Differential Reinforcement
Spaced-responding DRL
A response is reinforced only if it is preceded by a minimum time without a response. I.e., reinforce longer interresponse times (IRTs) -E.g. My advisor only answers my email if at least one day has passed since my previous email - every five minuts student should only raise hand spaced further apart,,,,respond every five minuts.
Functional Communication Training (FCT)
Differential reinforcement of communication Teach communication response that is functionally equivalent to the problem behavior o E.g., teach a client to ask for attention (e.g., vocally or with hand signals, card exchange) rather than aggress
Limited-responding DRL (frequency)
For reinforcement to occur, only a limited number of responses are allowed during a given interval E.g., If child talks to peers less than or equal to 3 times in 30 min work period, reinforcement is delivered.
Child scratches skin to eliminate itch what is NCR
NCR = Child receives medication to eliminate itch
Child engages in disruption during seat work time what is NCR
NCR = allow a break every minute of seat work, independent of behavior NCR = give child easier work during independent work time
Child engages in aggression to access a toy that his/her peer has what is NCR
NCR = get a duplicate of the toy and allow child to have free access to the toy, independent of behavior
Child engages in aggression to access teacher attention what is NCR
NCR = teacher provides attention every 30 s, independent of child behavior
NCR for social positive (attention) rienforcement
"free" attention
NCR for automatic positive reinforcement
"free" stimulation
Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO)
( any behavior minus problem behavior, might reinforce problem behavior) o Also called differential reinforcement of zero rate behavior A reinforcer is delivered after a specified time elapses without undesirable behavior (i.e., SR is contingent on absense of problem behavior) Problem behavior is placed on extinction Examples: o child doesn't throw a tantrum for 60 minutes, receives a cookie o patient doesn't self-injure for 5 minutes, receives attention from staff • Video example: Client in the attention condition of a functional analysis high rates of aggression
Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI)
(cant do problem behavior and chosen behavior) Differential reinforcement of an alternative response that is physically incompatible with the target response (i.e., problem behavior). o e.g., if running around a classroom is maintained by attention, then sitting in a chair (a desirable alternative) is reinforced, while running around the classroom (the target problem behavior) is placed on extinction.
Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates (DRL)
(positive behavior that you want to limit) o Used when target behavior is appropriate but occurs too often
Social Positive (Attention) whats the ABC
A= Establishing operation: Low attn SD: Other Person B=Target Behavior: Aggression C= reinforcing consequence: Attention
Differential Reinforcement
Desirable behavior is reinforced while problem behavior is placed on extinction
Child engages in disruption during seat work time what is EXT
EXT = Child is prompted through work and does not access escape following disruption
Child engages in aggression to access a toy that his/her peer has what is EXT
EXT = child does not access toy following aggression
Child scratches skin to eliminate itch what is EXT
EXT = scratching does not eliminate itch (e.g., wear gloves)
Child engages in aggression to access teacher attention what is EXT
EXT = teacher does not attend to aggression
NCR for social negative (escape from task) reinforcement
Eliminate aversive tasks; provide more "free" breaks
Social positive (Attention) reinforcement what is EXT
No attention following problem behavior
Social negative (Escape from tasks) reinforcement what is EXT
No escape following problem behavior
Automatic negative reinforcement what is EXT
No reduction of pain/discomfort following problem behavior (protective equipment)
Automatic positive reinforcement what is EXT
No stimulation following problem behavior
NCR for automatic negative reinforcement
eliminate pain/ discomfort
Noncontingent Reinforcement (NCR) (Gets rid of EO)
o Deliver reinforcer independent of behavior (i.e., for "free") Time-based delivery of reinforcement ("every 30 secs") Minimizes or eliminates the establishing operation (EO) for problem behavior
Variations of DRA
o Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI) o Functional Communication Training (FCT)
Function-based Treatment
o Identify reinforcer for problem behavior via functional assessment o Design treatment to manipulate that same reinforcer: Extinction (EXT), Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR), Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA), Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO), Differential reinforcement of low-rate behavior (DRL)
Variations of DRL
o Limited-responding DRL (frequency) o Spaced-responding DRL
Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA)
o Reinforcement is contingent on some specified desirable alternative behavior o Problem behavior is placed on extinction o Video examples: client receives toys from mom for a card exchange and not aggression; client receives edibles for selecting the correct response and not the incorrect response
Differential Reinforcement of High Rates (DRH)
o Used when target behavior is appropriate but occurs too infrequently o Reinforce shorter interresponse times (IRT) E.g., Reinforcer delivered if student participates in class at least once every 30 minutes.
Extinction (EXT)
o Withhold reinforce contingent on behavior o Eliminates the contingency for problem behavior