Disparities exam 2

Mental Health

"A state of successful performance of mental function, resulting in productive activities, fulfilling relationships with other people, and the ability to adapt to chance and cope with adversity"

Relationship between socioeconomic status and health

* ((social gradient, social mobility, social causation and social drift, social context, income equality. )) People with low socioeconomic status due to factors such as limited education and low income, have higher rates of morbidity and mortality compared with those who have more economic resources. Sometimes referred to as a gradient because of linear relationship. Dose-Response: the higher the dose of socioeconomic status the better the health outcomes

Risk factors affecting balanced mental health

-Biological, psychological, social & contextual -High levels of social stress in community -Below-average intelligence -Poor family ties

Major Depression

combination of symptoms that interfere with one's ability to work, study, sleep, eat, and enjoy once-pleasurable activities. At least a two week period of depressed mood

Health Status

difference in health incidence or prevalence of disease, disability, or illness.

Symptoms of mania

excessive elation unusual irritability decreased need for sleep increased talking racing thoughts increased sexual desire markedly increased energy poor judgment inappropriate social behavior

Social Anxiety

excessive or unreasonable fear about social or performance situations.

John Henryism Hypothesis

individuals with lower social status are routinely exposed to psychological and socioeconomic stressors which requires them to exert a lot of energy daily to manage consequences from stress

Mental health problems

signs or symptoms of insufficient intensity or duration to meet the criteria for any mental disorder

Somatization

the expression of distress through physical symptoms ex. Stomach disturbances, excessive gas, palpitations, chest pain, dizziness, vertigo, burred vision, burning hands and feet, or the experience of worms in the head or ants crawling under the skin.

net worth

the total values of all assets minus the total values of all liabilities

Poverty as defined by the Office of Management and Budget

Is the official measure of poverty. based poverty thresholds on the economy food plan

Barriers to utilization of mental health services

Lack of health insurance Inadequate health insurance Language barriers Mistrust of mental healthcare Stigma

Cultural factors affecting balanced mental health

-distinct disorders that exist only in those cultures, -reflect different ways that individuals from different cultures express mental illness. -reflect different ways that the social and cultural environment interact with genes to produce disorders. -Some combination of the above.

Factors associated to the link between segregation and health disparities

-Infant mortality -Adult mortality -TB -Hospital Admission -Location of food stores -Availability of pharmaceuticals -The availability of liquor stores

Health care utilization factors affecting balanced mental health

-Minorities are more often under-use mental health services when they are available -African Americans are more likely to seek help from primary care providers or spiritual advisers than psychiatrists or psychologists

categories of determinants

-Socioeconomic-enviromental -individual-level -Bio-physiological -health status disparities distal - transitional - proximal

Immigration and acculturation

As the duration of time immigrants line in the US increase, their health status begins to approximate the health status of those who were already living in the US.

Racism

Beliefs, attitudes, institutional arrangements, and acts that tend to denigrate individuals or groups because of phenotypic characteristics or ethnic group affiliation.

generalized anxiety disorder

Chronic with persistent and exaggerated worry and tension that is difficult to control

Wealth

Is the accumulated value of all assets, including home equity, the value of savings and checking accounts, retirement accounts, stocks and mutual funds, rental property, business, and vehicle.

Weathering Hypothesis

Low income status leads to earlier health deterioration (weathering). -Since African Americans are more likely to be low income: -B/W disparity in low birth weight will widen with maternal age. -Among black mothers, the increase with maternal age in low birth weight rates will be more rapid among low SES groups.

OCD

OCD is marked by intrusive, anxious thoughts and impulses (obsessions) and engagement in ritualized, repetitive behaviors

Social Selection Theory

Poor health status leads to lower SES

Commonly used measures of social economic status

Poverty -Income -Education -Occupation -Wealth -Various indexes that combine income, education, and occupational prestige

Socioeconomic status

Social and economic position are combined to determine a person's SES status in society.

social class

Social classes are groupings of individuals based on their relationship to the economy.

household income

The sum of all income generated by all individuals living in a household, whether or not they are related.

Relationship between John Henryism and Type A Personality

These two are often confused with each other but a study was done at University of South Carolina School of Nursing proving that Type A and John Henryism scales measure two different behavior patterns.

Affective functioning

form our personalities and meet our psychosocial needs.

Dysthymic Disorder

less severe mood disorder involves long-term chronic symptoms that do not disable but keep one from peal functioning. Chronically depressed for at least two years.

Occupational Prestiger

provides another measure of socioeconomic status through a ranking of the relative prestige of the individuals occupation