Diving First Aid for Professional Divers (Chapter Review Questions)
Suctioning for adults, children and infants respectively should limited to a. 15 seconds, 10 seconds, 5 seconds b. 2 minutes, 1 minute, 30 seconds c. 20 seconds, 10 seconds, 5 seconds d. 30 seconds, 15 seconds, 10 seconds
a. 15 seconds, 10 seconds, 5 seconds
The five links in the chain of survival in correct order are: a. 911, CPR, AED, advanced cardiac life support, post-cardiac-arrest care b. CPR, 911, AED, advanced cardiac life support, post-cardiac-arrest care c. AED, advanced cardiac life support, post- cardiac-arrest care, 911, CPR d. post-cardiac-arrest care, advanced cardiac life support, 911, CPR, AED
a. 911, CPR, AED, advanced cardiac life support, post-cardiac-arrest care
What CPR protocol should be used when responding to a victim of drowning? a. A-B-C b. B-A-C c. C-A-B d. C-B-A
a. A-B-C
What must you do when a victim regurgitates? a. Roll the patient on his side, and wipe or suction out the mouth. b. Blow vomit back into the stomach. c. Remove gloves, and wipe away vomit with bare hands.
a. Roll the patient on his side, and wipe or suction out the mouth.
A breathing, responsive injured diver should be placed in a position of comfort or the recovery position. a. True b. False
a. True
A demand valve flows only when the injured diver inhales, allowing the oxygen to last longer. a. True b. False
a. True
A multifunction regulator is preferred in emergency oxygen for scuba diving injuries because it can provide emergency oxygen to two injured divers at the same time. a. True b. False
a. True
AEDs with adult pads may be used on infants and children. a. True b. False
a. True
An obstructed airway in a responsive infant should be cleared with back blows alternating with chest compressions. a. True b. False
a. True
An oxygen cylinder should be switched during care when the pressure drops below 200 psi if another cylinder is available; if another cylinder is not available, use the cylinder until it is empty. a. True b. False
a. True
Anxiety is a normal response in an emergency. a. True b. False
a. True
Contaminated seafood may taste and smell normal. a. True b. False
a. True
During a seizure, the rescuer's primary concern is to move objects that may cause injury if the patient should hit them. a. True b. False
a. True
Envenomation is a process facilitated by bites, punctures or stings. a. True b. False
a. True
Grasping the neck is a common sign made by choking victims. a. True b. False
a. True
Heat stroke is a medical emergency that requires aggressive cooling and activation of EMS. a. True b. False
a. True
Hypoxia is a condition of low oxygen supply. a. True b. False
a. True
In the case of a partial airway obstruction, the rescuer should encourage the choking victim to cough but should do nothing else. a. True b. False
a. True
Infection is of particular concern with marine animal bites. a. True b. False
a. True
Motor functions may be classified as normal, evidence of weakness, or paralysis. a. True b. False
a. True
Moving someone should be limited to times of emergency or when the current location places the victim at risk of further injury. a. True b. False
a. True
Oxygen cylinders are subject to periodic hydrostatic testing. a. True b. False
a. True
Oxygen is a clear, odorless gas essential to life. a. True b. False
a. True
Oxygen is one element of the fire triangle. a. True b. False
a. True
Oxygen regulators are fitted with a pin indexing system to prevent use on other cylinder valves that may not contain oxygen. a. True b. False
a. True
Oxygen toxicity, whether CNS or pulmonary, is not a concern for oxygen first aid to an injured diver. a. True b. False
a. True
Personal protective equipment is a critical part of keeping yourself safe while providing care. a. True b. False
a. True
Persons with neck, spine or pelvic injuries should not be placed in the recovery position. a. True b. False
a. True
Placing an unconscious, breathing victim in the recovery position is important to maintain an open airway and to minimize the potential of blood and vomit to cause obstruction. a. True b. False
a. True
Prompt medical intervention may reduce the possibility of permanent disability. a. True b. False
a. True
Rescue breaths only (no compressions) on an infant should be delivered every 3-5 seconds. a. True b. False
a. True
Returning to diving following DCI should be done in conjunction with a physician knowledgeable in dive medicine. a. True b. False
a. True
Seafood poisoning occurs as a result of contaminated food or liquids. a. True b. False
a. True
Specialized training is required when diving in contaminated water. a. True b. False
a. True
The first step in rewarming is to prevent further heat loss. a. True b. False
a. True
The health status of the injured person, sensitivity to the venom and delays in receiving first aid have an impact on the victim's response to the injury. a. True b. False
a. True
The most important initial actions in responding to diving accidents are to recognize there is a problem and to administer 100 percent oxygen. a. True b. False
a. True
The primary goal of delivering the highest concentration of oxygen possible to an injured diver is to facilitate inert gas washout and improve oxygen delivery to compromised tissues. a. True b. False
a. True
The purpose of a secondary assessment is to identify injuries that may not be readily apparent. a. True b. False
a. True
To avoid overexpansion of their lungs, the volume of ventilations for children should be adjusted to accommodate their size. a. True b. False
a. True
Two considerations when choosing an oxygen cylinder are distance to emergency care and size (volume) of the cylinder. a. True b. False
a. True
When removing gloves after providing first aid, it is important to keep the outer surface of the glove from touching your skin. a. True b. False
a. True
Zoonosis is a generic term describing diseases transmitted from vertebrate animals to humans. a. True b. False
a. True
Carbon dioxide is a. a waste product of metabolism b. a toxic gas c. essential for life d. an inert gas
a. a waste product of metabolism
An emergency action plan should be activated a. as soon as you suspect a neurological injury b. after conducting a complete neurological assessment c. only if the injured diver does not respond to oxygen first aid
a. as soon as you suspect a neurological injury
The primary course of action for cardiogenic shock is to immediately call EMS and a. be prepared to begin CPR b. provide fluids to restore blood volume c. both a and b d. neither a nor b
a. be prepared to begin CPR
The nervous system consists of the a. brain, spinal cord and nerves b. vertebrae and skull c. heart, lungs and brain d. head, torso and limbs
a. brain, spinal cord and nerves
To check for a pulse on an adult or child, use gentle finger pressure on the a. carotid artery b. brachial artery c. femoral artery d. radial artery
a. carotid artery
During CPR, the functions of the heart and lungs are temporarily taken over by a. chest compressions and ventilations b. cardiac defibrillation and an oxygen bottle c. advanced medications and ventilator machines
a. chest compressions and ventilations
What are the four steps in first aid for jellyfish stings in the correct order? a. inactivate, remove tentacles, wash area, treat symptoms b. remove tentacles, wash area, treat symptoms, inactivate c. treat symptoms, wash area, remove tentacles, inactivate
a. inactivate, remove tentacles, wash area, treat symptoms
The circulatory system does not include which of the following: a. mouth b. veins c. arteries d. heart
a. mouth
A constant-flow mask that is recommended when a breathing injured diver cannot activate the demand inhalator valve or when there is more than one injured diver is a a. nonrebreather mask b. oronasal resuscitation mask c. bag valve mask
a. nonrebreather mask
S-A-M-P-L-E is a mnemonic to assist with a. obtaining information about an injured diver b. remembering to get a dive profile sample c. calculation assessment in mental function d. obtaining insurance and compensation
a. obtaining information about an injured diver
AGE symptoms a. occur within 15 minutes of the time of injury b. typically occur within six hours of c. surfacing d. may be delayed up to 24 hours e. both b and c
a. occur within 15 minutes of the time of injury
AED pad placement on adults is a. on the right chest and left side b. on the center of the chest and center of the back c. under both arms, centering the heart between them
a. on the right chest and left side
The recommended depth of chest compressions for infants and children is a. one-third of chest depth b. 2 inches (5 cm) c. 1 inch (2.5 cm)
a. one-third of chest depth
Each rescue breath should last about a. 2 seconds b. 1 second c. 5 seconds
b. 1 second
The initial flow rate for constant-flow oxygen delivery is a. 2-4 lpm b. 10-15 lpm c. 20-25 lpm d. the rate the injured diver will tolerate
b. 10-15 lpm
The recommended rate of compression for CPR on all ages is a. 60-80 per minute b. 100-120 per minute c. at least 140 per minute d. rate is not important as long as compressions are being done
b. 100-120 per minute
The air we exhale contains about ______ % oxygen. a. 12 b. 16 c. 21 d. 27
b. 16
The for an adult is recommended depth of chest compressions a. 11⁄2 - 2 inches b. 2-21⁄2 inches c. 3-31⁄2 inches d. Depth is not important as long as compressions are being done.
b. 2-21⁄2 inches
When delivering only rescue breaths (no compressions) on an adult, the rate of ventilations is one breath every a. 10 seconds b. 5-6 seconds c. 3 seconds
b. 5-6 seconds
Every minute the heart is in fibrillation, survival rates decrease by a. 3-5% b. 7-10% c. 12-15% d. 20-25%
b. 7-10%
A tourniquet should be removed after two hours regardless of continued bleeding. a. True b. False
b. False
All cardiac arrests can benefit from the shock delivered by an AED. a. True b. False
b. False
All heart attacks are painful. a. True b. False
b. False
Any breath sounds at all are considered normal. a. True b. False
b. False
Duty of care is an obligation to provide assistance regardless of training. a. True b. False
b. False
Exhaled air contains about 10% oxygen. a. True b. False
b. False
F-A-S-T stands for Face, Arms, Smile, Time. a. True b. False
b. False
Hyperbaric chambers will always be available to treat injured divers. a. True b. False
b. False
In most cases, the heart restarts after someone performs CPR. a. True b. False
b. False
It is not necessary to clean oxygen parts and masks. a. True b. False
b. False
Marine animal bites are usually fatal. a. True b. False
b. False
Oxygen-cylinder marking colors are standardized throughout the world to avoid confusion. a. True b. False
b. False
Plain water is the preferred first-aid measure for exertional dehydration. a. True b. False
b. False
Someone who appears to have suffered a concussion can resume his regular activities regardless of how he may feel. a. True b. False
b. False
The charge from a delivered shock should be allowed to dissipate before touching the patient to resume CPR. a. True b. False
b. False
The use of an AED is often helpful but may decrease the chance of survival. a. True b. False
b. False
Carbon monoxide is a. a waste product of metabolism b. a toxic gas c. essential for life d. an inert gas
b. a toxic gas
When should an oxygen unit's components and cylinder pressure be checked? a. every two years b. before every outing c. every week d. annually
b. before every outing
To check for a pulse on an infant, use gentle finger pressure on the a. carotid artery b. brachial artery c. femoral artery d. radial artery
b. brachial artery
The primary risk factor for AGE is a. breath-hold during descent b. breath-hold during ascent c. inert gas bubbles in the body
b. breath-hold during ascent
If the victim at any time becomes unconscious, the rescuer should a. drop the victim in the hope that the fall will dislodge the foreign body b. ease the victim to the ground, remove the foreign body if visible, and start CPR c. ease the victim to the ground, initiate supplemental oxygen therapy
b. ease the victim to the ground, remove the foreign body if visible, and start CPR
F-A-S-T stands for a. facts, attitude, sensitivity, talent b. facial droop, arms, speech, time c. feet, arms, spine, toes d. face, ankles, stability, touch
b. facial droop, arms, speech, time
The most common cause of airway obstruction and choking in adults is: a. tongue b. food c. dentures
b. food
With infants and children, airway obstruction and choking can also be caused by a. food b. foreign bodies (toys, coins, nuts) c. fingers
b. foreign bodies (toys, coins, nuts)
AED pad placement on infants is a. on the right chest and left side b. on the center of the chest and center of the back c. under both arms, centering the heart between them
b. on the center of the chest and center of the back
Which of the following is not one of the areas evaluated during a neurological assessment? a. mental function and cranial nerves b. range of motion c. motor function d. coordination and balance
b. range of motion
Oxygen is carried throughout the body by a. white blood cells b. red blood cells c. bone marrow d. blood plasma
b. red blood cells
The most effective way to prevent seafood poisoning is to a. only eat fish you have caught and cleaned yourself b. store fish properly c. cook fish thoroughly d. eat fish that has a slightly fishy smell
b. store fish properly
Cardiogenic shock refers to a. a decrease in blood volume b. the heart's inability to circulate blood c. an allergic reaction d. all of the above e. none of the above
b. the heart's inability to circulate blood
In remote areas, the priority in oxygen delivery is a. to conserve oxygen supplies b. to maximize the highest inspired fraction of oxygen c. limit the flow of oxygen
b. to maximize the highest inspired fraction of oxygen
The compression-to-ventilation ratio for two- person CPR on children and infants is a. 30:2 b. 30:3 c. 15:2 d. 15:1
c. 15:2
The atmospheric air we inhale contains ____ percent oxygen. a. 12 b. 16 c. 21 d. 27
c. 21
Gas exchange takes place at the a. spinal column interfaces b. long bone joints c. alveolar-capillary membrane d. muscle-nerve junctions
c. alveolar-capillary membrane
If you suspect that someone is choking, a. look in the mouth b. check for responsiveness c. ask, "Are you choking?" d. ask a doctor
c. ask, "Are you choking?"
When delivering rescue breaths to an infant, the head should a. be extended as it would for an adult or child b. not be extended at all c. be extended gently but not as far as you would for an adult or child
c. be extended gently but not as far as you would for an adult or child
Full CPR is always recommended for a. drowning victims b. scuba diving injuries c. both a and b
c. both a and b
If a rescuer experiences emotional distress, relief may be achieved by a. a critical-incident debriefing b. professional counseling c. both a and b
c. both a and b
Decompression illness includes a. decompression sickness b. air gas embolism c. both of the above
c. both of the above
With complete airway obstruction, the victim will be unable to ______________ but might nod his head in response to your question. If the victim is unable or has a limited ability to move air, he may soon lose ______________________. a. yell for help, his breath b. talk, his breath c. breathe/cough/speak, consciousness
c. breathe/cough/speak, consciousness
Which of the following is not part of the cranial nerves evaluation? a. facial droop b. eye movements c. grip strength d. slurred speech
c. grip strength
The goal of CPR (without defibrillation) is to maintain the adequate circulation of oxygenated blood to vital organs such as the a. spleen and pancreas b. stomach and kidney c. heart and brain d. liver and muscles
c. heart and brain
Which of the following is the first line of action to control external bleeding? a. direct pressure b. tourniquets c. hemostatic dressings
c. hemostatic dressings
DCS is caused by a. breath-hold during descent b. breath-hold during ascent c. inert gas bubbles in the body
c. inert gas bubbles in the body
Signs and symptoms of infection are a. pus, redness, sweating, hyperthermia b. prickly feeling, rash, increased thirst, sweating, heat c. pain, redness, loss of function, swelling, heat
c. pain, redness, loss of function, swelling, heat
Pressure immobilization is recommended for which vertebrate injury? a. stingray punctures b. lionfish stings c. sea snake bites
c. sea snake bites
Nitrogen comprises ____ percent of atmospheric air. a. 21 b. 27 c. 67 d. 78
d. 78
In the event of an allergic reaction, the rescuer should a. assist the injured person with any medications prescribed for him b. monitor airway and breathing c. immediately begin CPR d. a and b only
d. a and b only
A bag valve mask a. is a self-inflating bag with a mask that aids in rescue breathing b. has a manual trigger that initiates oxygen flow c. is best used by two rescuers working together d. a and c
d. a and c
Potential hazards that should prompt caution when approaching the scene of an accident include a. fire and animals b. expired first-aid certifications c. electricity, gas and traffic d. a and c
d. a and c
A general patient assessment includes assessing a. overall impression of the patient's health and well-being b. respiratory effort c. presentation of skin color d. all of the above
d. all of the above
A splint is used to a. immobilize the joints on either end of an injured limb b. ease pain c. protect the limb from further injury d. all of the above e. a and c
d. all of the above
A tourniquet should be placed a. if the wound exhibits massive arterial bleeding b. if bleeding is not stopped by direct pressure over the wound c. 1-2 inches above the wound d. all of the above
d. all of the above
An absence of oxygen a. may cause cell death b. is known as anoxia c. may cause unconsciousness d. all of the above
d. all of the above
An avulsed tooth can be stored in a. egg white b. whole milk c. the injured person's saliva d. all of the above
d. all of the above
An oxygen unit should be stored a. with the valve closed b. in its protective case c. assembled d. all of the above
d. all of the above
As a first responder to a nonfatal drowning, your role is to a. monitor vital signs b. provide supplemental oxygen c. transport to the nearest medical facility d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Disease transmission can be prevented by a. personal protective equipment b. thorough hand washing c. engineering controls d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Essential equipment to have available at every dive site includes a. oxygen unit b. first-aid kit c. emergency action plan d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Hypovolemic shock results in a. cool, clammy skin b. confusion c. weakness d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Initial assessment includes: a. assessing for responsiveness and activating EMS b. adjusting the patient's position for care c. initiating CPR d. all of the above e. a and c only f. b and c only
d. all of the above
It is important to seek medical evaluation when DCI is suspected because a. symptom resolution does not mean DCI is no longer present b. symptoms may recur c. risk of recurrence may be reduced by hyperbaric treatment d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Manually triggered ventilators a. allow rescuers to deliver high concentrations of oxygen to nonbreathing or inadequately breathing divers b. can also function as a demand valve c. is best used by two rescuers d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Marine animals bite when a. they feel threatened b. humans are mistaken for food c. humans engage in spearfishing or feeding d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Marine life injuries can occur as a result of a. accidental touching b. poor situational awareness c. perceived threats to the marine life d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Mental function evaluates a. orientation to person, place, time and event b. memory and speech c. comprehension and computational skills d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Neural pathways may be interrupted by a. stroke b. decompression illness c. trauma d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Protective equipment includes a. nonlatex gloves b. eye shields c. resuscitation masks d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Seafood poisonings include: a. ciguatera b. scombroid c. tetrodotoxin d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Slips and falls can be prevented by a. keeping walkways as dry as possible b. providing drainage, rubber matting or rough surface concrete c. using wet-surface warning signs d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Standard precautions include the use of a. nonlatex medical-style gloves b. surgical-style masks c. protective eyewear d. all of the above
d. all of the above
The OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens Standard exists to a. ensure safe and healthful conditions for working men and women b. set and enforce standards c. provide training, outreach, education and assistance guidelines d. all of the above
d. all of the above
The injuries include three general categories of marine life a. envenomations b. traumatic injuries c. seafood poisoning d. all of the above
d. all of the above
The risks of handling oxygen can be reduced by a. keeping the oxygen units free of hydrocarbons found in oils and lubricants that are often found on dive boats b. opening the oxygen cylinder slowly c. keeping the unit away from the heat of the sun d. all of the above
d. all of the above
The signs and symptoms of allergic reaction include a. itching b. localized redness with swelling (hives) c. swelling that affects the eyes, lips and possibly the airway d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Methods for obtaining oxygen fills may include a. prescription b. documentation of training in oxygen delivery c. prospective prescription d. any of the above
d. any of the above
With what grade of oxygen should an oxygen cylinder for diving first aid be filled? a. aviator or industrial grade b. medical grade only c. medical or industrial grade d. aviator or medical grade
d. aviator or medical grade
Oxygen delivery systems are comprised of which of the following? a. first-aid kits and barriers b. oxygen cylinders and pressure-reducing regulator c. oxygen hose and face mask d. b and c
d. b and c
Pressure immobilization is recommended for which invertebrate marine life injuries? a. jellyfish stings b. cone-snail barb punctures c. blue-ringed octopus bites d. b and c
d. b and c
The S-A-F-E mnemonic helps us remember a. to activate EMS b. scene safety assessment c. to use personal protective equipment d. b and c e. none of the above
d. b and c
The Romberg test assesses a. motor function b. cranial nerves c. mental status d. balance
d. balance
Hypoglycemia is a condition a. in which blood sugars are low b. that should be treated with additional insulin c. that can be reversed by eating and/or drinking foods with high sugar content d. both a and c
d. both a and c
If you think you may have been exposed to a bloodborne pathogen, you should a. cover it tightly to protect it b. milk it to make it bleed c. report it according to your organization's emergency action plan d. both b and c e. all of the above
d. both b and c
Initial DCS symptoms a. occur within 15 minutes of the time of injury b. b. typically occur within six hours of surfacing c. may be delayed up to 24 hours d. both b and c
d. both b and c
The respiratory system does not include which of the following: a. nose b. mouth c. trachea d. heart
d. heart
The a. numbness single most common symptom of DCI is b. constitutional (fatigue, nausea) c. muscle weakness d. pain e. balance/equilibrium
d. pain
In the case of children and drowning victims, once unresponsiveness has been established, the single rescuer should a. check for injuries b. check the mouth for foreign bodies c. activate EMS d. perform CPR for two minutes and then call EMS
d. perform CPR for two minutes and then call EMS
Respond to hypovolemic shock by a. contacting EMS b. controlling any external bleeding c. providing fluids to replenish blood volume d. all of the above e. a and b only
e. a and b only
To avoid legal problems, a. always ask an injured person for permission to assist b. always ask the parent/guardian of a minor for permission to assist their child c. obtain written permission to provide care d. all of the above e. a and b only
e. a and b only
General guidelines that should be used when conducting a secondary assessment include a. S-A-F-E, standard precautions, asking permission to help b. keeping the injured diver in the position found, realigning any limb deformity as quickly as possible c. disregarding any complaints of pain due to the fall d. calling EMS immediately e. a and d only
e. a and d only
Emergency action plans should include a. local resources and emergency phone numbers b. communication equipment c. method of documenting information about injured divers and first aid provided d. location of the nearest hyperbaric chamber e. a, b and c only
e. a, b and c only
Symptoms of nonfatal drowning may include a. difficulty breathing b. abdominal distension c. chest pain d. hyperthermia e. all but d
e. all but d
A venomous fish injury should be treated by a. washing the area b. removing foreign material c. controlling bleeding d. managing pain e. all of the above
e. all of the above
Asthma a. is a noncontagious respiratory illness b. is airway narrowing that makes breathing difficult c. can be treated by metered dose inhalers d. can be life-threatening if severe and prolonged e. all of the above
e. all of the above
Disease transmission occurs when which of the following is present? a. an infectious pathogen b. sufficient quantity of the pathogen c. exposure to a susceptible host d. site of entry/mechanism of transmission e. all of the above
e. all of the above
Envenomations may occur by a. stings b. spines c. bites d. barbs e. all of the above
e. all of the above
First aid for contact injuries includes a. controlling bleeding b. washing area thoroughly c. removing any foreign material d. leaving blisters intact e. all of the above
e. all of the above
In the event of suspected poisoning, a. determine what was ingested b. determine how much was taken c. note current symptoms d. call the local poison control center or EMS e. all of the above
e. all of the above
Management of hypothermia may include a. removal from the cold b. removal of wet clothing c. use of blankets and heat packs d. calling EMS e. all of the above
e. all of the above
Providing a high concentration of oxygen to an injured diver may provide these benefits: a. accelerate inert gas elimination b. reduce bubble size c. enhance oxygen delivery to tissues d. reduce swelling e. all of the above
e. all of the above
Safety precautions to implement when using oxygen cylinders include a. not allowing any oil or grease to come in contact with oxygen cylinder b. not exposing oxygen cylinders to high temperatures or allow smoking/open flames around oxygen c. providing adequate ventilation when using oxygen d. using only equipment made for use with oxygen e. all of the above
e. all of the above
Seafood poisoning is triggered by a. bacteria b. parasites c. viruses d. toxins e. all of the above
e. all of the above
The rescuer should consider which of the following body mechanics when lifting? a. keep back straight b. bend only from hips c. keep head neutral d. lift with legs e. all of the above
e. all of the above
When calling EMS, you should tell them a. what happened and the condition of the injured person b. the location of the emergency and a call- back number c. how many persons are involved d. your name and the first aid provided e. all of the above
e. all of the above
Dive practices that can help minimize the risk of marine life injuries include a. buoyancy control and streamlining yourself b. use of exposure protection c. not touching marine life d. poor situational awareness e. carrying speared fish f. answers a, b and c
f. answers a, b and c
The percentage of oxygen delivered when using a demand valve is influenced by e. flow rate f. mask fit g. mask seal h. both b and c
h. both b and c
