 5-6 years. 4. Industry vs. Inferiority. 5-6 years to adolescence. 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion. adolescence to adulthood. 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation. early adulthood. 7. Generatively vs. Stagnation. middle adulthood. 8. Ego integrity vs. Despair. late adulthood.
What are some of the questions posed about Freud's theory. 4-6:
4. Erikson also focuses more on men than women 5. Much of Erikson's theory is too vague to test rigorously 6. In sum, the psychodynamic perspective provides a good description of past behavior, but imprecise predictions of future behavior
What are the last two of five levels of the ecological approach?
4. The macro system represents larger cultural influences such as society in general, types of government, religious systems, and political thought 5. The Chronosystem involves the way of passage of time, including historical events, affects children's development
What is Operant Conditioning
A form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences—positive or negative
What is the unconscious?
A part of the personality of which a person is unaware and which is responsible for much of our everyday behavior
What is the humanistic perspective?
A perspective that contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their behavior
What is Classic Conditioning?
A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response (Pavlov)
According to this approach, each individual has the ability and motivation to reach more _______________ levels of maturity, and people naturally seek to reach their _____ _____________
Advanced Full potential
What is the bio ecological approach?
An approach created by Bronfenbrenner, it is the perspective suggesting that different levels of environment simultaneously influence individuals
What is the cognitive neuroscience approach?
An approach that looks at cognitive development through the lens of brain processes
What is reinforcement?
Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
Piaget suggested that the growth of children's understanding of the world can be explained by two principles:
Assimilation and accommodation
Principles of operant conditioning are used in _______________ ____________ Which is?
Behavior Modification. It is a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones
_____________ approaches emphasizes overt behavior
Behavioral
The evolutionary perspective encompasses one of the fastest growing areas within the field of lifespan development, ________________ ______________, which studies the effects of heredity on behavior
Behavioral genetics
These approaches suggest that as people age, they are _________ able to control their mental processing and ____________ the strategies they choose to process information
Better, change
According to classical and operant conditioning, people and organisms are ________ ________ Inside which nothing that occurs is understood or cared about
Black boxes
_____________ and _____________ approaches look more at what people think than what they do
Cognitive, humanist
_____________ perspectives examine social and cultural influences
Contextual
Development occurs at the result of _____________ ___________ to specific factors in the environment
Continuing exposure
Each stage presents a ________ or _________ that each individual must address sufficiently at a particular age.
Crisis, conflict
John B. Watson argued that by effectively controlling a person's _________________, it was possible to produce virtually any behavior
Environment
The evolutionary perspective draws on the field of ___________, which examines the ways in which our biological make up influences our behavior
Ethology
The ____________ perspective Focuses on how inherited biological factors underlie development
Evolutionary
When behavior receives no reinforcement, it is likely to be discontinued or __________________.
Extinguished
True or false: In every culture, some children never reach Piaget's highest level of cognitive thought: formal, logical thought
False, adults
True or false: Contemporary psychological research denies the idea that unconscious memories have an influence on our behavior
False, it supports the idea
True or false: Information processing approach pays a lot of attention to behavior such as creativity
False, little
True or false: The notion that people pass through stages in childhood that determine their adult personalities has a lot of research support
False, little support
True or false: Behavioralists adopt the notion that people universally pass through a series of stages
False, they reject it
If children are unable to gratify themselves sufficiently or recieve too much gratification, a __________ may occur What is this?
Fixation behavior reflecting an earlier stage of development
Jean Piaget proposed that all people pass in a ___________ ___________ through a series of universal stages of cognitive development
Fixed sequence
The humanist perspective emphasizes _______ _______, the ability of humans to make choices and come to decisions about their lives
Free will
In each stage, the quantity of information ___________; the quality of knowledge and understanding ___________ as well
Increase, changes
These approaches assume that even complex behaviors such as learning, remembering, categorizing, and thinking can be broken down into a series of _______________ steps
Individual
Neo-Piagetian theory that builds on Piaget's research assumes that cognition is made of different ________________ ___________
Individuals skills
Vygotsky, A Russian child developmentalist, developed the sociocultural theory. What is this theory?
It is an approach that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture
Social-cognitive learning theory argues that what makes people different from rats and pigeons is ____________ _____________ that must be taken into account.
Mental activity
True or false: Neo Piagetian's value life experiences less than traditional Piagetian theory does
More
What is the Behavioral Perspective?
Perspective that suggests the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment
Carl Rogers suggests that all people have a need for ___________ __________ that results from an underlying wish to be loved and respected
Positive regard
Vygotsky argued that children's understanding of the world is acquired through their _____________-______________ interactions with adults and other children
Problem-solving
The ___________________ approach Emphasizes emotions, motivational conflicts, and unconscious determinants of behavior
Psychodynamic
What was Erikson's theory called? And what is it?
Psychosocial Development is the approach that encompasses changes in our understanding of individuals, their interactions with others, and their standing as members of society
Development is viewed as ______________ rather than qualitative
Quantitative
These approaches assume cognitive growth is more ______________ than qualitative
Quantitative
The Socio-cultural theory emphasizes that development is the result of recurring ______________ _______________ between people in the child's environment and the child
Reciprocal transactions
Piaget suggested that human thinking is arranged into ___________, organized mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions
Schemes
Abraham Maslow suggests that ______-______________, a state of self-fulfillment in which people achieve their highest potential in their own unique ways, is a _____________ goal in life
Self-Acualization Primary
Albert Bandure suggested that a certain amount of learning is in the form of what?
Social-cognitive Learning Theory
What is the disadvantage to taking a bio ecological approach to development?
Some argue that this view pays too little attention to biological factors
What is the evolutionary perspective?
The perspective that seeks to identify behavior in today's humans that is the result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors
What is accommodation?
The process that changes existing ways of thinking in response to encounters with new stimuli or events
What is the cognitive perspective?
The processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world
True or false: B. f. Skinner claimed that people operate on their environments to bring about a desired state of affairs
True
True or false: Cognitive neuroscientists seek to identify actual locations and functions within the brain that are related to different types of cognitive activity
True
True or false: Each emphasizes different aspects of development
True
True or false: Each stage emerges in a fixed pattern and is similar for all people
True
True or false: He also argued that to understand the course of development we must consider that it is meaningful to members of a given culture
True
True or false: Information processing approaches do not take into account the social context as which development takes place
True
True or false: Neo Piagetians argue that some skills develop quickly and others more slowly
True
True or false: Some cognitive skills emerge according to a different timetable in non-western counties
True
True or false: Some cognitive skills emerge earlier than Piaget suggested
True
True or false: Some employ an eclectic approach using several views simultaneously
True
True or false: The IPA grew out of the computer age
True
True or false: The cognitive neuroscience approach is on the forefront of cutting-edge research that has identified specific genes associated with some physical and psychological disorders
True
True or false: The evolutionary perspective argues that our genetic inheritance not only makes up such physical traits as skin and eye color, but certain personality traits and social behaviors
True
True or false: Thousands of investigations have shown it to be largely accurate
True
True or false: Unlike Freud, Erikson believed that development continued throughout the lifespan
True
True or false: social-cognitive learning theory has come to predominate over classical and operant conditioning
True
True or false: the Evolutionary perspective grew out of the work of Charles Darwin who argued in the origin of species that a process of natural selection creates traits in a species that are adapted to their environment
True
What are the 5 stages of the psychosexual development (and what is it)?
a series of stages that children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification, is focused on a particular biological function and body part 1. Oral. birth to 12-18 months. 2. Anal. 12-18 to 3 years. 3. Phallic. 3 to 5-6 years. 4. Latency. 5-6 years to adolescence. 5. Genital. adolescence to adulthood.
When does the superego develop? who is it learned from?
about age 5 or 6 learned from parents, teachers, and other significant figures
What is punishment?
an event that decreases the behavior that it follows
What are theories?
explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest, providing a framework for understanding the relationships among an organized set of facts or principles
What is assimilation?
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
What is the Social-cognitive learning theory?
learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model
What is the Ego? What does it act as? What does it operate on?
part of personality that is rational and reasonable - it acts as a buffer between the outside world and the primitive id - it operates on the reality principle, in which instinctual energy is restrained in order to maintain the safety of the individual and help integrate the person into society
What is the Id?
raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality present at birth that represents primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses; operates according to the pleasure priciple, in which the goal is to maximize satisfaction and reduce tension
One's personalities has three aspects according to the psychoanalytic theory:
the Id, Ego, and Superego
What is the superego?
the aspect of personality that represents a person's conscience, incorporating distinctions between right and wrong
What is the information-processing approach?
the model that seeks to identify the way that individuals take in, use, and store information
What is the psychoanalytic Theory?
theory that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior
