Directing and Supervising

Effective directing

________ _______ requires delegation, communication, training and, motivation

Human factor stage

both leadership and managerial skills come to the forefront

leading

is influencing people so that they will contribute to group goals

made not born

leaders are __________________

Influence

process of affecting thoughts, behavior, and feelings of another person

Authority

right to influence others

Charismatic individuals

thought to have referent power

Expert Power

✓ Based on a person's high levels of skill and knowledge ✓ It exists when the agent has information or knowledge that the target needs ✓ Based on the proverb "knowledge is power"

Coercive Power

✓ Comes from the belief that a person can punish others for noncompliance ✓ Opposite of reward power ✓ Based on a manager's ability to cause an unpleasant experience for its people ✓ In organizational situations, may be in the form of action for or threat of dismissal, suspension, or demotion

Legitimate Power

✓ Comes from the belief that a person has the formal right to make demands, and to expect others to be compliant and obedient ✓ Based on position and mutual agreement ✓ Both target and agent agree that the agent has the right to influence the employees ✓ In the form of authority, which is delegated to the positions of organizational members

leadership

✓ Directing function in the management process model to persuade, direct, inspire, guide, and bring about a commitment to a common cause on the part of the participants ✓ Attempts to use motivational principles in an effort to achieve organizational goals

power

✓ Everyone is capable of holding power and influencing others ✓ No need for an important job title or big office ✓ Easy to feel but difficult to define ✓ Potential ability of a person or group to influence another person or group ✓ Manager drives power from five sources (Social psychologists John French and Bertram Raven, 1959)

leadership

✓ One of the roles that managers need to exercise ✓ Modeling the behavior, attitudes, and values that inspire others to work together enthusiastically ✓ Process of influencing others to designated organizational goals

directing

✓ Planning and organizing have been completed and the plan is now in progress ✓ Process in which the managers instruct, guide, influence people, and oversee the performance of the workers to achieve predetermined goals ✓ Planning, organizing, and staffing have no importance if direction function does not take place

directing

✓ Planning specific actions and actively overseeing the execution of the plan ✓ Most visible of all the management functions ✓ Seeing day-to-day tasks necessary to ensure ✓ Human factor stage

Coaching

✓ Providing a person or a group of persons with guidance, support, and confidence to enable them to enhance their performance continuously

Reward Power

✓ Results from one person's ability to compensate another for compliance ✓ Based on the agent's or manager's ability to control rewards the target or employee wants ✓ Common example are managers who control rewards of salary increases, bonuses, and promotions ✓ Based on an old saying that "Wealth is Power"

Referent Power

✓ Results of a person's perceived attractiveness, worthiness, and right to others' respect ✓ Charismatic individuals are thought to have referent power ✓ People take somebody as ideal and behave accordingly up to a certain stage

Administration

✓ To act as "managers ✓ To "furnish help" or "be of service" ✓ Subset of management and often observed in public service jobs such as being in the academe, healthcare, or government or public sectors

Examples of coaching

1. Always engaging your employees in a productive and on-going process of continuing education 2. Traditional teaching and demonstration such as showing employees how to process a sample 3. Encouraging employees to try new things and strive for a higher level of accomplishment

Five sources of power

1. Coercive Power 2. Legitimate Power 3. Reward Power 4. Expert Power 5. Referent Power

Concepts and definitions of leadership

1. Leadership is the process by which people are imaginatively directed, guided, and influenced to select and attain goals 2. A leader is a person who can organize tasks and make things happen 3. Leadership is defined as creativity in action 4. Leadership has been described as the behavior of an individual when directing the activities of a group toward a shared goal

Conditions to be fulfilled in expert power

1. The target must trust the information given by the agent - Must be accurate and correct 2. Information should be relevant and useful to the target 3. Target must consider the agent as an expert

Functions of directing and supervising

1. leadership 2. administration 3. coaching

Leadership is defined as creativity in action

Ability to see the present in terms of the future while maintainng respect for the past

leading

Directing has been changed to the term "__________"

Directing and Supervising

Initiate and maintain actions towards the objectives of the organization

Leadership has been described as the behavior of an individual when directing the activities of a group toward a shared goal

Leadership has been described as the behavior of an individual when directing the activities of a group toward a shared goal

Supervising

Overseeing of the work or task of another person

John French and Bertram Raven

Social psychologists that stated that the manager drives power from five sources (1969)