Deviance and Control Final:

Moral Panic - Joel Best

Iron quandrangle - how reality comes shaped and institutionalized - 1. Media Coverage - sustains itself for long enough period of time 2. Activist: have an agenda and are going to try to frame in your social welfare - always gonna be framed in your best interest 3. Politicians: Government >> institutionalize 4. Experts: (least visible component) often dont see them >> socially accredited to understanding of particular issue - validity, respect, underpin deviance.

Discipline, Conflict, and Social Control (Conflict Theory)

Section 10 Readings: Conflict Theory, Richard Quinney: - Rooted in Karl Marx, adapted from Marx who never spoke on crime. - Holds that econ plays a role in who and what becomes deviant - Were talking about power relationships who has the power to control social instittuion Economic Base: means of production, modes of production, and tools of production Super Structure(legal, political, educational, relgious figures) create a mechanism of cohesion, system that reinforces legimatice of their base - the super structure controls the diseemation of inofmration to make econ base belive that deomenation by eleites is there best interst, throwinminds off of their opression Gransce view of Cultural hedge: We are exposed to the world view of the powerful who the masses start to perptuate and see has thier own. The powerful work towards crimianliz poor and pitting poor against each other to keep themselvs powerful Defintion of Conflict Theory: "How inequality influences the making and enforcing of rules and laws, how this infleuce deviance in socieyt If the system is founded by the powerful it will benefit the powerful "Laws are oppiste form of social control, they exisit to modify behavior to benefit the powerful, normative order. This is why social policy and crime rates are inversley related. 3 Major issues Conflict Theory Seeks to Explain: 1. law Making - why do laws come to exist the way they do 2. Law Breaking - who is more likley to break laws and why 3. Law Enformcent Weakness of CT: 1. Doest really explain deviacne and criminal behavior 2. Assures most crime occurs 3. Focus on strutcure effects indivuals, but indiviauls free will controls actions Strenghts of CT: - It attempts to explain formation of laws and why CJ system operates as it does The Hypercriminalization of Black and Latino Male Youth in the Era of Mass Incarceration - From a young age, poor urban Black and Latino male youth face stigmatizing and punitive interactions in various settings in their communities. As often well intentioned probation officers, teachers, community center workers, and police officers attempt to grapple with the deviance and risks that youth have, they adopt ideas and practices that further render young males of color suspicious and criminal. This in turn contributes to youth committing more deviance and crime - In the era of mass incarceration solidarity in society has formed around the notion that young adults who commit small acts of deviance will inevitably return and commit a severe maybe even violent act. This leads many community members including teachers, youth development workers, and probation officers to treat all deviant youth as criminal suspects. - While most of the adults in the community care about the youth they interact with, most are uncritical of how their epistemology shapes the way in which they treat and criminalize the youth they are attempting to support. I observed mothers asking their kids when they would be arrested again, teachers calling police officers to report spit ball incidents, and community center staff actively collaborating with probation departments. It was not only the field of the dejure policing and surveillance that affected these youth but also the field of de facto criminalization at school, home, and community centers that impacted them at an everyday level. -As the penal state expands to control and manage poor racialized bodies, a new unintended system of interconnected institutions has formed to brand, further degradate, and contain youth of color. This youth control complex, as an ecology of interlinked institutional arrangements that manages and controls the everyday lives of inner city youth of color, has taken a devastating grip on the lives of many male youth of color in the inner city. Youth experience and explain this massive structure that surrounds them as a unified and uniform criminalizing system whether in school, at home, or on the street The Saints and the Roughnecks -Willie Horton and the Welfare Queen -Optional Reading: - Is It a Crime to Be Poor? - IN the 1830s, the civilized world began to close debtors' prisons, recognizing them as barbaric and also silly: The one way to ensure that citizens cannot repay debts is to lock them up. - In the 21st century, the United States has reinstated a broad system of debtors' prisons, in effect making it a crime to be poor. - It's 100 percent true that we have debtor prisons in 2016," says Jill Webb, a public defender. "The only reason these people are in jail is that they can't pay their fines. - "Not only that, but we're paying $64 a day to keep them in jail — not because of what they've done, but because they're poor." People owe debts for old crimes like using bad checks, even if they already served time for the crime itself they can be arrested for owing the debt. This creates a problem because of arrest they cannot get jobs, and they then cant pay back the fees which accumulate interest and create a cycle of debt which leads to prison which instigates overcrowding.

Gendered Deviance and Queer Theory

Section 11 Readings: Critical Race Theory: 1970's exenstion of Conflict Theory - Conflict between race and power and law - K race theory is different, but it is not tested in a traditional sense, it is expressed through allegory and anictdotes 2 Key Figures: Derrick Bell and Alan Freeman - At the heels of civil rights movment, these figures stated that it did not far enough - "how is the system used to retrace rights." -The attach it to critical legislation where law is studied and how it advances the interest of the rich and powerful - Law is ficus different from conflic theory -The discrimination is visibile in the outcome, not the action - The policies we are passing are more racisnt now, but they are invisibly racisti, not overlty racisst - Discrimination is legal, disparity is legal. - According to Bell and Freeman, we need a new system to handle invisible racisim - They contend that traitional means to fight racisim no longer work Solution/Steps to fight back against invisible racisim: 1. Need acceptacne that racisim is normative, part of Status Quo 2. Color blind is anti effective at curbing inequality, no more CB policy because it entrenches racism 3. All other theories assume that racism ended, but racism is abudant, and is a normative function of society 4. We cannot accept social order that exissits we need to go past it and inlfuence social change and do interst convergence, or a critique of libearlism, antifacisim "what eleites tolearate, and encorage racial progress only when it promotes self-interest. Queer Theory: Judith Butler of Berkley University, fits in both gender and queer theory Primary contribution: Genderal preformativity (check spelling), the idea that Gendera and crime are apart of social construction Gender - nroms and rules men and women are expected to play in society, distinct from sex. Social order is built around the beenfits of being a man - If you violate the gender norms, you are consdered deviant - But for women, if you abide by gender norms, you can still be consdered deviant - Edward Schu, defends gender as normative framework system of interelated nromatives and sanctions in which the behavior of mena nd women are controlled - The risk of sanction leads to compliance with gender roles. Gender Performatity, drag is a trouling phenemon for gender identiy. Butler: Sex and Gender have an unstable relationship - Gender identity is produed/cosntructed this repertive perofrmance of behavior, -Drag is important for this becasue it is a parody of gender, alling those who perfomr to challenge mainstream gender norms. Gender Trouble: gender cannot be neatly classfied. - the polices are -Bug Chasing -Drag Queens and Drag Kings: The Difference Gender Makes -The Making of a "*****" -Queer Nationality -Women as Falsely Accused Deviants

General Strain Theory

Section 2 Readings: Butt Cocaine: - Brother's died after police said he was forced to eat his brothers cocaine to hide it form police. - Officers said Deangelo Mithcell convinced his brother 20 year old Wayne Mitchell to swallow the ounce of cocaine to hide the evidence Homeboys, New Jacks, and Anomie Social Structure of Anomie, Robert Merton (Get Notes ON This) - "certain phases of social structure generate the circumstances in which infringement of social codes constitutes a "normal" response." -"Our primary aim lies in discovering how some social structures exert a definite pressure upon certain persons in the society to engage in nonconformist rather than conformist conduct" - "certain aspects of the social structure may generate countermores and antisocial behavior precisely because of differential emphases on goals and regulations" *The chart rebellion, institutionalism, retreatism, and Innovation...need to work with people to understand." PG. 676 and down. General Strain Theory Reading: Robert Agnew: - Agnew's general strain theory is based on the general idea that "when people are treated badly they may get upset and engage in crime" - The first way is the subjective approach, where the researcher directly asks the "individual whether they dislike the way that they are being treated" (Agnew, forthcoming). The second approach is the objective view, in which case the researcher asks individuals about pre-determined causes of strain. The causes of strain are things that the researcher identifies as treatment that a member of the group being studied would dislike." For Agnew: To obtain an effective measure of strain, the cumulative impact of negative relations must be taken into account. - Merton an increase in aspirations and a decrease in expectations should lead to an increase in delinquency, not true § Agnew widened scope to include more variables then just money, and considered class, future expectations, and criminal. - Agnew says three different types of Strain o 1.) Failure to achieve positive valued stimuli - The first of these is money. Money is a cause of strain when it is not available to the individual through legitimate means - Another type of positively valued goal is that of status and respect. - Autonomy, the power over oneself, is the third type of goal that is valued in a society. Strain induced by autonomy mainly affects adolescents and the lower class because of their position in society. o 2.) Loss of positively valued stimuli Agnew's research in the stress literature led him to the discovery that the removal of positive stimuli can also cause strain. This loss could manifest itself in the form of a death or a broken relationship with a friend or romantic partner, or it could be a result of the theft of a valued object. According to Agnew, the strain that is felt by the individual die to the loss could lead the individual to delinquency as the individual attempts to prevent its loss, retrieve what was lost, or seek revenge on those who removed the positive stimuli o 3.) Presentation of negative stimuli § Negative life event occurs - Some examples of negative stimuli that an adolescent might face are child abuse, neglect, adverse relations with parents and teachers, negative school experiences, adverse relations with peers, neighborhood problems, and homelessness Impacts for Agnew: - Anger and frustration may also enable the individual to justify crime (Agnew, 1995b:390). Agnew especially stressed that individuals who are subject to repetitive strain may be more likely to commit crime or delinquent acts Male v. Female Strain and Crime: - females tend to be higher in subjective strain as well. That females experience more strain than males does not explain the higher rate of male delinquency according to the general strain theory. - There was found to be a difference in the types of strain experienced between genders, and this helped explain the gender difference in the types of crimes that are committed *Chart Picture on Phone:* - why males may respond to strain with crime. Research indicated that females might lack the confidence and the self-esteem that may be conducive to committing crime and employ escape and avoidance methods to relieve the strain. Females may, however, have stronger relational ties that might help to reduce strain. - Male participation in crime has been studied in several different theories such as control theory and differential association theory. Males are said to be lower in social control, and they socialize in large, hierarchical peer groups. Females, on the other hand, form close social bonds in small groups. Therefore, males are more likely to respond to strain with crime.

Differential Association

Section 3 Readings: - Becoming a Marijuana User, Howard Becker Diffential Association explains Marijuan Use, as "an individual will be able to use Marijuan for Pleasure only when he goes through the process of learning to concive it as an object which can be used in this way." " no one becomes a user without; 1. Learning to smoke the drug in a way that produces real effects 2. Learning to recognize the effects and connect them with drug use, IE to get high. 3. Learning to enjoy the sensations he perceives." - The Madam As Teacher "the apprentaceship of call girls is mainly directed toward developing a clinetel, rather than sexual skills" - Ann teaches the hustling rap, training street girls into brothel call girls..."ann turns out hustlers not prostitutes" - Man Calls police saying hes to high is found in pile of doritos -What Teenagers Are Learning from Online Porn - "There's nowhere else to learn about sex," the suburban boy told me. "And porn stars know what they are doing." His words reflect a paradox about sex and pornography in this country. Even as smartphones have made it easier for teenagers to watch porn, sex education in the United States — where abstinence-based sex education remains the norm - Kids learned how to have sex the wrong ways through online porn, they stated that they think girls like anal sex so you don't have to ask for permission, and that they liked to be choked so same thing - Pornography didn't create the narrative that male pleasure should be first and foremost. But that idea is certainly reinforced by "a male-dominated porn industry shot through a male lens,". ^^^ This is the diffential Association -Need to Read Differential Association Theory: Edward Sutherland and Donald Cressey: The to engage refer to the process by which a particular person comes to engage in Criminal Behavior: 1. Criminal Behavior is Learned: - Criminal behavior is not inherited 2. Criminal Behavior is is learned in intereaction with other persons in a process of communication 3. The pricipal part of learning criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups - News and movies play a relatively unimportant part in criminal behavior 4. When criminal behavior is learned the learning includes (a) techniques of commiting the crime, and (b) the specific direction of motives drives, rationalizations, and attitudes 5.) The specific direction of motives and dirves is learned form defintions of the legal code as favorable and unfavorable - some societies define legal codes as rules to be observed, where others are favorable to the violation of hte code 6.) A person becomes deliquent because of an excess of defintiions favorable to the violation of law over defintins unfavorable to the violation of law. - When a person becomes criminal, they do so because of contacts with criminal patterns and also because of isolation from anticriminal patterns... a person inevitably assimilates the surrounding culture unless other patterns are in conflict. 7. Differential Associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity - Associtiations with criminal behavior and also associations with anticriminal behavuor vary in those respects 8. The Process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anticrimain pattersn invovles all of the mechanisms that are involved in other learning. 9. While criminal behavior is an expression of general needs or and valiues, it is not explained by those gneeral neds and values, since non criminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and values. - Both thieves and hard labores work to secure money. Essentially: Crime is rooted in the social organization and is an expression of that social organizaiton.. a group may be organized for criminal behavior or organized against crime. -However, because most socieites are organized for both criminal and anticrimainn behavior, differnetial group organizaiton explains variation in crime rates and the prcess by which people become criminal.

Moral Panics

Section 4 Readings: -Amputated Leg Tacos Moral Panic over eating human limb, He did it see what it could taste lke -The Case of Satanic Day Care Centers - Raymond Buckey was accused of taking the temperature of a little kid with his Penis, and that sparked a moral panic over day care centers Trigger of the Moral Panic: The medical exam performed the following day, however, was inconclusive for sexual abuse and the boy disclosed nothing at all to the detective his mother had contacted. But the matter was far from over. Several days later, Judy Johnson called the detective again and informed him that in the privacy of their own home her son was talking about sexual acts of the most perverse kind perpetrated not only on himself, but on other children enrolled at the day care center as well. So convincing was she that the detective demanded she get a second medical opinion. This physician, inexperienced in performing sexual exams and finding nothing of significance anyway in the one she did perform, nonetheless erred on the side of caution and gave the diagnosis that finally confirmed what Judy Johnson was insisting had happened: her son bad been sexually abused. -Detectives now took a new interest in what the boy allegedly was telling his mother. They telephoned parents with children enrolled in McMartin and asked them to question their young sons and daughters about whether they, too, had been sexually abused. - So when the detectives pressed on and later sent the following letter to two hundred families whose children were current or recent enrollees at McMartin, the rumors were reified: - he letter also named Buckey as the prime suspect. Over the next several weeks as terrified and outraged parents questioned their children, met with each other to exchange facts and rumors, and questioned their children again, more and more of them answered in the affirmative. - diagnostic and treatment facility, for evaluation. Over the next year, the CII social workers, already caught up in the fad and folly about satanic sex cults that was still rolling over southern California in the wake of the Bakersfield case: interviewed over 400 McMartin children and determined that 369 of them had been victims of a new and ghastly sex crime-satanic ritual abuse. - One less obvious, but certainly sociologically significant, change that occurred in day care during the satanic day care center moral panic was its refeminization. In 1983, the year Judy Johnson's paranoid delusion transmogrified Raymond Buckey into an evil satanist, only 5% of day care providers were male (Weinback 32). During the nine years of the moral panic, an alarming number of those male providers were accused of that new and horrific sex crime, satanic ritual abuse.' - The satanic day care center moral panic is a fascinating slice of cultural history. Yet in so many ways, this moral panic is really no different from all of the others that have preceded it, and all of the others that inevitably will follow. It originated in an unsettling cultural conflict peculiar to its era and was sustained by that same conflict over time. It set the moral boundaries of that conflict by casting antagonists into the role of evil satanists, and then spread the fear that casting generated. And it ended when it ameliorated that cultural conflict McMartin case became a household name as new cases of protneital abuse popped up The preschool had became known as a sexual house of horrors. Because of over exagerations by the media. It ended once the last of the employees were arrested. Media Depictions of Harm in Heavy Metal and Rap Music - Moral Panic Versus the Risk Society: The Implications of the Changing Sites of Social Anxiety Eric Goode and Nachman Ben-Yehuda: Josh Cohen is Cited: A moral Panic: the reactions of the media, the police, the public, politicans, and action groups: a condition, episode, person, or group of people that emerge to become defined as a threat to societal values and interests...Sometimes the subject of the panic is novel, sometimes it is something that that has been in exsitence for a long time, but suddenly appears in the limelight. - In a moral panic, the reactions of the media, law enforcment, polticians, and action groups, and the public are out of proporportion to the real and present danger of a given threat. Sentitization occurs or the processs whereby harm, wrongness, or deviance is attributed the behavior, condition, or phenemonet htat is routinley irgnored when the same consequeces are caused by more conventional conditons. 5 Elements of Moral Panic: 1. Concern: "there must be a heightened level of concern over the behavior and conseuqnces of the behavior of a certain group" 2. Hostility: there must be an increasing level of hostility toward the category of people seen as engagin in the the threatning behavior." 3. Consensus: there must be a certain minimal measure of agreement in the society as a whole or in certain segments that the threat is real, serious, and caused by the groups wrongdoing and behavior. 4. Disproportionality: the concern must be out of proprotion to the nature of the threat." 4 factors of evidence proving disproportionalitu: 1. figures are grossly exagerated 2. the threat in reality is non existent based on evidence 3. attention paid to condition is greater than that of a other more damgaging problem 4. if the attention given at a certain time is more than previously but no increaes in threat. 5. Volatity: They must be volatile, erupt fairly suddenly and lie latent for some period of time, then suddenly subside.

Moral Panic (class notes)

"possibility will be on final" - A condition episode a person or group, that emerges to become defined as a threat to a societal values and interests - Moral panic is a product of an exaggerated concern over some social problem - Is it exaggerated through heaving publicized reports of sudden increases in particular courts of criminal violence

Anome

- Rapid social change cause Anome > ex. industrialization - State of normlessness - lose your sense of control/connection - lose place and group within social world -Start losing ability to sympathize and empathize with others - People start questioning institutions and place in society - Collective conscience: Totality of likeness <<< Crime/Punishment >>>> division of labor - The More Anome > the more collective conscience is needed - Why violation of moral code must carry punishment - Designed to reflect our values - and vengeance for violating collective conscience ROBERT MERTON (separate card)

Folkdevil

- Take on mythic proportion- think slasher movie - "Right thinking" - Morally appropriate - activists step in and try to influence debate - and how folkdevil is framed - they have an agenda -- Wayne lappiere of NRA -

Emile Durkheim

-Father of sociology, pioneer of modern social research and established the field as separate and distinct from psychology and politics -Functionalist -Punishment is important because of: Conformity, Boundaries, State Control, and Deterrence -Crime = Social facts -Normal social facts - conform to the dominant standard of society -Pathological social facts - disrupt the status quo; diverge from normalcy. -Collective Conscience -

Strain theory

Anome >> Structural Strain 5 modes of adaptation (diagram) - 1. Conformity - 2. Innovation - 3. Retreatism - 4. Ritualism - 5. Rebellion - get rid of existing social order -

Robert Merton

Anome >> Structural/Macro level / social structure as disconnect more or less - People have certain goals that can be culturally valued - one goal for merton is the accumulation of wealth - their are socially accepted means to achieve this Anome = strain theory -Agnew

Notes on Sociology of Deviance

Author: Kai Erikson: Deviance: Defined as conduct which is generally though to require the attention of social control agencies, that is conduct about which something that should be done - Not a property inherent in certain forms of behavir, it is property conferred upon these forms by audiences which directly or indirectly witness them - A social norm is rearley expressed as a firm rule or official code. It is an abstract synthesis of the many seperate times a community has stated its sentiments on a given issue. - "boundaries are controls which limit the fluctiation of a system's componenet parts so that the whole retians a defined range of activity...juvenile gangs or frats create boundaries so "members share the same idea s to where the group begins and ends in social space and what kinds of epeirneces belong within the domain." - A norm "is an accumulation of decisions made by the community over a long period of time which gradually gathers enough moral influence to serve as a precedent for future decisions" - Each time the community censures some act of deviance, it sharpens the authority of the violated norm and restablushes the boundaries of the group - Humans need to regulate the routine everyday affairs and norms provide an important focus for behavior and provide the areas which lie beyond the borders of the group. - When someone violates a norm, they repersenent the forces excluded by the group's boundaries and informs us what evil looks like and shows us the experience which belong within the group and the kind which belong outside it. Florida Man Awarded $37,500 After Cops Mistake Glazed Doughnut Crumbs for Meth - Man was pulled over after driving woman home from work and Chemo Therapy for speeding 42 in a 30, and then they searched car and found dounout glaze that tested postivie for Meth

Medicalization

Section 5 Readings: The "Discovery" of Child Abuse "Despite documentary evidence of child beating throughout the ages the discovery of child abuse as deviance and its subsequent criminalization are recent phenomena beginning in 1962." "I have argued that the organizational advantages surrounding the discovery of abuse by pediatric radiology set in motion a process of labeling abuse as deviance and legislating against." "The consequences of adopting a sick label for abusers is mirrored in two findings: the low rate of prosecution afforded to offenders and the modfication of reporting status so as exclusivley to channel reporting toward helping services" "Even when Prosecution occurs, convictions are obtained in only five to ten percent of the cases and even in these cases, sentences are shorter for abusers than for other offenders convicted under the same law of aggravated assualt." Keith Richards Snorts Dad - The rolling stones guitarist addicted to heroin said he snorted the remains of his dad with some of his coke...becasue he was a heroin addict people viewed this as a sick act instead of a deviant act - THIS IS THE APPLICATION OF MEDICALIZATION The Medicalization of Unhappiness, Ronald Dworkin - "The question is are more American children depressed, or has medical science started to treat the far more common expereince of unhappines with medication, increasing drug prescription?" - A new theory justifies the liberal use of he psychotropic drugs, Biogenic Amine Theory - The theory holds, "blocking the reuptake of seotoning and other nuerotransmiters has a positive efect on the human pysche. "the proven value of pyschoactive drugs in treating a wide spectruom of depressed patentis encourages those who are unhappy to ask for the pills" "Pyschoatcive medication, much like alcohol and drugs, cause a disconnect between the inner and outer life." -The Shifting Engines of Medicalization GET NOTES OR HAVE SOMEONE READ: Notes on Medicalization: 1974, Things that are considered to be deviant are now being viewed as sickness Focused on how Social Control effects the perception of Deviance - Medical Treatments have now become a form of social control 1 Medicalization - when it reduces deviance and removes individual volition and responsibility 2. When you remove volation, then the stigma attached to being deviance can be removed This change in medicalization allows for deviants to become victims Two contrasts: removal of volation with treatment/help or increase in stigma through deominzes are consequces

Labeling (Social reaction) Theory

Section 6 Readings: -Devils in Disguise: The Contribution of Positive Labeling to "Sneaky Thrills" Delinquency - "The delqieuncy-facilitating effects of positive labeling have recieved little attention in criminal literary because many theorists assume that such effects if recongized tend to be short term and benign" -"In the Saints and Roughnecks example, the saints exploited positve labels for delqieunt ends during their high school years, but negativley labeled roughnecks were more likley to suffer long-term repercussions for thier label." -"Obviously negative, ecspecially criminal labels have the unique effect of stigamatizing indivuals and limiting conventional opppurtunities, which increase the chance of future offending." - "Nevertheless it may not be correct to assume that the delqiuency facilitating effects of labeling are benign." "The ability to maintain postive lables in the eyes of adults while engaging in deliquency is likley to be an important source of reward and reinforcment for many adolescents...and certain youth may be able to conceal a delqueutn self from conventional others long enough to sustain criminal involvment." - Then becuse the thrill of deception is one of the main reasons for increased deviance, positive labeling that allows those to decieve those that are commiting deviance to decieve conventional others, "may set forth a series of reinforcing conditions that incrementally shape criminal career." "In areas of criminal activity where positons of trust and authority are key, such as white-collar crime or corporate crime, postivie labeling would appear to be a pre-requistte." -Lost Toddler and Online Predator A man was labeled as a kidnapper by bystanders in a park after he found a 2 year old at a softball game and walked with her trying to find her parents bc he thought she was loste. -According to WFLA, other media outlets and police, family members and friends went on social media and shared the man's photo, his Facebook page and his place of business, "calling him a child predator," WFLA said. Police, however, called him a "good Samaritan" in their statement. "It is understandable how parents can possibly be upset in a situation involving a lost child," the statement said. "However, this incident truly involved a good Samaritan trying to assist a lost child finding" her parents. - False information about the father, and labels, forced the good samaratian to have to leave town showing enforcment and labels. -*On Being Sane in Insane Places, D.L. Rosenhan -"What is viewed as normal in one culture may be seen as quiet abeerant in another...notions of normality and abnormality may not be quite as accurate as people believe.: "It is clear that we cannot distinquish the sane from the insane in pyschiatric hopsitals. which itself imposes a special enviorment in which the meanings of behavior can easily misunderstood" - "The consequences of to patients hospitzalized in such enviorments - powerlessness, depersonalization, segrgation, modification, and self-labeling - are undoubtedly counter theraputic "the risk to distorted perceptions it seems to me is always present since we are much more sentive to individuals behavior and verbalization than we are to textual stimuli" "their perception and behaviors were controlled by the situation, rather than being motivated benign environments, one that was less attached to global diagnosits, their behaviors and judgments might have been more benign and effective." -Parade Strippers: Being Naked in Public -Optional Reading:* During the carnival or Mardi Gras, "women have started to expose their breasts n exchange for throws" - Some people label them as bead whores, while others do not label the activity at all as it is normal, but the majority of society would label it as indecent exposure if not in the carnival of Mardi Gras. Read Later Theory Readings: Labeling Theory, Howard Becker -"social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constituties deviance, and by applying those rules to particular people and labeling them as outsiders" "Deviance is not a quality ofthe act the person commits, but rather a consequecnce of the applicaiton by others of rules and sanctions to "an offender" - "the deviant one is the one to whom that label has been applied, deviant behavior is behavior that people label as deviant." "Some people may be labaled deviant thathave nto broken a rule" "the category of those labeled deveiant may not contain all of those who actually broke a rule." There are a lot of reasons why deviance varies 1. there is variations over time, as a person beleived to have committed a deviant act, may be treated leinilety at one time, but than as deviant later 2. It also depends on who commits the act and who feels harmed "Deviance is not a quality that lies in the behavior itself, but rather in the interation between the person who commits the act and those who respond to it." "treating a person as though he were generally rather than specifically deviant produces a self-fulfilling prophercy. It sets in motion several mechanisms which conspire to shape the person in the image people have of him...he is cut off after being idenfiited as deviant from participation in conventional groups...when caught he is treated in accordance with the popular diagnosi of why he is tha way, and the treatment itself may increase deviance." "The treatment of the deviacne places him in a psotioon where it will be necssary to resor to deciet and crime and the beavior is a conseuqnce of the public reaction to the deviance rather than a conseuqnce to the inherent quality of the act." Moral Entrepreneurs - Crusading Reformer: Exisiting rules do not satisfy hime because there is some evil which disturbs him...the crusader operates with absoltue ethic, what he sees is totally evil with no qualification, the crusader is fevent and righeous, ofen self-righteous." - "The crusader is not only interested in seeing to it that other people do what he thinks is right, he belives that if they do what is right it will be good for them." "by leaving the drafting of specific rules in th ehands of others, the crusader opens the door for many unforseen influences." "The msot obvious consequnce of a succssful crusaide is the creation of a new set of rules...we often find that a new set of enforcment agenceis and officials is estbalished." "With the stablishment of orgnizatiosn of rule enforcers, the crusade becomes institutionalized...the orgnaization becomes devoted to the enforcment of the rules." "The enforcer, police, are not concerned witht he content of the rule, but only that the rule allows him to do his job and enforce the rule" "If the enforcer is not going to tackle every case he knows of at once, he must have a basis for deciding when to enforce the rule which persons commiting which acts to abel as deviant." "Enforcers of rules since they have no stake in the cotnent of rules themselves, often develop their own private evalaution of the importance of various rules and infractions." To this end, "whether a person who commits a deviant act is infact labeled as deviant depends on many things extraneous to his actual behavior: whether the enformcent official feels that at this time he must make some show of doing his job to justify his position." "When an enforcer is called out for selectivley dealing with eval, the moral entrpreneur at whose instance the rule was made, arises again to say that the outcome of the alst curisde has not been satisfactor or that th egains ocne made have been whittled away and lost."

Edge work and Resistance

Section 7 Readings: Resitance: Actions or barriers in oppsotiion to or that question the dominant prevailing order." - Connectivity leads to resitance, because the other can self-define through the internent. -Power is about conering outcomes, it is everywhere. it is disperssive, forces of social disipline and conformity in society. Edgework is a form of restiance, that invokves risk taking in pursuit of thrills Edgework is thrill seeking by risk., Challenges normative boundaries by risk and harm You need a few skills to edgework: 1. Experience, 2. Mental tougness, 3. Elititst orienttation 4. Surival insight Leads to five feelings: 1. Self-determination in you every day life do you have control, realize why you are taking risks 2. Constant fear v. fearlessness - feeling at the end 3. Exhiliaration contrasting to omnipotentence - power 4. Competence - the feeling that you know what to do. 5. Date with fate/ you are challenging fate. -Edgework blurs the line btween life and death, you do not need to be pjysuically built, you need to destroy order and chaos. -Edgework: A Social Psychological Analysis of Voluntary Risk-Taking " All edge working actiivties involve a clearly observable threat to one's phyisical or mental well-being or onese sense of an ordered exisitence. "Edgework is best understood as an approach to the boundary between order and disorrder, form and formlessness. Maybe continue to read: -Parkour through Labeling, Resistance, and Edgework "Parkou or free-running is often marked by its physical displays of unihibitted behavior, daring feats of unconventional skill, and sheer wonderment of onlookers." "Studies of parkour suggest it exists as a symbolic act; a form of restiance against the restrianing qualities of contemporary cities." "through employing specialized skills and voluntary engaging of risk-taking actiivty, those who participate corrupt the funcitonal purpose fot eh city by turning even the most controlling monodimensional enviorments into spaces of oppurtunity and disorder." -"parkour provies the literal edge needed to challenge the social cultural and political constraints that have materialized in US cities." "Engaging in risk-taking activities is thus viewed as a way to fulfill a need for control, self-determination, stimulation, and arousial as it becomes a mechnism of restiance against opression and restraint" - Edgework challnges established social patterns in efforts to achieve self-actualization and determiantion" -"Edgework provies opporutuntity for seizing control, a way to challenge societal reactions to disorder that strip one of hocie, expression, and autonomy." -"edgework invovles volluntary risk taking,the skill set to preform the activity, and subjective sensitations." "Parkours not only employ specific skills to avoid physical dnagers they do so to pursue liberation from stifiling conditions brought about by modern socieyty...they are also afforded emotional, physical and mental rewrrds and gain a sense of authonmy and ownership over thier activities." "the Movement of Parkour represtn the willful transgression where the need to explore and create overrides conventions...as a form of restaicne parkour repersents a symbolic form of opposiiton against the limiting composition and offers a n escape from current structres and conditions imposing restraint." DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LABEL AND EDGEWORK: "While labeling theory focused on the social response and process by which deviant statuses were created and applied, edgeowkr reorients the study of deviance to better consider the response of those being labeled. Accordingly, the deviant is the primary topi not the societal response, and process by which the labels are created and applied as with labeling theory."

Section 9: Techniques of Neutralization

Section 9 Readings: Technique of Neutralization: - neutralization are rationalizations, which Sykes and Matza define as deviance which reconize thier behavior violates norms, and they realize its wrong, and they can feel remoate and shame Matza Drift Theory: Devaicne go in an out of devaint period. This means devaints are not always deviant most of the time, tey are part of the social order. - Deviance do not reject cultural nroms, and values, instead they neutralize or come up with jusfitifcation of they do not apply. 5 Neutralization Techniques: 1. Denial of Responsibility: defelcts balme and attaches to violation (might be wrong word) of social norms. 2. Denial of Injury: Deviant beleives thier actions do not cause great harm of injury 3. Denial of Victim: the injury that occurd was not wrong given circumstances, the victim deserved what ever happened to them, there was an injury but the dispell it given circumstances 4. Condomnation of the Condemers: Shfit in attack of those who disagree with what you have done 5. Appeal to hgher loyalties, Sacrfae of larger society for the approval of smaller groups which you belong. -Screwing the Pooch -Shoplifters: The Devil Made Me Do It -The World According to NAMBLA & The Boylove Manifesto -Optional Reading: Cheating Among College Students -Sykes and Matza hypothesize that such rationalizations challenge the conventional wisdom that such rationalizations typically follow deviant behavior, they develop a convincing argument that these rationalizations may prceded the deviant behavior to neutralize the stigma. - After reviewing cheating in undergraduate universities, the researchers emphasized the importance of denial of responsibility and condemation of the condemers as neutralization techniques. - "Denial of Responsibility is the ost common response, becaus oe of mindblock, no understanding of the material, a fear of failing, and unclear explanations of the assignment - Condemnation of Condemmers was the second most popular neutralization tehcnique observed, and included explanations such as pointless assignments, lack of respect for indivudal professors, unfair tests, parents and professors." The appeal to higher loyalties: "The student may not challnege the rules, but rather views the need to help a friend, fellow frat brother, or roomate to be a greater obligation which justfies the cheating behavor." Denial of Victim: No evidence Denial of Injury: " a number of students argued that the assignment or test they cheated on was so trivial that no one was hurt by their cheating. -"From this research it is clear that the college stduents use a variety of neutralization techniques to rationalize their cheating beahvior, deflecting balem to others, and or the situational contextm and teh fraemwork of Sykes and Mattza seems well supported when student cheating beahvior is analyzed."

Stigma and Carnival of the Grotesque Body

Stigma and Carnival of the Grotesque (Body) Erving Goffman (1963) - Focused on face to face inteactions, and questioned How do people with out known stigma manage information -Stigma = Attribute that causes individuals within a social catagory (society, friend group) to be discredtied by norms -this leads to resenment amongst those who are stigmatized Those stigmatized have lesser value who than need to try to gain acceptance in a world full of normals -Some stigmas are more severe than others, and some are impossible to escape 4 symbolic elements for social identity related to stigma: 1. Prestige: signify status, they are indistinct of hierarchy amongst normals 2. Stigma Symbol, constantly draws attention to the discredited attribute 3. Disidentifiers - counter symbol = if you are stigmatized you adopt a counter symbol to try an dthrow people off 4. GET THE LAST ONE Once stigmatma is known, you swithc from managing information to managing tension, becuase there is inherent tension between you and the normal, bc the normal knows the stigma. There will always be an uneasinesshers from the past,with normals, leading to shame and self-hatred. - Goffman states that stigma always follows you, even if removed like face tatoo, your still stitmatized with people from the past becuase it can still be a disidntifier which lets your stigma remain even after removal Phantom Acceptance: the stigma is there, it is known, but under certain social circumstances, people will treat you like your normal and proceed as normal - As phantom acceptance continues until the stigmatized person acts out of line, and then tey will be treated as abnormal and tension returns. *** if you are discreditable, you manage information If you are discredited, you manage tension and the best you can hope for is phantom acceptance. Front Stage v. Back Stage: Front stage - perfomance in public space where you interact in the social world 1. Performance - phyiscal manifestation of you prsent yourself to others 2. Presentation of Self 0 as an indiviaual class 3. Role Playing - falling out of role lead you to being discredited Backstage: where you reveal your true self - Private spaces where you can reveal info you hide in front stage. Carnival of the Groteseque: A social setting where like minded people can create, cultivate, socialize, and reinforce alternatve norms aboud body size and image. - There is a recongizitin of the manstream views and their norms as deviant, but they reinfroce in thier social group. - Has literary origin, Francois Rabelious 16th century french satire writer Metaphorical expression that has sociological meaning for stigma - In carnival, the fascination came from the stigma of freaks, IE beareded lady Monningham: Carnival = celebrating the grotesque joys of the deviance vibe For Gofgman Carnival is social birth In carnival, deviant is tempoerally reborn as normal, and the normals are deviant Grotesque realism = literary term for body degradation In terms of carnival, Grotesque realism occurs when particpants celebrate any or all of the bodies more vulgar features and functions IE urine, feceies, blood play, and vomit Not every carnival has groteseue features - the carnival tries to contradict the notion of physical flaws - The carnival is the fight against physical perfection so that vile, gross, and features can be celebrated in defiance of norms - In carnival, a change of identify occurs through social profess that transforms deviant to normal even if temporary Section 8 Readings: -Big Handsome Men, Bears, and Others: Virtual Constructions of "Fat Male Embodiment" Everyone Knows Who the Sluts Are - Young women who go to parties, and are sexually active risk being stigmatized as a Slut. - To get out of the delima and to avoid a stimazitzed, discredited, identitau, requires being in a relationship, and taking on a coupeled identity by having a boyfriend - "For these young women, being in a relationship enables them to be sexually active while at the same time avoiding the stigma of the "slut" identity." - "In conclusion, as Goffman would have anticipated in 1963, there are normative expectations for young women today and difffernt ways of violating them, some of which may lead to stigma, and becasue of it beign treated badly." Flesh Hook Pulling: Motivations and Meaning - Desipite the benefits derived by doers, non-mainstream body practices are to outsiders ''so far outside the norm ... that they elicit extremely strongly negative reactions'' (Goode and Vail 2008:xi). As a result, some flesh hook pullers who wear radical modifications on ''public skin'' (Irwin 2003) carry a doubly discrediting ''achieved'' stigma (Goode and Vail 2008; Falk 2001), while others without visible modifications keep their flesh hook pulling practice a secret. - The claims of radical modification groups have been eclipsed by claimsmaking activities in ''expert'' discourses that deviantize non-mainstream body modification by framing it negatively as a medical or psychological problem ; Favazza 2002) frame non-mainstream body modification as a dangerous social problem. These claims are embroiled in stereotypical imagery in popular cultural narratives that consistently pair body deviance with moral bankruptcy and criminalit The flesh hook pullers in this study frame ritual body modification as a spiritual practice that draws inspiration from ''primitive'' cultures; this is paired with rhetorical appeals to enlightenment (Maratea 2011), inclusivity, self-help, and community. The environmental context of flesh hook pulling provides members with claimsmaking resources that facilitate the framing of the event as a spiritual ritual - THIS IS THE LINK TO THE CARNIVAL OF THE GROTESEQUE AND IT SHOWS BACKSTAGE ACTIVITY -Making From the "Body Side" of Life Resistance to Sex Work Stigma: since stigma is not inherent in any kind of behavior and is instead a social construction, it can be countered and deconstructed. And such destigmatization can have important consequences for other aspects of sex work: If prostitution is allowed ''to function in a social climate freed from emotional prejudice'' (Ericsson, 1980: 362), it then becomes ''imaginable that prostitution could always be practiced, as it occasionally is even now, in circumstances of relative safety, security, freedom, hygiene, and personal control'' (Overall, 1992: 716). This essay has outlined some preconditions for broader normalization Optional Readings: -Stigma and Social Identity -The Stigma of Obesity