DHN SB CH 2

experiments using whole, living organisms are classified as in ____, whereas "test tube" experiments are classified as in _____

Vivo, vitro

A possible explanation for an observation that guides scientific research is called a

hypothesis

A(n) ______ is a possible explanation for an observation that guides scientific research

hypothesis

experiments using whole, living organisms are classified as

in vivo experiments

An anecdote ______ considered scientific evidence.

is not

Which of the following are true statements about pseudoscience?

-It uses vague or unprovable claims -It does not adhere to valid scientific methodology -It is a presentation of inaccurate information

Who are the subjects in a case-control study?

- persons without the disease or condition under investigation - persons with the disease or condition under investigation

What motivates the promoter of a product? Are they more interested in your health or in selling the product? Is the source of scientific information from a peer-reviewed journal? These questions are all examples of

How to evaluate nutrition information

_______ is the representation of information masquerading as factual and obtained by scientific methods

Quackery

Major nutrition organizations put together a list of red flags that signal poor nutrition advice. These include which of the following?

-Recommendations based on a single study -Claims that sound too good to be true -Recommendations that promise a quick fix

Which of the following are methods used to share credible nutrition information with consumers?

-presented at professional nutrition conferences -presented in peer-reviewed journals

An example of an internet website that might contain biased nutrition information is a

.com site

Consumers need to be skeptical of nutrition and health related claims because

1. Promoters of worthless nutrition products are good marketers 2. Nutrition misinformation can be spread through a variety of sources 3. The FDA cannot prevent the spread of published misinformation

A control group is important for which of the following reasons?

1.it allows scientists to determine if a treatment had an effect 2.it enables scientists to control the influence of control variables unrelated to the study 3.it is important to the validity and accuracy of an experiment

A variable is a ______

A factor that can change and influence an outcome of a study

When a friend tells you she is taking vitamin B complex supplements and she feels more energetic as a result, she is sharing an _____ or a report of a personal experience

Anecdote

Scientists expect researchers to avoid relying on their personal attitudes and _____ when selecting participants for research and collecting and analyzing data

Bias

Some funding sources of scientific research can have certain expectations or ______ scientists whose research supports their interests. about research outcomes, and as a result, are likely to finance studies

Bias

Epidemiological studies _____ establish cause and effect

Cannot

A factor that may not be studied but may affect a research outcome is called a ____ variable

Confounding

A factor that may not be studied but may affect a research outcome is called a _______ variable

Confounding

A _______ group, which receives no treatment, allows researchers to determine if an experimental treatment has any effect.

Control

List the events prior to the publishing of experimental results in scientific journals.

Critical review by other subject-matter experts. Subject-matter experts ensure objective research findings are published.

The type of research conducted when an investigator measured the frequency of diabetes in different populations is termed ______ studies

Epidemiological

A researcher that studies the frequency of diabetes in Pacific Islanders, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic African American adults is conducting _____ research

Epidemiology

The second step in the scientific method is developing a

Hypothesis

If an experiment fails to control for variables that are not being tested by using a control group, the findings of the experiment will be ____

Inaccurate, questionable

Which of the following is true about a case-control study?

Individuals with a health condition are matched with individuals without the condition but with similar characteristics

A prospective study means that the research study will ____ in time

Look forward

National standards for height, weight, and blood pressure are established using data from ____ research findings

NHANES

Researchers use findings from the ____ to establish national standards for assessing height, weight, and blood pressure

NHANES

A retrospective study examines the _____ a prospective study examines the _____

Past , future

The Farmingham heart study is a well known _____ study

Prospective

Choose the type of research that involves the random assignment of human subjects to two or more groups, and a well controlled intervention

Randomized controlled trials

What type of experiment is considered the gold standard in research?

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs)

Which of the following will assist consumers in identifying sources of credible nutrition information?

Reading peer reviewed journals, looking for references to research articles

Which of the following occurs after completion of an experiment?

Scientists seek to publish the results in scientific journals. Scientists summarize the findings. Scientists figure out if the findings support or disprove the hypothesis.

Pallagra was especially widespread in the United States in the early 1900s in which area of the country?

Southern US

What type of study has very few confounding variables?

Test tube studies

Which of the following is true about control groups?

The results of an experiment are unclear or inaccurate if no control group is used

Which statement is true about testimonials?

They are often biased in favor of a product

Medical researchers must be cautious when applying the results of in vivo animal research to people because of the physiological differences between humans and other animals

True

Studying the different dietary practices and disease occurrences among populations, nutrition scientists may learn much about the influence of diet on health

True

A website that is authored or sponsored by one person tends to provide _____ information.

biased

Observational epidemiological studies cannot establish ______

causation

Experimental Epidemiological Studies utilize

control group and treatment group

A ____ is a relationship between two variables

correlation

Diets that lack proper nutrition can lead to the development of nutrient ________ diseases

deficiency

A physician named Joseph Goldberger discovered that the disease pellagra was related to

diet

The _______ amendment to the U.S. constitution guarantees freedom of the press and speech, so people can provide false nutrition information

first

What is the first step of the scientific method?

observation of a natural phenomenon

"Our patented Fat Buster System is guaranteed to take 2 inches off your waistline in the first week!" This claim raises which of the following red flags that indicate unreliable nutrition information?

promises a quick fix.

Cohort studies can be retrospective or

prospective

What is the term used to describe a study that looks forward in time?

prospective

A process that tests a hypothesis in order to generate a conclusion, which can be reported and then confirmed or refuted by additional studies, is called the _____ method

scientific

In a ____ study, epidemiologists collect and analyze various kinds of information about a large group of people over time

cohort

Observational epidemiological research includes

cohort studies and case-control studies

The participants in an experiment who are not given the treatment being tested are known as the ____ group

control

Studies that can illustrate differences in dietary patterns among populations and can lead to additional experiments that may be able to test the cause of the disease process are called ____

epidemiological

The study of dietary and disease patterns among various populations is known as

epidemiology

A(n) _____ is a systematic way of testing a hypothesis

experiment

A person in a scientific experiment who receives a non-placebo drug is a member of the _____ group.

experimental

Nutrition scientists conduct ____ epidemiological studies to obtain information about health conditions that may result from specific dietary practices

experimental

Choose an example of a nutrient deficiency disease

lack of niacin leading to pellagra

Why do nutrition recommendations change?

scientists change their recommendations in light of new research findings

A(n) _____ is a factor, such as a persons age, weight, or environment, that can change and influence the outcome

Variable

True or false: testimonials are not a valid representation of a products effectiveness

True

A member of a treatment group

receives a medication or exercise that is being evaluated

Prior to publishing the results of an experiment,

the results and analysis are peer-reviewed by other subject matter experts

True or false: the dynamic and rapidly advancing field of nutrition necessitates that scientists change their recommendations in the light of new, sun stained findings

True

In vivo animal studies must be interpreted carefully because

there are physiological differences between humans and other animals

The best term that describes a personal endorsement of a product is called a(n) _____. These endorsements are biased and often found in advertisements of various products?

Testimonial

Which term best describes marketing a product with a personal endorsement?

Testimonial

Which of the following questions should be asked when evaluating nutrition information?

1. Who sponsored the research 2. Is the information from an article in a peer reviewed journal? 3. Are the authors trying to sell me something?

What are some important questions to ask when evaluating the legitimacy of nutrition information?

1. Where does the information originate? 2. What motivates the authors? 3. Does the author have reliable credentials?

Choose the descriptions that accurately define the scientific method

-A procedure designed to discover reproducible results - educated guess about the relationship between a variable and an outcome - testing a hypothesis in order to draw an evidence based conclusion

Researchers from Cornell University have written a manuscript about the impact of soy consumption on breast cancer risk. Which of the following people is best qualified to be a peer reviewer of the manuscript before it is published?

A researcher from the University of Illinois who specializes in soy research, but did not collaborate on the study

A scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact is called _____

Experiment

An infomercial for a new weight-loss supplement claims that the medical community has been keeping this formula secret for decades and features the testimonials of an ex-baseball player and a prominent pop music star, who say they lost 12 pounds in the first two weeks. Should you try this supplement?

No

True or false: a cohort study is a type of observational epidemiological study

True

When two variables have a relationship they are said to be in _____ with each other but you cannot say there is a cause and effect relationship

correlation