Diet 200 Final

The mineral found in the body in the most abundance is ________

calcium

The highest concentration of ethanol is found in ________.

distilled spirits

Bioelectrical impedance assesses body composition based on the principle that ________.

electrical conductivity is greater in lean tissue than in adipose tissue

The 4 primary types of tissue are ________.

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

At the beginning of a meal, the hormone _______ is secreted from the stomach; this hormone controls the release of _______.

gastrin; HCl

Put the foods in order of greatest amount of carbohydrate per serving (1) to least amount of carbohydrate per serving (4).

1) 1 small banana 2) 1 cup milk 3)1 cup raw vegetables 4)3 oz meat

Match the water-soluble vitamin with its deficiency disease or disorder

1)Beriberi/ Thiamin 2)Pernicious anemia/ Vitamin B-12 3)Pellagra/Niacin 4)Scurvy/Vitamin C 5)Neural tube defect/ Folate

Match the water-soluble vitamin with its coenzyme form(s).

1)Niacin/ NAP,NADP 2)Folic Acid/ THFA 3)Thiamin/TPP 4)Vitamin B-6/PLP 5)Pantothenic Acid/ CoA 6)Riboflavin/ FAD, FMN

Recommendations for restoration of muscle glycogen include _____ grams of carbohydrates per kilogram of body weight are consumed 30 minutes after exercise and again 2 hours after exercise.

1.0 - 1.5

Rhodopsin, the visual pigment in the retina of the eye, is regenerated when opsin combines with ________.

11-cis retinal

The proportion of underweight children worldwide is approximately:

16%

MyPlate groups foods into _____ major categories.

5 MyPlate has 5 categories: fruit, vegetable, protein, grain, and dairy.

When are many babies ready for finger foods?

9 months of age

Kwashiorkor often occurs in young children in the developing world who have a low-protein diet, even though they may have adequate calories. Answer each of the questions by dragging the question to its appropriate answer classification.

A diet low in protein and amino acids is often high in starchy foods which are bulky and fibrous.: Why does a child with kwashiorkor and a low-protein diet sometimes not eat enough calories to meet growth needs? Dietary proteins and amino acids contribute to healthy hair growth and proper hair color.: Why does a child with kwashiorkor and a low protein diet sometimes present with light colored and brittle hair? Dietary protein and amino acids are important components of antibodies, which are responsible for fending off disease and infection. Why is a child with kwashiorkor and a low protein diet at increased risk for contracting measles and other preventable diseases Dietary protein and amino acids create transport proteins that are supposed to move fats out of the liver. Why does a child with kwashiorkor and a low protein diet sometimes present with a fatty liver? Dietary protein and amino acids are important for fluid balance. Why does a child with kwashiorkor and a low protein diet have abdominal edema?

Classify each of the following as characteristics of anabolism or catabolism.

Anabolism: consumes energy uses simple molecules produces complex molecules supports growth Catabolism: releases energy releases heat

Clostridium perfringens/ Typical Food Sources

Beef, poultry, gravy, Mexican food

Which of the following foods is least likely to cause a foodborne illness?

Bread, pasteurized milk, butter

Categorize each of the following statements to indicate if they pertain to deficiency, normal function, or toxicity of vitamin E.

Deficiency: Hemolytic anemia Neurological changes Impaired immune function Normal functions: Antioxidant Maintenance of cell membrane

Which of the following is true about dietary supplements for Americans?

Dietary supplements are useful if a person's food choices cause them to be low in a particular nutrient. Nutrient needs should be met primarily by consuming foods, but supplements can be useful for people whose typical food choices lead to a diet that cannot meet nutrient recommendations.

Compare and contrast the characteristics of a high-sodium diet to that of a high-potassium diet.

Diets high in potassium and low in sodium offer the most protection against high blood pressure. Such diets are consistent with the DASH Diet and recommendations from the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015-2020. Many individuals can approximate the AI for potassium (4700 mg) by adding an additional 1500 mg of potassium to their daily diets. One banana, 1/2 cup of beans, and 1 sweet or white baked potato easily provide this added potassium. On the other hand, low potassium and high sodium diets, which many people eat today, are more likely to result in high blood pressure.

Mandatory labeling of foods is regulated by the ________.

FDA The FDA regulates mandatory labeling.

Shigella species/ Typical Food Sources

Fecal-oral transmission; water supplies, produce, and other foods contaminated by infected food handlers with poor hygiene

Which of the following would you recommend to a friend that is having difficulties breastfeeding her baby?

Find a relaxing environment to breastfeed your baby. Tension and anxiety can prevent oxytocin from controlling the letdown reflex to release milk from the breast.

Hepatitis A virus/ Typical food sources

Foods prepared by infected food handlers, especially uncooked foods or those handled after cooking such as sandwiches, pastries, and salads; shellfish from contaminated waters; vegetables and fruit contaminated during growing, harvesting, and processing

Norovirus (Norwalk and Norwalk-like viruses), human rotavirus/ Typical Food Sources

Foods prepared by infected food handlers; shellfish from contaminated waters; vegetables and fruits contaminated during growing, harvesting, and processing

Classify each of the following risk factors as having a genetic component or not having a genetic component.

Genetic: Cholesterol Metabolism, Salt Sensitivity, and height Life Style Choice: Exercise, Calorie Intake, Smoking

Staphylocococcus aureus/ Typical Food Sources

Ham, Chicken, tuna, egg, and potato salads; cream filled pastries, custards; whipped cream

Water intoxication is associated with ________.

Headache and blurred vision, muscle cramps and convulsions, and hyponatremia all of these answers are correct

Clostridium botulinum/ Typical Food Sources

Incorrectly home-canned vegetables, meats, and canned fish; incorrectly canned commercial foods; herb- infused oils; bottled garlic; potatoes baked in foil and held at room temperature; honey

What is the recommended treatment for childhood obesity?

Increase physical activity. Decrease intake of high-fat, high-energy foods. Modify problem behaviors, such as snacking while watching TV. All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following scenarios indicate that the individual has a problem with alcohol?

Indicates the individual has a problem with alcohol: Steven feels that he ought to cut down on drinking Stephanie is annoyed by people criticizing her about drinking To steady nerves to get rid of a hangover, Traci sometimes has a drink first thing in the morning Shannon feels bad to guilty about drinking Does not indicated that the individual has a problem with alcohol Todd has one drink every night after dinner

Classify each of the following as either a role of digestible carbohydrates or indigestible carbohydrates.

Indigestible Carbohydrates: enhance glucose control, promote bowel health, reduce cholesterol absorption, reduce risk of obesity Digestible Carbohydrates: prevent ketosis, provide energy, spare protein

Which is true of the Congregate Meal program?

It is part of the Older Americans Act.

Uncontrolled diabetes increases the risk for which of the following health conditions? Select all that apply.

Kidney disease, decrease nerve stimulation (neuropathy), blindness, cardiovascular disease, ketosis, which can be life- threatening Uncontrolled diabetes can have many health consequences, including damage to the vessels of the body leading to blindness, kidney disease, and heart disease. Ketosis occurs in Type 1 diabetes when carbohydrate isn't absorbed into the cell so fat is converted to ketones. People with diabetes may develop lactose intolerance just as others in the population will, but diabetes does not increase the risk.

Match the term with its description.

Lead:A major source is from paint dust in older homes but mineral supplements and some imported foods may also be contaminated Antibiotics: Used to promote growth in food animals Dioxins:By-product of various industrial processes; fish from contaminated waterways are a major source Methylmercury: Causes nerve damage, poor learning, and birth defects. To limit ingestion of this compound, children and pregnant and breastfeeding women are advised to avoid or limit their consumption of certain types of fish. Pesticides: Products applied to agricultural products to eliminate insects, weeds, fungus, molds, and rodents

Identify the strengths and limitations of vegetarian and meat-containing diets.

Limitations: Requires years of research, countless foods have not been analyzed yet, some nutrients have been measured in only a limited number of foods, nutrient values in the databases are average amounts, cannot account for how nutrients are handled in the body, nutrient levels vary by farming conditions, nutrient levels vary by food processing, shipping, storage, and cooking Strengths: Thousands of analytics; chemistry studies, analyzed in labs around the world, easy to use

Which of the following genetic disorders would cause a person to have limited fat stores?

Marfan syndrome

Classify each of the dietary factors as protective against cancer development or as a cancer promoter.

May prevent cancer: adequate selenium intake adequate vitamin E intake Adequate vitamin D intake Adequate calcium intake May promote cancer: increased fat intake low fiber intake increased calorie intake

Which of the following foods provides all of the essential amino acids?

Milk Animal products, such as milk, contain all 9 essential amino acids; whereas most plant proteins do not.

Sort the following processes as those that are ketogenic or may produce ketones, or nonketogenic that cannot produce ketones.

Nonketogenic: glycolysis excessive caloric intake anaerobic metabolism Ketogenic: beta-oxidation diabetes starvation

Yersinia enterocolitica/ Symptoms

Onset: 1-11 days; fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea (often bloody); Lasts 1-3 weeks or longer

Norovirus (Norwalk and Norwalk-like viruses), human rotavirus/ Symptoms/ Symptoms

Onset: 1-2 days; "stomach flu" -- severe diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, stomach cramping, low grade fever, chills, and muscle aches; lasts 1-2 days or longer

Vibro/ V. vulnificus/ Symptoms

Onset: 1-2 days; vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain; in more severe case, bloodstream infection with fever, chills, decreased blood pressure, blistering skin lesions; lasts 3 or more days

Shigella species/ Symptoms

Onset: 1-3 days; abdominal cramps, fever, diarrhea (often bloody); lasts 5-7 days

Staphylocococcus aureus/ Symptoms

Onset: 1-6 hours; diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, abdominal cramps; lasts 1-3 days

Eschericha coli (0157: H7 and other strains)/ Symptoms

Onset: 1-9 days; bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps; in children under age 5 and the elderly' hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a serious complication; red blood cells are destroyed and kidneys fail; can be fatal; lasts 2-10 days or longer in more serious illness

Hepatitis A virus/ Symptoms

Onset: 15-50 days; anorexia, nausea, vomiting, fever, jaundice, dark urine, fatigue; may cause liver damage and death; lasts several weeks up to 6 months

Clostridium botulinum/ Symptoms

Onset: 18-36 hours but can be 4 hours to 10 days; neurological symptoms -- double and blurred vision, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, muscle weakness, and paralysis of face, arms, respiratory muscles, trunk, and legs; can be fatal; lasts days to weeks

Vibro/ V. cholerae/ Symptoms

Onset: 2-3 days; severe, dehydrating diarrhea, vomiting; dehydration, cardiovascular collapse, and death can occur

Campylocator jujuni/ symptoms

Onset: 2-5 days; muscle pain, abdominal cramping

Vibro/ V. parahemolyticus/ Symptoms

Onset: 4 hours-4 days: diarrhea (sometimes bloody), nausea, vomiting, fever, chills; lasts 2-6 days

Clostridium perfringens/ Symptoms

Onset: 8-24 hours; abdominal pain and diarrhea, usually mild; can be more serious in elderly or ill persons; lasts 1 day or less but may be longer in elderly or infants

Listeria monocytogenes/ Symptoms

Onset: 9-48 hours for early symptoms, 3 days to 3 months for severe symptoms; fever muscle aches, headache, committing; can spread to nervous system, resulting in stiff neck, confusion, loss of balance, or convulsion; can cause premature birth and still birth

Match the term and its description.

Perceived exertion: rating of exercise intensity Electrolytes: Ions that conduct and electrical current Aerobic: Producing energy without oxygen Ergogenic: Work- enhancing Anaerobic: Producing energy without oxygen

Yersinia enterocolitica/ Typical Food Sources

Raw or undercooked pork, particularly pork intestines (chitterlings); tofu; water; unpasteurized milk oysters

The daily amount of a nutrient that is sufficient to meet the needs of nearly all individuals in a life stage is called the

Recommended Dietary Allowance The RDAs are very generous and will meet the requirement for nearly all people.

The B-vitamin most easily destroyed by exposure to light is ________.

Riboflavin

Women should aim to achieve a healthy weight before becoming pregnant. Being underweight or obese at the time of conception can negatively impact birth outcomes. Identify whether each outcome is a potential consequence of the mother being underweight or obese at conception.

Risk if mother is underweight at conception: Low birth weight Premature birth Lower nutrient stores of iron Risk if mother is obese at conception Birth defects Death in the first few weeks after birth Childhood obesity later in life Mother with gestational diabetes Mother with hypertension

Complete the following sentences about alcohol poisoning.

Risks of alcohol poisoning are particularly high when many alcoholic beverages are consumed in rapid succession. Symptoms of alcohol poisoning include confusion, stupor, vomiting, low blood sugar, severe dehydration, slow heartbeat, and pale skin. If blood alcohol levels rise high enough, the person experiences acute alcohol toxicity, also known as alcohol poisoning.

Drag the lipid to its corresponding structure.

Saturated fatty acid Monounsaturated fatty acid Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid Omega- 6 polyunsaturated fatty acid Sterol Phospholipid

Which of the following exercises would be most appropriate to continue to perform during a healthy pregnancy?

Swimming

Which of the following statements are true concerning chromium? Select all that apply.

Symptoms of chromium deficiency include glucose intolerance, weight loss, and nerve damage Chromium is widely distributed in food Chromium can be transferred to food through food processing equipment Chromium is used to manufacture steel; thus, small amounts of chromium also can be transferred to food through food-processing equipment. Meats, liver, fish, eggs, whole grain products, broccoli, mushrooms, dried beans, nuts, and dark chocolate tend to be good sources of the mineral. Chromium deficiency is difficult to detect, and there have been few serious effects reported from excess dietary chromium intake. Most dietary chromium is excreted in feces or urine.

What would be the effect on protein digestion if insufficient amounts of gastrin were being produced?

Too little HCL would be produced, resulting in insufficient protein digestion. Gastrin also strongly stimulates the stomach's parietal cells to produce acid, which aids in digestion and the activation of pepsin.

There are many myths and misunderstandings surrounding the role of dietary protein for physical activity. Determine whether each statement about protein for athletes is true or false.

True: The amino acids from dietary protein included in a small meal or snack after strenuous exercise can help muscle cells repair damaged tissue by synthesizing new proteins Excess protein does not necessarily lead to greater muscle development. False: Protein is a major biological fuel during physical activity A number of reputable scientific bodies advocate that protein intake for athletes be at least 2.og/kg/day.

Eschericha coli (0157: H7 and other strains)/ Typical Food Sources

Undercooked ground beef; produce -- lettuce, spinach, sprouts; unpasteurized juice and milk

Listeria monocytogenes/ Typical Food Sources

Unpasteurized milk, (Blue Bell) ice cream, and soft cheeses; raw meats and vegetables; ready- to - eat deli meats and hot dogs; refrigerated smoked fish

Determine whether the breakfast is appropriate for a vegan, lactovegetarian, or lactoovovegetarian and drag the breakfast to its appropriate classification.

Vegan: oatmeal made with soy milk and blueberries Lacto-vegetarian: Whole wheat toast with melted cheese and a glass of orange juice Lacto-ovo-vegetarian: Omelet made with two eggs, shredded cheese, and peppers

Describe treatments for severe obesity.

Very-low-calorie diets, or modified fasts, are used to treat severe obesity if more traditional dietary changes have failed. They provide 400 to 800 calories daily, often in liquid form, and tend to be used if a person has obesity-related diseases that are not well controlled. Gastroplasty may be recommended for those who are morbidly obese (BMI ≥40), have been obese for at least 5 years with several nonsurgical attempts to lose weight, and have no history of alcoholism or major psychiatric disorders.

Scurvy is due to a deficiency of ________.

Vitamin C

The two life stage groups with the highest RDAs for calcium are _________ and _________.

adolescents; adults over age 50

Which of the following groups may not receive sufficient protein?

adults with limited budgets adults with chewing problems adults who are lactose intolerant All of these choices are correct.

Decreased learning capacity in childhood has been linked to exposure to ____ during fetal life.

alcohol

Transamination is the process by which ________.

amino groups are transferred from a donor to an acceptor

After a period of prolonged fasting (starving), the brain changes its fuel requirements ________.

and starts to use ketones and spares protein

An example of a probiotic is ________.

bacteria in yogurt

Which of the following foods contains the least amount of lactose per serving?

bagel

The energy spent in maintaining all involuntary processes in the body at rest, awake, and in a non-absorptive state is called ________.

basal metabolism

In which of the following metabolic pathways are coenzymes required?

beta-oxidation glycolysis electron transport chain citric acid cycle All of these choices are accurate

Energy obtained by the body from food is used to ________.

build new compounds move the muscles transmit nerve impulses balance ions within cells perform all of these functions

Which group of foods provides substantial amounts of vitamin C?

citrus fruits and vegetables

The population group with the highest rate of alcohol consumption is ________.

college students

The first fluid secreted by the mother's breast after giving birth is called ________.

colostrum

The most common application of genetic engineering of foods is to ________.

confer resistance to pesticides applied to kill weeds and insects Genetic engineering is used primarily to confer herbicide tolerance and/or insect resistance.

Vibro/ V. cholerae/ Typical Food Sources

contaminated water and food, human carriers

There are a number of hypotheses about the causes of aging. Match each effect of aging with its corresponding hypothesis.

genetic blueprint errors: cell loses ability to make major proteins needed to function and the cell dies Glycosylation of proteins: High circulating levels of glucose cause glucose to stick to proteins, causing the immune system to become vulnerable Autoimmunity: Some forms of arthritis develop Neuroendocrine function diminishes: In males, testosterone levels decrease Free radical damage: Damaged DNA which may be prevented with adequate amounts of dietary antioxidants

Match the potential benefits and risks with the complementary and alternative medicine practices.

glucosamine: may decrease joint inflammation and pain associated with osteoarthritis Side effects may include go tract discomfort with may disappear after 2 weeks May disrupt blood glucose regulation in people with diabetes Feverfew: side effects may include abdominal pain,, mouth sores, skin rash, should be avoided if allergic to ragweed or taking anti-inflammatory drugs such as asprin Echinacea: May stimulate the immune system and shorten the duration of flulike illnesses, side effects may include nausea, skin irritation, or an allergic reaction, should be avoided by anyone with an autoimmune disease of allergic to daisies Black Cohosh: May reduce postmenopausal symptoms, side effects include nausea or a fall in blood pressure, should be avoided if taking estrogen, hypertension medications, or aspirin

Which substances can be absorbed in the small intestine?

glucose, minerals, amino acids, vitamins, alcohol

All of the following are uncontrollable risk factors for heart disease EXCEPT ________.

hypertension

Satiety is largely regulated by the ________.

hypothalamus

According to the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans substantial health benefits occur when adults engage ________.

in 150 minutes of moderate intensity exercise each week

What is a common function of plant sterols?

inhibit absorption of dietary cholesterol

You have an older relative who is complaining of fatigue. You learn that she is taking aspirin on a daily basis to prevent a heart attack. What condition do you suspect your relative may have?

iron deficiency anemia Aspirin therapy can potentially lead to anemia from blood loss due to affect on iron.

Which of the following combinations of foods would provide the most dietary fiber?

kidney bean salad, turkey sandwich on whole wheat bread, fresh apple, milk

Which food-related behaviors can negatively affect the quality of adolescents' diets?

meal skipping snacking eating out All of these choices are correct.

In which compartment of the cell does the Krebs cycle and fatty acid oxidation take place?

mitochondria

In a double-blind study, who knows which participants are getting the treatment or placebo?

only an independent third party A third party is the only entity who knows which participants are getting placebo/treatment in a double-blind study.

Salmonella species/ Symptoms

onset: 6-72 hours; nausea, fever, headache, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and vomiting; can be fatal in infants, the elderly, and those with impaired immune systems

The force that develops when two solutions, each with a different concentration of solutes, are separated by a semipermeable membrane is ________.

osmotic pressure

An infant may suffer from water intoxication when ________.

overfed water instead of formula

When a slice of fresh apple turns a brown color, this is most likely the result of ________.

oxidation When a cup apple is exposed to oxygen, it typically browns.

Which group of individuals has the highest requirement for folate?

pregnant women

Which of the following population groups is at highest risk of iron-deficiency anemia?

premature infants

Campylocator jujuni/ Typical food sources

raw and undercooked meat and poultry, unpasteurized milk and cheese, contaminated water

Vibro/ V. parahemolyticus/ Typical Food Sources

raw and undercooked shellfish, especially oysters

Vibro/ V. vulnificus/ Typical Food Sources

raw and undercooked shellfish, especially oysters

Salmonella Species/ Typical Food Sources

raw and undercooked, meats, poultry, eggs, and fish; produce, especially raw sprouts; peanut butter; unpasteurized milk

As calcitriol, vitamin D functions in calcium and bone metabolism by ________.

reducing calcium excretion by the kidney regulating calcium and phosphorus absorption through the intestinal wall regulating the levels of calcium and phosphorus in bones All of these choices are accurate.

Lard, butter, and cream are rich sources of ________.

saturated fatty acids

Which factor(s) affect food choice?

social needs food cost food marketing lifestyle (all of these factors affect food choice)

Minerals with functions related to muscle contraction, nerve impulses, and blood pressure regulation include ________.

sodium, potassium, and calcium

An early sign of alcohol-induced liver damage is ________.

steatosis

The lower esophageal sphincter is located between the ________.

stomach and esophagus

Which of the following are good sources for phytochemicals?

tea, onions, red wine, whole grains, collards, dark chocolate Phytochemicals are naturally occurring chemicals found in plants that may help prevent or treat chronic disease.

Once absorbed, the majority of glucose is transported to ________.

the liver

Sodium

transmits electrical impulses through nerve cells

Lingual lipase breaks down ________.

triglycerides

Which of the following amino acids is classified as a "conditionally essential" amino acid?

tyrosine Explanation Tyrosine becomes conditionally essential when an individual cannot process phenylalanine.

Breast milk is a near perfect food for infants, although it does lack some micronutrients that babies need. Breast milk is relatively low in which of the following nutrients? Select all that apply.

vitamin d, iron, fluoride