DHN exam 2
List the essential AA's (don't need to have spelling 100% correct but be able to recognize AA name).
Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine phenylalanine
A/an ________ amino acid is one that is normally nonessential, but becomes essential under certain conditions.
conditionally essential
The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors including glycerol, lactate, pyruvate, and most amino acids is called ________.
gluconeogenesis
Following the release of lactate into the bloodstream, liver cells remove the lactate from the bloodstream and recycle it into ________ through the Cori Cycle
glucose
Where is cholesterol made in the body and how much does this contribute to a person's total blood cholesterol levels?
liver
Which of the following organs is key to the enterohepatic circulation of bile?
liver
BAC .08
loss of balance, slower than normal reaction time, impaired memory, reduced ability to control ones behavior
.25 or above
loss of consciousness, coma, possible death from respiratory arrest (breathing stops)
BAC .10
major impairment of hearing, vision, and muscular coordination, slurred speech and obvious delayed reaction time
too much protein
stored as fat, no more than 30g at a time
What is lactic acid and what causes a build-up of lactic acid?
what pyruvate is converted to in order to enable reactions to occur under anaerobic conditions
food allergy
when a body's immune system reacts inappropriately to 1 or more harmless substances (inflammatory response) symptoms include hives, swollen/itchy lips, wheezing, vomiting/diarrhea, eczema, difficulty swallowing, abdominal pain, anaphylaxis
Are lipids organic?
yes
essential fatty acid, omega 6 fatty acid
linoleic acid
ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
celiac disease? What are examples of gluten-free foods?
- an autoimmune disease where gluten can't be absorbed - damage to intestines mucosa - US 1 in 133 adults - damaged intestinal mucosa - antibody test & intestinal biposy
How do health professionals test for food allergies?
- food elimination - skin test - blood test - food diary - physical exam
Catabolism
- metabolic pathways that break down larger molecules into smaller ones -release energy - downhill - example: glycogen-> glucose or protein -> individual amino acids
Anabolism
- metabolic pathways that build larger molecules from smaller ones - requires energy - uphill - example: glucose -> glycogen
List the most common food allergens in the US.
- milk - eggs - fish - shellfish (lobster, crab, shrimp) - tree nuts (almonds, cashews, walnuts) - peanuts - wheat - soybeans
protein needs increase?
- pregnancy - breast feeding - periods of rapid growth - serious illness - blood loss - burns
How efficient is the human body at converting energy into work?
- the human body is only about 25% efficient in converting food energy into work - much of the rest of the energy is lost as heat - 25% of 2000 = 500
ketone bodies
-formed in the fasting state, when liver converts excess acetyl-CoA into ketone bodies -the ketone bodies are acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate -can be used for energy in various tissues
protein needs of a healthy adult.
.8 g/kg of body weight 10-35% of cals
How many Americans are food insecure?
1 in 6
9 essential amino acids
1. Histidine 2. Isoleucine 3. Leucine 4. Lysine 5. Methionine 6. Phenylalanine 7. Threonine 8. Tryptophan 9. Valine
How many different amino acids exist in nature?
20 amino acida
Describe the parts of a triglyceride.
3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol
skeletal muscle
325 g glycogen
What percentage of food in the US is wasted?
40%
What advice do you have about including fish in the diet?
8 ounces of seafood a week
liver
90-100 g
electron transport chain
A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.
Know the essentiality of pyruvate and Acetyl CoA in metabolism and which can be used to make glucose.
Acetyl CoA can be used to make glucose Pyruvate can be made into lactic acid
How are most trans-fats made?
Add hydrogen atoms to unsaturated fatty acids, converts cis fatty acids to trans fatty acids
What is a conditionally essential AA and what is an example of when an AA becomes conditionally essential?
Become essential under certain circumstances
Be familiar with the steps in the process of lipid digestion and absorption (lecture and diagram in textbook).
Broken down by lipase in saliva, enters stomach, acid activates lipase, small intestine is the primary sit of lipid digestion. Absorption happens in duodenum and jejunum
In general terms, describe the FA composition of canola oil, olive oil, butter fat, and coconut oil.
Canola oil- monosaturated Olive oil- monosaturated Butter fat- saturated Coconut oil- saturated
What are the four components to the chemical structure of an amino acid?
Carbon, hydrogen, carboxylic acid, and R group
Where can amino acids enter into the metabolism picture?
Catabolic pathway, citric acid cycle
Which of the following statements is true?
Certain proteins transport nutrients and oxygen in the bloodstream
What are the major classes of lipoproteins?
Chylomicron, VLDL, HDL, LDL
Pantothenic Acid
Coenzyme A
citric acid cycle
Completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide. -mitochondria -Aerobic -38 ATP
Be familiar with the concepts covered in the case study on heart disease.
Desirable range for total blood cholesterol is less than 200 mg/dL People with elevated CRP are less likely to develop CVD than those with normal or reduced CRP
Define malnutrition.
Eating a diet which does not supply a healthy amount of one or more nutrients
Riboflavin
FAD and FMN
What are food sources of omega-3 FA?
Fish, walnut, canola, soybean, algae
What is a potential concern with excessive fish intake?
Interfere with blood clotting, increase risk of stroke
Contrast LDL and HDL - be able to describe in professional and layman's terms.
LDL is made up of more cholesterol and HDL has a large amount of protein
When does the body shift to ketosis and how do these ketone bodies affect the pH of our blood?
Limiting carbohydrates to less than 50 grams, lower blood PH Needs minimum of 100 g of carbs
What are examples of sterols?
Lipids that have more chemically complex structures than a triglyceride or phospholipid
Describe general characteristics of marasmus and kwashiorkor.
Marasmus- inadequate number of calories, starvation, extreme weight loss, weakness, wasting Kwashiorkor- consumes adequate energy (calories) but insufficient high-quality protein - most common in toddlers and developing countries - stunted growth, edema, brittle hair
Maria usually consumes about 2000 kcal/day. On average, her fat intake is approximately 90 g/day. Based on this information, which of the following statements describes Maria's diet?
Maria's fat intake is higher than the AMDR
Catabolic
Metabolic reactions that break down larger molecules into smaller ones are classified as
What are main functions of proteins in the body?
Muscle development and maintenance, homeostasis
What is the definition of an essential AA?
Must be supplied by food
Niacin
NAD and NADP
________ is a component of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Niacin
Does a gluten-free diet help a person to lose weight?
No, it can actually help them to gain weight
What is their effect on health?
Raise blood levels of unhealthy cholesterol increase risk of heart disease No positive effects
Contrast nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics.
Nutrigenetics- how your DNA/genetics affects what you eat (having high cholesterol even though you eat a low cholesterol diet), genetic variations influence body's response to specific nutrients and nutrient combos Nutrigenomics- What you eat impacts your DNA (human genome)
Pyruvate
O2- enter mitochandria, becomes 2 carbon- acetal coenzyme A, creates 2x acetyl CoA no O2- converts to lactic acid, release 2x H+ and forms lactate, release into blood stream, liver cells remove it from blood stream
How is the structure of a phospholipid different than that of a TG?
One of the fatty acids is replaced by a chemical group that contains phosphorus and often nitrogen
Why is cholesterol important to the body?
Part of every cell membrane, synthesize substances in cells
What type of bond holds together AA? Is this bond strong or weak?
Peptide bond, covalent, strong
What are the four parts to a lipoprotein?
Protein Phospholipid Cholesterol triglyceride
What are the health benefits of consuming omega-3 fatty acids?
Reduces risk of heart disease, depression/ post-partum, preterm birth, improve immune function, cognitive development in infants, arthritis
How are triglycerides broken down (glycerol vs fatty acids)?
Remove 3 fatty acids Glycerol is removed or turned into glucose HSL breaks down fatty acids
Compare and contrast the general characteristics of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids - structures, sources, health effects.
Saturated- each carbon in the chain has 2 hydrogen atoms Unsaturated- has neighboring carbon, but missing hydrogen atoms
What are key functions of phospholipids?
Serve as an emulsifier, increase SA, structural components of membranes,
Be familiar with protein digestion and absorption.
Stomach- HCl denatures proteins and activates pepsin, pepsin starts breaking apart peptide bonds Small intestine- enzymes break apart peptide bonds, absorptions of amino acids (go to liver) Large intestine- No protein digestion here if you have normal digestion
Why are fats important in cooking and in the body?
Stores energy, insulates against cold temps, protects against minor bruising, and contributes to body contour Enhance food flavor, texture, and aroma
Thiamin
TPP, water soluable
Which of the following statements is true?
The cholesterol carried by oxidized LDL is taken up by certain arterial cells and deposited in plaque
Gluconeogenesis
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, such as amino acids.
Phosphorylation
The metabolic process of introducing a phosphate anabolic reaction that attaches p group to ADP
Transamination
The process by which an amino group from one amino acid is transferred to a carbon compound to form a new amino acid.
Cori Cycle
The removal and recycling of lactic acid by the liver, Liver converts lactic acid to pyruvic acid, Glucose is released to recharge muscle glycogen reserves
What four B-vitamins are essential for the conversion of pyruvate into Acetyl CoA?
Thiamin riboflavin (FAD related)niacin (part of NADH)pantothenic acid
What are desirable blood lipid levels?
Total cholesterol: Less than 200 mg/dL = Desirable LDL cholesterol: Less than 100 mg/dL = Optimal "BAD" HDL cholesterol: Below 40 mg/dL = Suboptimal (Low) "GOOD" Triglycerides: Less than 150 mg/dL = Normal
What are the dietary recommendations for total fat, saturated fat, linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, and dietary cholesterol?
Total fat- 20-35% of total calories Saturated fat- less than 10% of total calories Linoleic acid- 5-10% of total calories Alpha- linolenic acid- 0.6-1.2% of total calories Cholesterol- as little as possible Trans fat- keep intake as low as possible
How is a trans-fat different than a saturated fat?
Trans fat- unsaturated- trans carbons- not essential Saturated fat- cis hydrogen bonds
What is the difference between transamination and deamination reactions?
Transamination refers to the transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another, especially from an amino acid to a keto acid, while deamination refers to the removal of an amino group from an amino acid or other compounds.
What is the function of all lipoproteins?
Transport lipids through blood stream
What are the three general categories of lipids?
Triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols (cholesterol)
Define food insecurity.
Unable to consistently access enough nutritious food necessary for a healthy life
too much protein?
Urea levels increase which could cause kidney damage (can cause kidneys to clog and can't filter urea)
Why is this important?
Use energy from mitochondria
What happens to the amine group of an AA once that AA is metabolized for energy?
When amino acids are metabolized for energy, the amine group N is left
amino acid structure
a carboxyl group, amine group, and R group
Beta- oxidation
a chemical pathway involved in the catabolism of an activated fatty acid and occurs in the mitochondria
sickle cell anemia
a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape, wrong AA inserted
anaphylaxis
a serious drop in blood pressure that affects the whole body and can be fatal unless emergency treatment is provided can be treated with an injection of epinephrine
Nitrogen
amine (ammonia)--> liver--> urea--> kidneys--> excreted
Bill would like to follow recommendations that would reduce his risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Based on this information, Bill should ________.
become more physically active
________ is a chemical pathway involved in the catabolism of an activated fatty acid and occurs in the mitochondria.
beta- oxidation
Protein
build new cells, hardened structures, enzymes, clotting, transporters, energy
BAC .20
cannot walk without assistance, mental confusion may pass out
Kidney and Liver diseases:
cant produce certain amino acids
________ is necessary to assist in the passing of fatty acids through the outer and inner mitochondrial membrane during the process of beta-oxidation.
carnitine
Which of the following foods is NOT usually responsible for causing allergic responses?
carrots and celery
Glycogen storage disease
characterized by the accumulation or lack of glycogen in one or more tissues due to isoforms of glycogen enzymes most common is Von Gierke's disease
inborn errors of metabolism
defects in genes required for metabolism
Aerobic
enough oxygen is present
ketoacidosis
excessive production of ketones, making the blood acid
cytochrome c
facilitates bonding of two hydrogen ions with an atom of oxygen
Glycolysis
first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of 3 carbon- pyruvic acid anaerobic cytoplasm 2 NADP & 4 ATP--> 2 ATP in end
Compared to most unsaturated fatty acids, a trans fatty acid ________.
has at least one double bond with hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the hydrocarbon chain at the position of the double bond
What is ATP (but do not need to know the structure)?
high energy phosphate compound 3 phosphate groups ATP is one of the body's quick energy sources
Fat cells contain the enzyme ________, which facilitates the process of lipolysis
hormone sensitive lipase
In the stomach, ________ participate in the chemical digestion of protein.
hydrochloric acid and pepsin
Which of the following characteristics is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD)?
increasing age
Anisah follows a vegetarian diet that includes milk and milk products and eggs, but no other animal foods. What type of vegetarian diet is Anisah following?
lactoovovegetarian
Anaerobic metabolism
metabolism releases the lower amount of energy in the cell cell oxygen supply is low it uses pathway that doesnt require O2
Carnitine
necessary to assist in the passing of fatty acids through the outer and inner mitochondrial membrane during the process of beta- oxidation
CoA
needs NAD, coenzyme A, and TTP
When a person is in ________, their nitrogen intake is balanced with their nitrogen losses.
nitrogen equilibrium
Glycogenolysis
no direct source of energy available, breakdown of glycogen into glucose, PLP is needed, liver
Although Jerome and Joseph are the same age, weight and height; Jerome requires more vitamin C than Joseph. This is an example of ________.
nutrigenetics
coenzyme
organic compounds often have B vitamins
________ is a component of coenzyme A
pantothenic acid
Which of the following foods is a high-protein snack that can replace a snack that contains animal protein?
peanut butter on crackers
BAC .15
poor muscular control, vomiting, loss of balance
Which of the following foods is a source of cholesterol?
pork steak
In the body, lipids ________.
provide insulation against cold temperatures
vitamin B-6
pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) -protein metabolism -converts homocysteine to cysteine -production of heme -synthesis of neurotransmitters
Hemoglobin is an example of a protein that exists in the ________ form.
quaternary
BAC .05
reduced inhibitions, resulting in exaggerated emotional and behavioral responses to situations impaired judgement, good mood
BAC .02
some loss of judgement, altered mood, relaxation
Chemical Pathways
specific chemical reactions that occur in sequences
Mitochondria
synthesizes ATP
How do most proteins exist in nature?
tertiary structure
catabolism
the breakdown of glycogen into individual glucose molecules
Energy
the capacity to perform work
Ketogenesis
the formation of ketone bodies in liver cells from the excess of acetyl CoA produced.
Deamination
the removal of an amino group from an organism, particularly from an amino acid (liver) break down completely
Metabolism
the sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism
PKU
thetalonine cant be absorbed
The ________ gland produces the primary hormone that controls the metabolic rate.
thyroid
How can you get rid of it?
to reduce lactate accumulation during exercise, a person should focus on breathing (deeply) and stretch (open up for oxygen to get in)
The primary function of adipocytes is ________.
triglyceride storage
