Diffusion and Osmosis
cholesterol
"fluidity buffer"
fresh water
___ ___ fish constantly have water flowing into them so they pee a lot
salt water
___ ___ fish lose a lot of water, so they drink a lot, and dont pee a lot
integral
___ proteins: some go all the way through the phospholipid bilayer, others only go halfway through
phagocytosis, pinocytosis
____ and ____ are the two types of endocytosis
nonpolar, hydrophobic
_____ molecules, such as CO2, N2 and O2 are ______ and can therefore dissolve in the lipid bilayer (no proteins needed to help it through the cell membrane)
polar, hydrophilic
______ (or _____) molecules, such as water, ions and glucose, must use a membrane protein to pass through the cell membrane
transmembrane
______ proteins: integral proteins that go all the way through the phospholipid bilayer
carrier protein, pump
a carrier protein that uses facilitated diffusion/ passive transport is simply called a ____ ___; a carrier protein that uses ATP, however, is called a ____
contractile vacuole, energy
a paramecium lives in fresh water, so it is hypotonic and water wants to go in; its ____ ____ is constantly pumping this water out, using a lot of ___ from the cell
vesicle
a part of the cell membrane that surrounds incoming substances
tonicity
ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water; depends on non-penetrating solutes
against
active transport: _____ (against/with) the concentration gradient
low, high
active transport: always goes from ____ to ____ concentrations
size, temperature, concentration
all materials passing through the cell membrane travel at different rates due to factors like ____, ____, and _____
hypertonic
amount of non-penetrating solute outside of the cell is higher than inside the cell
hypotonic
amount of non-penetrating solutes outside the cell is less than inside
isotonic, hypotonic
an animal cell is considered normal in a ____ solution and a plant cell is considered normal or turgid in a ____ solution
sodium, potassium
an example of a carrier protein that uses ATP: a _____-_____ pump
water, osmosis, passive
aquaporin: moves ____, uses _____/ ____ transport
positive
aquaporins have a _____ charge
positively, negatively, acidic, alkaline
aquaporins' positive charge repels _____ charged ions and attracts ____ charged ions; this is because _____ water has positively charged ions, which is bad for cells, and _____ water has negative charged ions, which is good for cells
negative
because of the unequal numbers of sodium & potassium being pumped by the sodium potassium pump and the charges involved the cell takes on a __________charge
cell membrane
boundary between inside/outside of cell
endocytosis
brings in fluids, macromolecules, and whole cells that are too big to fit through a protein; uses active transport, so it uses ATP
pinocytosis
brings in large amounts of liquids
phagocytosis
brings in whole cells/macromolecules (aka solids); examples: white blood cells and amoeba
recognition, non self
carbohydrates: used for cell _____ & determining self from ____
sodium potassium pump
carrier protein that moves sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell
diffusion, passive
carrier protein: moves, for example, glucose in facilitated _____/_____ transport
active, facilitated
carrier protein: used in _____ transport and _____ diffusion
pump, active
carrier protein: with ATP can be a ____ that uses ____ transport
active
carrier proteins that act as a pump with ATP use ____ transport
pumps, ATP
carrier proteins: in active transport they are called ___ and use ___ (energy)
solidifying
cholesterol: keeps membrane from ______
fluidity, temperature
cholesterol: resists change in membrane _____ that can be caused by changes in _____
osmoregulation
control of water balance and solute concentrations, such as a fish in salt or fresh water
turgid, flaccid, plasmolyzed
describe the plant cell in order from a-c
passive
diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion are types of _____ transport
high, low, without, equilibrium
diffusion: movement of molecules from ____ to ____ concentration ____ energy from cell until ____ is reached
no
does facilitated diffusion require/use energy
in, active, ATP
endocytosis: brings ____ (in or out) fluids, macromolecules, and whole cells that are too big to fit through a protein; uses _____ transport, so it uses ___ (energy)
out, active, ATP, vesicles
exocytosis: exporting large particles ____ of the cell; uses ___ transport, and therefore uses ____ (energy); ____ fuse with membrane and release contents
exocytosis
exporting large particles out of the cell; uses active transport, and therefore uses ATP; vesicles fuse with membrane and release contents
polar, carrier
facilitated diffusion: used for _____ molecules or those too big to fit through the phospholipid bilayer (glucose and other sugars); uses _____ protein
higher, larger, higher, smaller, solid, liquid, gas
fill in in order from a-g
recognition
glycolipids & glycoproteins (aka carbohydrates): used in cell ___ and determining self from non slf
carbohydrates, recognition
glycolipids and glycoproteins are both kinds of _____, which are used in cell _____
carbohydrates, proteins
glycoproteins: most ______ are covalently bonded to ____
solutes, isotonic, water
humans pump out _____ to try and make a(n) _____ solution; move the solute and the ____ will follow
polar
hydrophilic=
nonpolar
hydrophobic=
out
hypertonic: water rushes ___ (into/out of) the cell
into
hypotonic: water rushes ____ (into/out of) the cell
shriveled, plasmolyzed
in a hypertonic solution, an animal cell is ____ and a plant cell is ____
lysed, normal, turgid
in a hypotonic solution, an animal cell is ____ and a plant cell is _____ or which is also called _____
carrier proteins
in active transport they are called pumps and use ATP
normal, flaccid
in an isotonic solution, an animal cell is ____ and a plant cell is ____
isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic
in order from a-c name the solution which the cell is in
proteins, phospholipids, fluidity
in the Fluid Mosaic Model _____ and ____ can move laterally (switches positions about 10^7 times/sec), kinked tails enhance _____
mosaic
in the Fluid ____ Model it is called this because of its many parts
fluid
in the ____ Mosaic Model it is called this because proteins and phospholipids can move laterally (switches positions about 10^7 times/sec), kinked tails enhance fluidity
left
in this picture water would flow to the left or right?
right
in this picture water would flow to the left or right?
aquaporins
integral proteins that are channels for water
passive
ion channels, aquaporins, and some carrier proteins use ____ transport
specific, gated, diffusion, passive
ion channels: ___ to each ion, may be _____, use ____/_____ transport
in, out
isotonic: water rushes ___ and ___ of the cell at the same rate
cholesterol
keeps membrane from solidifying
cholesterol
label a
channel, carrier
label a & b
diffusion, facilitated diffusion
label a & b
passive, active
label a & b
animal, plant, hypotonic, isotonic, hypertonic
label a-e
lysed, normal, shriveled, turgid, flaccid, plasmolyzed
label a-f; d is normal also known as ____
membrane protein, hydrophilic, hydrophobic
label a; label b & c as hydrophobic or hydrophilic
transmembrane, peripheral, integral, peripheral
label in order from a-d
extracellular matrix, carbohydrate, glycoprotein, glycolipid, cytoskeleton, peripheral protein, integral protein, cholesterol
label in order from a-h
phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated
label the types of endocytosis shown a-c
hydrophobic, hydrophilic, both
membrane proteins: can be ____ (non-polar side groups), ____ (polar side groups), or ___
non polar, polar, both
membrane proteins: can be hydrophobic (____ side groups), hydrophilic (____ side groups), or ___
glycoproteins
most carbohydrates are covalently bonded to proteins, making ____
diffusion
movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy from cell until equilibrium is reached
aquaporin
moves water, uses osmosis/ passive transport
carrier protein
moves, for example, glucose in facilitated diffusion, uses passive transport
proteins, membrane
nonpolar molecules, such as CO2, N2, and O2 are hydrophobic and can therefore dissolve in the lipid bilayer (no _____ needed to help it through the cell ____)
hydrophobic
nonpolar=
diffusion, water, high, low, equilibrium
osmosis: type of _____ that moves _____ across a cell membrane from ____ to ____ concentration until ____ is reached
kinetic
passive transport uses _____ energy
with
passive transport: ____ (against/with) the concentration gradient
high, low
passive transport: always goes from ___ to ____ concentrations
inside, outside, integral
peripheral protein: loosely bound to ____ or ____ of the membrane; may be in contact with ___ proteins
communication, shape
peripheral proteins: used for signal transduction (aka cell ____) & maintaining cell ____ (bind to extracellular matrix or cytoskeleton)
endocytosis
phagocytosis and pinocytosis are types of
in, cells, macromolecules
phagocytosis: brings ____ (in or out) whole ____/_____ (aka solids); examples: white blood cells and amoeba
in, liquids
pinocytosis: brings ____ (in or out) large amounts of _____
water, ions, glucose
polar or hydrophilic molecules, such as _____, ____, and _____, must use a membrane protein to pass through the cell membrane
membrane protein
polar or hydrophilic molecules, such as water, ions and glucose, must use a _____ ____ to pass through the cell membrane
hydrophilic
polar=
peripheral
protein that is loosely bound to inside or outside of the membrane; may be in contact with integral proteins
carrier protein
protein used in active transport and facilitated diffusion
cholesterol
resists change in membrane fluidity that can be caused by changes in temperature
isotonic
same amount of non-penetrating solute inside and outside of the cell
ion channels
some are always open and some are gated and need stimuli (stretch, signals, or chemicals)
ion channels
specific to each ion, may be gated, use diffusion/passive transport
diffusion
temperature, surface area, concentration gradient, size of particles, and medium (solid, liquid, or gas) all affect the rate of _____
model
the Fluid Mosaic ___ is called this because it is a hypothesis that is constantly updated as new information is discovered because we don't know everything about the cell membrane
carbohydrate
the ____ part of glycoproteins on the surface of red blood cells determines blood type
membrane
the cell ____ is a liquid
selectively permeable
the cell membrane is _____ ____ which means it can "choose" what goes into or out of a cell
liquid
the cell membrane is a
dynamic homeostasis
the processes of diffusion, osmosis, and active transport help cells maintain ____ _____
carrier
the sodium potassium pump is a type of ____ protein
sodium, potassium
the sodium potassium pump removes 3 ___ and bring in 2 ____ per cycle
3, 2
the sodium potassium pump removes ___ Na+ and brings in ___ K+ per cycle
ATP
the sodium potassium pump uses lots of ____
out, into
the sodium potassium pump: carrier protein that moves sodium ____ (out of/into) the cell and potassium ____ (out of/ into) the cell
ion channels
these are used in the diffusion of ions
paramecium
this is a picture of a freshwater organism called a
hypertonic
this is a(n) ___ solution
hypotonic
this is a(n) ____ solution
isotonic
this is a(n) ____ solution
cell membrane
this is an image of the
exocytosis
this picture shows the process of ____
diffusion
this shows the process of ___
solution, water, non penetrating
tonicity: ability of a surrounding ____ to cause a cell to gain or lose ____; depends on ___ _____ solutes
integral
transmembrane proteins: ____ proteins that go all the way through the phospholipid bilayer
true
true or false: all molecules, depending on size, temperature, concentration, etc. travel through the cell membrane at different rates
true
true or false: each ion has its own type of channel
osmosis
type of diffusion that moves water across a cell membrane from high to low concentration until equilibrium is reached
facilitated diffusion
type of diffusion used for polar molecules or those too big to fit through the phospholipid bilayer (glucose and other sugars); uses carrier protein
isotonic
type of solution in which water moves in and out of the cell at the same rate
hypotonic
type of solution in which water rushes into cell
hypertonic
type of solution in which water rushes out of cell
passive transport
type of transport that always goes from high to low concentrations (with the concentration gradient)
active transport
type of transport that always goes from low to high concentrations (against the concentration gradient)
passive transport
type of transport that moves materials across a cell membrane with no energy supplied by a cell
active transport
type of transport that uses energy from the cell to move materials in/out of cell
passive transport
type of transport that uses kinetic energy
active transport
type of transport used to import nutrients and export wastes
carbohydrates
used for cell recognition & determining self from non-self
peripheral proteins
used for signal transduction (aka cell communication) & maintaining cell shape (bind to extracellular matrix or cytoskeleton)
integral proteins
used for transport (channel & carrier proteins), receptors (cell communication), enzymes (speed up chemical reactions), cell to cell recognition (identifying self, and organization), maintaining cell shape (extracellular matrix binds to proteins), intercellular joining (links two cells together by their proteins)
membrane proteins
used to move materials, communicate, attach, as enzymes, etc.
lysosome
vesicle + _____ = destruction
cell membrane
vesicle: a part of the ___ ____ that surrounds incoming substances
equilibrium, into, out, rate
water moves quickly until _______ is reached, then it moves ___ and ___ of the cell at the same __
ion channels
what are the blue parts in the picture (they're gated)
endocytosis
what can be receptor mediated (exocytosis or endocytosis)
phagocytosis
what type of endocytosis is shown
receptor mediated
what type of endocytosis is shown
turgor, turgid
when a plant cell wall pushes back to keep from exploding it is using _____ pressure and is _____
lysed
when an animal cell explodes (also known as cytolysis) it is ____